Mediation Analysis of Leisure, Perceived Stress, and Quality of Life in Informal Caregivers

References

• Administration on Aging (2009). Projected future growth of the older population. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• All, A. C., Fried, J. H., & Wallace, D. C. (2000). Quality of life, chronic pain, and issues for healthcare professionals in rural communities. Journal of Rural Nursing and Healthcare, 1(2), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Arguelles, S., & von Simson, A. (1999). Innovative family and technological interventions for encouraging leisure activities in caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease. Activities, Adaptations, and Aging, 24, 83–97.
   Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach, S. R., Schulz, R., Yee, J. L., & Jackson, S. (2000). Negative and positive health effects of caring for a disabled spouse: Longitudinal findings from the caregiver health effects study. Psychology and Aging, 15(2), 259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumont, J. G., & Kenealy, P. M. (2004). Quality of life perceptions and social comparisons in healthy old age. Aging and Society, 24, 755–769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedini, L. A., & Gladwell, N. J. (2006). Barriers to leisure travel of family caregivers: A preliminary examination. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 22(4), 322–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedini, L. A., & Guinan, D. M. (1996). “If I could just be selfish…”: Caregivers' perceptions of their entitlement to leisure. Leisure Sciences, 18, 227–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedini, L. A., & Phoenix, T. L. (1999). Recreation programs for caregivers of older adults: A review and analysis of literature from 1990 to 1998. Activities, Adaptations & Aging, 24(2), 17–34.
   Google Scholar
• Bedini, L. A., & Phoenix, T. L. (2004). Perceptions of leisure by family caregivers: A profile. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 38(4), 366–381.
   Google Scholar
• Bigelow, D. A., Olson, M. M., Smoyer, S., & Stewart, L. (1991). Quality of life questionnaire: Respondent self-report version I: Interview schedule. Portland, OR: Oregon Health Sciences University.
   Google Scholar
• Burckhardt, C. S., & Anderson, K. L. (2003). The quality of life scale (QOLS): Reliability, validity, and utilization. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1, 60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cannuscio, C. C., Colditz, G. A., Rimm, E., Berkman L., Jones, C., & Kawachi, I. (2003). Employment status, social ties, and caregivers' mental health. Social Science and Medicine, 58(7), 1247–1256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannuscio, C. C., Jones, C., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Berkman, L., & Rimm, E. (2002). Reverberations of family illness: A longitudinal assessment of informal caregiving and mental health status in the nurses' health study. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1305–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor, M. H. (1983). Strain among caregivers: A study of experience in the United States. The Gerontologist, 23, 597–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1995.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health-Related Quality-of-Life 14-Item Measure: CDC HRQOL-14”Healthy Days Measure”. Retrieved August 10, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/hrqol14_measure.htm#3
   Google Scholar
• Chenoweth, B., & Spencer, B. (1986). Dementia: The experience of family caregivers. The Gerontologist, 26, 267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chwalisz, K. (1992). Perceived stress and caregiver burden after brain injury: A theoretical integration. Rehabilitation Psychology, 37(3), 189–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health: Claremont symposium on applied social psychology (pp. 31–67). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), 111–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, K. S., Schole, C., Joseph, S., Ducker, L., Simantov, E., & Yellowitz, M. (1999). Health concerns across women's lifespan. Commonwealth Fund 1998: Summary of Women's Health.
   Google Scholar
• Crowe, M., Andel, R., Redusen, N. L., Johansson, B., & Gatz, M. (2003). Does participation in leisure activities lead to reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease?: A prospective study of Swedish twins. Journal of Gerontology, 58B(5), 249–255.
