U.S. wilderness in the 21st century: A scoping review of wilderness visitor use management research from 2000 to 2020

References

• Anderson, L. G., Rocliffe, S., Haddaway, N. R., & Dunn, A. M. (2015). The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One, 10(10), