The Psychological and Social Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity

References

• Allison, M. & Luschen, G. (1973). A comparative analysis of Navaho Indian and Anglo basketball sport systems. International Review of Sport Sociology, 14(3–4): 75–86.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G., Friedmann, E. & Eaton, M. (1988). Comparison of jogging, the relaxation response, and group interaction for stress reduction. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10: 431–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G. & Hatfield, B. D. in press. Exercise and stress reduction. New York: AMS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G. & Owen, D. R. (1983). Mood alteration with swimming—swimmers really do “feel better.” Psychosomatic Medicine, 45: 425–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G. & Owen, D. R. (1986). Mood alteration with swimming: A re-evaluation. In L. Vander Velden and J. H. Humphrey (Eds.), Current selected research in the psychology and sociology of sport (Vol. 1). New York: AMS Press: 97–114.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G. & Owen, D. R. (1987). Anxiety reduction with swimming: Relationships between exercise and state, trait, and somatic anxiety. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18: 286–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G. & Owen, D. R. (1988). Stress reduction and mood enhancement in four exercise modes: Swimming, body conditioning, hatha yoga, and fencing. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59: 148–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B. G. & Owen, D. R. (1989). The process of mood alteration with yoga and swimming: Aerobic exercise not necessary. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Boersma, J. (1979). Baseball: Oriental style. Soldiers, 34: 28–31.
   Google Scholar
• Boutcher, S. H. & Landers, D. M. (1988). The effects of vigorous exercise on anxiety, heart rate, and alpha activity of runners and nonrunners. Psychophysiology, 25: 696–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier, B.J. & Shields, D. L. (1987). Moral growth through physical activity: A structural/developmental approach. In D. Gould and M. R. Weiss, (Eds.), Advances in pediatric sport sciences, volume two. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 143–165.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D. & Siegel, J. M. (1988). Exercise as a buffer of life stress: A prospective study of adolescent health. Health Psychology 7: 341–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brustad, R. J. (1988). Affective outcomes in competitive youth sport: The influence of intrapersonal and socialization factors. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(3): 307–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada Fitness Survey. (1983). Fitness and lifestyle in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario: Fitness and Amateur Sport, Government of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Carmack, M. A. & Martens, R. (1979). Measuring commitment to running: A survey of runners' attitudes and mental states. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1: 25–42.
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Kleiber, D. & Larson, R. (1984). Variations of experience in formal and informal sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 55, 109–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, D. & Griffey, D. (1985). The contact theory of racial integration: The case of sport. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2(4): 323–333.
   Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. J. (1986). Socialization and youth sports. In C. R. Rees, and A. W. Miracle, (Eds.), Sport and social theory. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Colburn, K. (1986). Deviance and legitimacy in ice-hockey: A microstructural theory of deviance. The Sociological Quarterly, 27: 63–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond boredom and anxiety: The experience of play in work and games. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1982). The value of sports. In J. T. Partington, T. Orlick, and J. H. Salmela, (Eds.), Sport in perspective. Ottawa: Coaching Association of Canada: 122–127.
   Google Scholar
• Frogner, E. (1985). On ethnic sport among Turkish migrants in the Federal Republic of Germany. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 20(1/2): 75–85.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, D. (1987). Understanding attrition in children's sport. In D. Gould and M. R. Weiss, (Eds.), Advances in pediatric sport sciences, volume two. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 61–86.
   Google Scholar
• Greendorfer, S. L. (1978). Social class influence on female sport involvement. Sex Roles, 4: 619–625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greist, J. H. (1987). Exercise intervention with depressed outpatients. In W. P. Morgan and S. E. Goldston, (Eds.), Exercise and mental health. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.: 117–121.
   Google Scholar
• Greist, J. H., Klein, M. H., Eischens, R. R., Faris, J., Gurman, A. S. & Morgan, W. P. (1979). Running as treatment for depression. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 20: 41–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavanagh, T., Shephard, R. J., Tuck, J. A. & Qureshi, S. (1977). Depression following myocardial infarction: The effects of distance running. In P. Milvey, (Ed.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 301. New York: New York Academy of Sciences: 1029–1038.
   Google Scholar
• Klerman, G. L. (1979). The age of melancholy. Psychology Today, 12(4): 36–42, 88.
   Google Scholar
• Landers, S. (1989). In the U.S., mental disorders affect 15 percent of adults: NIMH analyzes monthly prevalence rates. APA Monitor, 20(1): 16.
   Google Scholar
• Lapchick, R. E. (1987). The high school athlete as the future college student-athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 11(1, 2): 104–121.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, D., Spreitzer, E. & Snyder, E. E. (1975). Youth hockey programs: A sociological perspective. Sports Sociology Bulletin, 4: 55–63.