   Google Scholar
• Dey, E. L. (1997). Working with low survey response rates: The efficacy of weighting adjustments. Research in Higher Education, 38(2), 215–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman, D. (2000). Mail and internet surveys: The tailored design method. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, N. J., & Strain, L. A. (2001). Caregivers at risk?: Changes in leisure participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(1), 32–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., et al. (2004, December 7) Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Paper presented at the 2004 National Academy of Sciences, Abstract retrieved February 17, 2010 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15574496?dopt=Abstract
   Google Scholar
• Everard, K. M., Lach, H. W., Fisher, E. B., & Baum, M. C. (2000). Relationship of activity and social support to the functional health of older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 55B(4), S208–S212.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrans, C. F., & Powers, M. (1985). Quality of Life Index: Development and psychometric properties. Advances in Nursing Science, 8, 15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrans, C. F., & Powers, M. (n.d.). Quality of life index. Retrieved August 2, 2009, from http://www.uic.edu/orgs/qli/
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, Z., & Bowling, A. (2004). Quality of life from the perspectives of older people. Aging and Society, 24, 675–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaugler, J. E., Linder, J., Given, C. W., Kataria, R., Tucker, G., & Regine, W. F. (2008). The proliferation of primary cancer caregiving stress to secondary stress. Cancer Nursing, 31(2), 116–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, M. J. (2005) In brief: Staying the course: Trends in family caregiving. Research Report AARP Public Policy Institute, Washington, DC Pub ID: INB107.
   Google Scholar
• Gladwell, N. J., & Bedini, L. A. (2004). In search of lost leisure: The impact of caregiving on leisure travel. Tourism Management, 25, 685–693.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, N., Glei, D. A., Seplaki, C., Liu, I., & Weinstein, M. (2005). Perceived stress and physiological dysregulation. Working Paper No. 2004-05, Office of Population Research Princeton University.
   Google Scholar
• Gove, E. K., Dahl, A. A., Moum, T., & Fossa, S. D. (2005). Anxiety, depression, and quality of caregivers of patients with cancer in late palliative phase. Annals of Oncology, 16(7) 1185–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert, T. B., & Cohen, S. (1993). Stress and immunity in humans: A meta-analytic review. Psychosomatic Medicine 55, 364–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, S., Chan, A., Woo, J., Chong, P., & Sham, A. (2009). Impact of caregiving on health and quality of life: A comparative population-based study of caregivers for elderly persons and noncaregivers. Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences, 64A(8), 873–879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houser, A., & Gibson, M. J. (2008). Valuing the invaluable: The economic value of family caregiving, 2008 update. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, S. L., & Kleiber, D. A. (2005). Leisure, constraints, and negative life events: Paradox and possibility. In E. L. Jackson (Ed.), Constraints to leisure (pp. 137–152). State College, PA: Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. C. (2000). The effects of leisure beliefs and coping strategies on stress-health relationships: A field study. Leisure/Loisir: The Journal of the Canadian Association for Leisure Studies, 24, 3–57.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, S., Mills, P. J., von Känel, R., Hong, S., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2007). Effects of perceived stress and uplifts on inflammation and coagulability. Psychophysiology, 4(1), 154–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesselring, A., Krulik, T., Bichsel, M., Minder, C., Beck, J. C., & Stuck, A. E. (2001). Emotional and physical demands on caregivers in home care to the elderly in Switzerland and their relationship to nursing home admission. European Journal of Public Health, 11(3), 267–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kielcot-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (2002). Depression and immune function: Central pathways to morbidity and mortality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 873–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Knight, B. G. (2008). Effects of caregiver status, coping styles, and social support on the physical health of Korean American caregivers. The Gerontologist, 48(3), 287–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. C., Baumann, K., O'Sullivan, P., Wilcox, S., & Castro, C. (2002). Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on physiological, behavioral, and emotional responses to family caregiving: A randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Gerontology, 57A, M26–M36.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinpell, R. M., & Ferrans, C. E. (2002). Quality of life of elderly patients after treatment in the ICU. Research in Nursing & Health, 25, 212–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, L., Colditz, G. A., Berkman, L. F., & Kawachi, I. (2003). Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U. S. women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(2), 113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loucks-Atkinson, A., Kleiber, D. A., & Williamson, G. M. (2006). Activity restriction and well-being in middle-aged and older caregivers. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 22(4), 269–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17(2), 144–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannell, R. C., Salmoni, A. W., & Martin, L. (2002). Older adults caring for older adults: Physically active leisure lifestyles as a coping resource for the health of caregivers. Loisir et Societe/Society and Leisure, 25, 397–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullagh, E., Brigstocke, G., Donaldson, N., & Kalra, L. (2005). Determinants of caregiving burden and quality of life in caregivers of stroke patients. Stroke, 36, 2181–2186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B., & Montgomery, A. (1990). Family caregivers and limitations in social activities. Research on Aging, 12(1), 72–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, P. J., Adler, M. S., Dimsdale, J. E., Perez, C. J., Ziegler, M. G., Ancoli-Isreal, S., et al. (2004). Vulnerable caregivers of Alzheimer disease patients have a deficit in adrenergic receptor sensitivity and density. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2008). Mplus: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables (Version 5.21) [Computer Software]. Los Angeles, CA: Muthen & Muthen.
