Yoga leisure and identity development of Chinese second-time mothers

References

• All-China Women’s Federation and National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2011). Reports on major results of the Third Wave Survey on the Social Status of Women in China. Retrieved November 2020 from http://www.china.com.cn/zhibo/zhuanti/ch-xinwen/2011-10/21/content_23687810.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Beddoe, A. E., Paul Yang, C.-P., Kennedy, H. P., Weiss, S. J., & Lee, K. A. (2009). The effects of mindfulness-based Yoga during pregnancy on maternal psychological and physical distress. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 38(3), 310–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01023.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertisch, S. M., Wee, C. C., & McCarthy, E. P. (2008). Use of complementary and alternative therapies by overweight and obese adults. Obesity, 16(7), 1610–1615. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhalla, N., & Moscowitz, D. (2020). Yoga and female objectification: Commodity and exclusionary identity in U.S. Women’s Magazines. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 44(1), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859919830357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas, P. (2012). Social Sutra: Yoga, identity, and health in New York’s changing neighborhoods. Health, Culture and Society, 3(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.5195/HCS.2012.82
   Google Scholar
• Bond, N., & Falk, J. (2013). Tourism and identity-related motivations: Why am I Here (and Not There)? International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(5), 430–442. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridee, G. S., Legedza, A. T., & Saper, R. B. (2008). Characteristics of Yoga users: Results of a National Survey. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 23(10), 1653–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, P. J., & Tully, J. (1977). The measurement of role identity. Social Forces, 55(4), 881–897. https://doi.org/10.2307/2577560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerulo, K. A. (1997). Identity construction: New issues, new directions. Annual Review of Sociology, 23(1), 385–409. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.385
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheek, J. M., Briggs, S. R. (2013). Aspects of Identity Questions (AIQ-IV) measurement instrument database for the social science. Retrieved November 2020 from https://www.midss.org/content/aspects-identity-questionnaire-aiq-iv.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. (2001). Association of work status and mental well-being in new mothers. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Science, 17, 570–575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collins, C. (1998). Yoga: Intuition, preventive medicine, and treatment. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 27(5), 563–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02623.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Currie, J. (2004). Motherhood, stress and the exercise experience: Freedom or constraint? Leisure Studies, 23(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000251987
   Google Scholar
• Dennett, D. (1992). The self as a center of narrative gravity. In Cole, P. & Johnson, D. (Eds.), Self and consciousness: Multiple perspectives (pp.103–115). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dillett, A. K., Douglas, A. C., & Andrzejewski, C. (2019). Yoga Tourism – A catalyst for transformation. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(1), 22–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, J. (1999). What is identity? (As we now use the word). Unpublished manuscript, Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Foley, C. (2005). Subversive possibilities: An exploration of women’s leisure resistance using historical case studies. Annals of Leisure Research, 8(4), 228–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2005.9686738
   Google Scholar
• Fu, G. (2019). Survey and analysis on the living status of urban mothers with a second child. Journal of Shandong Women’s University, 4, 60–67.
   Google Scholar
• Gothe, N., Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C., & McAuley, E. (2013). The acute effects of Yoga on executive function. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 10(4), 488–495. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, E. (1998). Women doing friendship’: An analysis of women’s leisure as a site of identity construction. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/026143698375114
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31 (1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gui, J., Walker, G. J., & Harshaw, H. W. (2019). Meanings of Xiū Xián and leisure: Cross-cultural exploration of laypeople’s definition of leisure. Leisure Sciences. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2019.1571968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, G. (2013). Investigation on mental health for rural second-birth parturients. Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Health, 25(13), 87–88.
