2
Views
36
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Effect of Norm-Encounter Compatability On Crowding Perceptions, Experience and Behavior in River Recreation Settings

, &
Pages 154-172 | Received 21 Dec 1989, Accepted 01 Sep 1990, Published online: 13 Feb 2018

References

  • Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., & Turner, B. S. (1984). Dictionary of Sociology. London: Penguin Books.
  • Bank, B. J., Biddle, B. J., Anderson, D. S., Hauge, R., Keats, D. M., Keats, D. A., Marlin, M. M., & Valantin, S. (1985). Comparative research on the social determinants of adolescent drinking. Social Psychology Quarterly, 48, 164–177.
  • Bank, B. J., Biddle, B. J., Keats, D. M., & Keats, J. A. (1977). Normative, preferential, and belief modes in adolescent prejudice. Sociological Quarterly, 18, 574–588.
  • Biddle, B. J. (1986). Recent developments in role theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 67–92.
  • Cancian, F. M. (1975). What are norms? A study of beliefs and actions in a Maya Community. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Graefe, A. R., Vaske. J. J., & Kuss, F. R. (1984). Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research. Leisure Sciences, 6, 395–431.
  • Gramann, J. H., & Vander Stoep, G. A. (1987). Prosocial behavior theory and natural resource protection: A conceptual synthesis. Journal of Environmental Management, 24, 247–257.
  • Hammitt, W. E., & Madden, M. A. (1989). Cognitive dimensions of wilderness privacy: A field test and further explanation. Leisure Sciences, 11, 293–301.
  • Moscovici, S. (1985). Social influence and conformity. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. II, third edition, pp. 347–412). New York: Random House.
  • Noe, F. P., Hull, R. B., & Wellman, J. D. (1982). Normative response and norm activation among ORV users within a seashore environment. Leisure Sciences, 5, 127–142.
  • Oliver, R. L., (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 460–469.
  • Patterson, M. E., & Hammit, W. E. (1990). Backcountry encounter norms, actual reported encounters, and their relationship to wilderness solitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 22, 259–275.
  • Roggenbuck, J. W., Williams, D. R., Bange, S. P., & Dean, D. (1991). River float trip encounter norms: Questioning use of the social norm concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 23(2).
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1977). Normative influences on altruism. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 10, 221–279.
  • Shelby, B. (1981). Encounter norms in backcountry settings: Studies of three rivers. Journal of Leisure Research, 13, 129–138.
  • Shelby, B., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Carrying capacity in recreation settings. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press.
  • Shelby, B., Heberlein, T. A., Vaske, J. J., & Alfano, G. (1983). Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities. Leisure Sciences, 6, 1–14.
  • Shelby, B., Vaske, J. J., & Harris, R. (1988). User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 245–256.
  • Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Vander Stoep, G., & Gramann, J. H. (1987). The effect of verbal appeals and incentives on depreciative behavior among youthful park visitors. Journal of Leisure Research, 19, 69–83.
  • Vaske, J. J. (1978). Contact preference norms versus actual contacts: Crowding norms among Brule River Canoers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society, San Francisco, CA.
  • Vaske, J. J., Shelby, B., Graefe, A. R., & Heberlein, T. A. (1986). Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method, and empirical evidence. Journal of Leisure Research, 18, 137–153.
  • Whittaker, D., & Shelby, B. (1988). Types of norms for recreation impacts: Extending the social norms concept. Journal of Leisure Research, 20, 261–273.
  • Williams, D. R. (1989). Great expectations and the limits to satisfaction: A review of recreation and consumer satisfaction research. In A. Watson (Coord.), Outdoor Recreation Benchmark 1988: Proceedings of the National Outdoor Recreation Forum assembly (USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report SE-52, pp. 422–428). Asheville, NC: Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.