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for Caregiving & American Association of Retired Persons. (2009). Caregiving in the U.S. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• National Family Caregivers Association/Fortis. (1998). Family caregiving demands recognition: Caregiving across the lifecycle. Milwaukee, WI: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Nesbitt, B., & Heidrich, S. (2000). Sense of coherence and illness appraisal in older women's quality of life. Research in Nursing and Health, 23, 25–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ory, M. G., Hoffman, R. R., Yee, J. L., Tennstedt, S., & Schulz, R. (1999). Prevalence and impact of caregiving: A detailed comparison between dementia and nondementia caregivers. The Gerontologist, 39, 177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008a). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008b). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13–54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pruessner, J. C., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (1999). Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol: Responses to awakening. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, N. B. (1997). Centrality of the caregiving role and integration of leisure in every life: A naturalistic study of older wife caregivers. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 31, 230–243.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, N. B. (2001). Family obligation, caregiving, and loss of leisure: The experiences of three caregivers. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 24(2), 35–49.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, R., Beach, S. R., Lind, B., Martire, L. M., Zdaniuk, B., Hirsch, et al. (2001). Involvement in caregiving and adjustment to death of a spouse: Findings from the caregiver health effects study. Journal of American Medical Association, 285(26), 3123–3129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, R., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality. Journal of American Medical Association, 282(23), 2215–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz, K. A., & Dunphy, G. (2003). An examination of perceived stress in family caregivers of older adults with heart failure. Experimental Aging Research, 29, 221–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, L. D. (2000). Caregiving and care receiving among a technologically dependent heart failure population. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(2), 82–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer, M. M., & Li, L. W. (2000). The dynamics of caregiving: Transitions during a three-year prospective study. The Gerontologist, 40, 165–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks-McElroy, H. A., & Strobino, J. (2001). Male caregivers of spouses with Alzheimer's Disease: Risk factors and health status. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias, 16, 167–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SPSS Inc. (2008). SPSS 17.0 Guide. SPSS Inc., Chicago IL.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, A. B., Coon, D., Wisniewski, S., Vance, D., Arguelles, S., Belle, S., et al. (2004). Measurement of leisure time satisfaction in family caregivers. Aging and Mental Health, 8, 450–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowell, J. R., Kielcot-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (2001). Perceived stress and cellular immunity: When coping counts. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 24, 323–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Derby, C. A., Kuslansky, G., et al. (2003). Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. New England Journal of Medicine, 348, 2508–2516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaliano P. P., Young, H. M., & Zhang, J. (2004). Is caregiving a risk factor for illness? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 13–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. M. (2003). Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 129(6), 946–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, L. E., & Moore, K. A. (2002). Reducing latent deprivation during unemployment: The role of meaningful leisure activity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75, 15–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weuve, J., Kang, J. H., Manson, J. E., Breteler, M. M. B., Ware, J. H., & Grodstein, F. (2004). Physical activity, including walking, and cognitive function in older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 1454–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, G. M., & Schulz, R. (1992). Pain, activity restriction, and symptoms of depression among community-residing elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 47(6), 367–372.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williamson, G. M., Shaffer, D. R., & Schulz, R. (1998). Activity restriction and prior relationship history as contributors to mental health outcomes among middle-aged and older spousal caregivers. Health Psychology, 17(2), 152–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, (1998). Programme on Mental Health, WHOQOL User Manual. Retrieved 3/24/10 from: http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/who_qol_user_manual_98.pdf
   Google Scholar