   Google Scholar
• Haggard, L. M., & Williams, D. R. (1992). Identity affirmation through leisure activities: Leisure symbols of the self. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1992.11969868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. (2005). Key concepts in leisure studies. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hasselle-Newcombe, S. (2005). Spirituality and ‘mystical religion’ in contemporary society: A case study of british practitioners of the Iyengar method of Yoga. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 20(3), 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537900500249806
   Google Scholar
• Hays, S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of Motherhood. Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A. (2008). Expanding the meanings of leisure in a both/and world. Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 31(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2008.10707767
   Google Scholar
• Hesketh, T., Li, L., & Zhu, W. (2005). The effect of China’s one-child family policy after 25 years. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(11), 1171–1176. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMhpr051833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh, J. B., & Kang, S. K. (2016). Mechanisms of identity conflict: Uncertainty, anxiety, and the behavioral inhibition system. Personality and Social Psychology Review: An Official Journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 20(3), 223–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315589475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (1989). The second shift. Viking.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, C. Z. (1985). Possibilities for using a qualitative research approach in the sociological study of leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(3), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1985.11969631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, C. (2018). An analysis of the impacts of universal two-child policy on Urban Women’s career development in China: Taking 420 Professional Women in Shenyang City as the sample. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 06(11), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2018.611026
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, S. (2015). A physical culture perspective on popular fitness exercises in China: Using Yoga as a case study. Journal of Nanjing Sport Institute, 29(6), 64–68 + 85.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, X., & Whitson, R. (2014). Young women and public leisure spaces in contemporary Beijing: Recreating (with) gender, tradition, and place. Social & Cultural Geography, 15(44), 449–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J. (1990). Female involvement in physical recreation: Gender role as a constraint. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 61(1), 52–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.1990.10606414
   Google Scholar
• Krieg, D. B. (2007). Does Motherhood get easier the second-time around? Examining parenting stress and marital quality among mothers having their first or second child. Parenting, 7(2), 149–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190701306912
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont, M., Pendergrass, S., & Pachucki, M. (2015). Symbolic boundaries. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 23, 850–855.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X. (2016). The professional women’s dilemma and choice under the overall two child policy. Journal of Taishan University, 38(6), 117–120.
   Google Scholar
• Lu, B. (2017). A study of the subjective identity of leisure and welfare among young and middle-aged women –A case study of young and middle-aged women serving as mothers. Journal of Chengdu Normal University, 33(10), 114–120.
   Google Scholar
• McKibben, E. C., & Nan, K. M. J. (2017). Enhancing holistic identity through Yoga: Investigating body-mind-spirit interventions on mental illness stigma across culture—A case study. Open Journal of Nursing, 7(4), 481–494.
   Google Scholar
• Menezes, C. B., Dalpiaz, N. R., Rossi, N. T., & De Oliveira, A. A. (2015). Yoga and the interplay between attentional load and emotion interference. Psychological Reports, 117(1), 271–289. https://doi.org/10.2466/28.02.PR0.117c16z1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mennesson, C. (2000). Hard’ women and ‘soft’ women: The social construction of identities among female boxers. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(1), 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269000035001002
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M. W., Leung, K., Ames, D., & Lickel, B. (1999). Views from inside and outside: Integrating emic and etic insights about culture and justice judgment. Academy of Management Review, 24(4), 781–796. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.2553253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munch, A., McPherson, J. M., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1997). Gender, children, and social contact: The effects of childrearing for men and women. American Sociological Review, 62(4), 509–520. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagla, M. (2006). Yoga, health and leisure: Attitudes of women in Haryana. World Leisure Journal, 48(2), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2006.9674438
   Google Scholar
• National Bureau of Statistics (2018). Balanced population development strategy for balanced population development. Retrieved November 2020 from http://www.stats.gov.cn/ztjc/ztfx/ggkf40n/201809/t20180918_1623598.html.
   Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, M. M. (2004). Achieving a new balance: Women’s transition to second-time parenthood. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 33(4), 455–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884217504266911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagis, M. (2009). Embodied self-reflexivity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(3), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250907200308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, H. (2014). Research on Leisure Constraints of Chinese Women. Journal of Hubei Polytechnic University (Human and Social Science), 31(04), 23–29.