   Google Scholar
• Long, B. C. (1983). Aerobic conditioning and stress reduction: Participation or conditioning? Human Movement Science, 2: 171–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, B. C. (1985). Stress-management interventions: A 15-month follow-up of aerobic conditioning and stress inoculation training. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9: 471–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, R. (1978). Joy and sadness in children's sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Martinsen, E. W. (1987). Exercise and medication in the psychiatric patient. In W. P. Morgan and S. E. Goldston, (Eds.), Exercise and mental health. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp.: 85–95.
   Google Scholar
• McNair, D. M., Lorr, M. & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). Profile of mood states manual. San Diego: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 27 p.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, B. D., Curtis, J. & Loy, J. (1989). The social significance of sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson, B. D. & Davidson, L. (1980). Minor hockey in Ontario: Toward a positive learning environment for children in the 1980's. Toronto: Ontario Government Bookstore.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, W. P. (1983). Physical activity and mental health. In H. M. Eckert and H.J. Montoye, (Eds.), Exercise and health: The academy papers, No. 17. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers: 132–145.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, W. P., Costill, D. L., Flynn, M. G., Raglin, J. S. & O'Connor, P. J. (1988). Mood disturbance following increased training in swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20: 408–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, W. P. & Goldston, S. E., (Eds.), (1987). Exercise and mental health. Washington, DC: Hemisphere. 196 p.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, W. P. & O'Connor, P. J. (1988). Exercise and mental health. In R. K. Dishman, (Ed.), Exercise adherence: Its impact on public health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 91–121.
   Google Scholar
• National Coaching Certification Program. (1979). Ottawa: Coaching Association of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Pooley, J. (1976). Ethnic soccer clubs in Milwaukee: A study in assimilation. In M. Hart (Ed.), Sport in the socio-cultural process. 2nd Edition. Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown: 475–492.
   Google Scholar
• Raglin, J. S., Morgan, W. P. (1987). Influence of exercise and quiet rest on state anxiety and blood pressure. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19: 456–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees, R. & Miracle, A. (1984). Participation in sport and the reduction of racial prejudices: Contact theory, superordinate goals, hypothesis or wishful thinking. In N. Theberge and P Donnelly, (Eds.), Sport and the sociological imagination. Fort Worth, TX: Texas Christian University Press: 140–152.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, A. J. (1983). Exercise is medicine. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 11: 10.
   Google Scholar
• Sack, A. L. (1987). College sport and the student-athlete. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 11(1,2): 31–48.
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan, T. & Lewthwaite, R. (1986). Social psychological aspects of competition for male youth sports participants: IV. Predictors of enjoyment. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8: 25–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segrave, J. (1983). Sport and juvenile delinquency. In R. Terjung, (Ed.), Exercise and sport science review. Vol. 11. Philadelphia: Franklin Institute Press: 181–209.
   Google Scholar
• Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R. & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment. Norman, OK: The Unviersity Book Exchange, The University of Oklahoma. 212 p.
   Google Scholar
• Sime, W. E. (1987). Exercise in the prevention and treatment of depression. In W. P. Morgan and S. E. Goldston, (Eds.), Exercise and mental health. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp: 145–152.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. S. & Diamond, F. (1976). Career mobility in professional hockey. In R. S. Gruneau and J. G. Albinson, (Eds.), Canadian sport: Sociological perspectives. Don Mills, Ontario: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, R. & Smoll, F. (1984). Leadership research in youth sports. In J. M. Silva and R. S. Weinberg, (Eds.), Psychological foundations of sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics: 371–386.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, E. E. & Spreitzer, E. (1979). Lifelong involvement in sport as a leisure pursuit: Aspects of role construction. Quest, 31(1): 57–70.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, E. E. & Spreitzer, E. (1989). Social aspects of sport. Third edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L. & Lushene, R. E. (1970). STAI manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wankel, L. M. (1983). Factors influencing girls' enjoyment of sport. Ottawa: Fitness and Amateur Sport, (Project No. 217), 64 p.
   Google Scholar
• Wankel, L. M. (1985). Personal and situational factors affecting exercise involvement: The importance of enjoyment. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 56(3): 275–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wankel, L. M. (1988). Exercise adherence and leisure activity: Patterns of involvement and interventions to facilitate regular activity. In R. K. Dishman, (Ed.), Exercise adherence: Its impact upon public health. Champaign, IL: 369–396.
   Google Scholar
• Wankel, L. M. & Kreisel, P. S. (1985a). Factors underlying enjoyment of youth sports: Sport and age group comparisons. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7: 51–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wankel, L. M. & Kreisel, P. S. (1985b). Factors detracting from enjoyment and influencing withdrawal from youth sport programs. Paper presented at the Fifth World Sport Psychology Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark.
   Google Scholar
• Wankel, L. M. & Sefton, J. M. (1989). A season-long investigation of fun in youth sports. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4): 355–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggens, D. K. (1987). A history of organized play and highly competitive sport for American children. In D. Gould and M. R. Weiss, (Eds.), Advances in pediatric sport sciences. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 1–25.
   Google Scholar