   Google Scholar
• Passias, E. J., Sayer, L., & Pepin, J. R. (2017). Who experiences leisure deficits? Mothers’ marital status and leisure time. Journal of Marriage and Family, 79(4), 1001–1022. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, M. (2006). China’s one child policy. BMJ, 333(7564), 361–362. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38938.412593.80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, Y. (2007). Construction on mode of Chinese Woman’s Leisure constraint based on cultural factors. China Sport Science and Technology, 43(4), 10–14.
   Google Scholar
• Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Panzer, K. (2002). Benefits of multiple roles for managerial women. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 369–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schippers, M. (2016). Theories of masculinity and femininity. In N. A. Naples, R. C. Hoogland, M. Wickramasinghe, & W. C. A. Wong (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell encyclopedia of gender and sexuality studies. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663219.wbegss390.
   Google Scholar
• Sethi, S. (1995). The dialectic in becoming a mother: Experiencing a postpartum phenomenon. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 9(4), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.1995.tb00420.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamir, B. (1992). Some correlates of leisure identity salience: Three exploratory studies. Journal of Leisure Research, 24(4), 301–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1992.11969898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. M. (2001). Conceptualizing resistance: Women’s leisure as political practice. Journal of Leisure Research, 33(2), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2001.11949937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shome, R. (2014). Diana and beyond: White femininity, national identity, and contemporary media culture. University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shusterman, R. (2011). Soma, self, and society: Somaesthetics as pragmatist meliorism. Metaphilosophy, 42(3), 314–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2011.01687.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spowart, L., Burrows, L., & Shaw, S. (2010). I just eat, sleep and dream of surfing. When Surfing Meets Motherhood. Sport in Society, 13(7/8), 1186–1203.
   Google Scholar
• Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000). Identity theory and social identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(3), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695870
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stets, J. E. (1995). Role identities and person identities: Gender identity, mastery identity, and controlling one’s partner. Sociological Perspectives, 38(2), 129–150. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. (2000). The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 63(4), 284–297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2695840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. (2003). Women’s leisure activities, Their social stereotypes and some implications for identity. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(4), 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/030802260306600404
   Google Scholar
• Tian, L., Rong, T., & Zhang, X. (2017). Exploring rural residents’ decision about childbearing under the Universal two-child policy—A case study of Tianjin. Population and Development, 23(4), 104–112.
   Google Scholar
• Vinoski, E., Webb, J. B., Warren-Findlow, J., Brewer, K. A., & Kiffmeyer, K. A. (2017). Got Yoga?: A longitudinal Analysis of Thematic Content and models’ appearance-related attributes in advertisements spanning four decades of Yoga Journal. Body Image, 21, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, E., & Hesketh, T. (2018). Exploring women’s decisions about childbearing after the lifting of the one-child policy. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(11), 1230–1243. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1424352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne, J. H., Musisca, N., & Fleeson, W. (2004). Considering the role of personality in the work-family experience: Relationships of the big five to work-family conflict and facilitation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 108–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00035-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing, B. (1990). Beyond the ideology of motherhood: Leisure as resistance. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 26(1), 36–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078339002600102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing, B. (1991). Leisure and women’s identity: Conformity or individuality? Loisir et Société/Society and Leisure, 14(2), 575–586. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.1991.10715400
   Google Scholar
• Yang, L. (2011). Women’s Leisure behavior and gender order-a case study of Women’s Mahjong Leisure in XC village. Master Thesis, Central South University, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Yavorsky, J. E., Kamp Dush, C. M., & Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J. (2015). The production of inequality: The gender division of labor across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 77(3), 662–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C. (2019). Reports on China’s Population and Labor (No. 19). Social Science Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Huang, C., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Fertility intention for the second child under the selective and universal two-child policies: Comparisons and implications. Population Research, 40(1), 87–97.
   Google Scholar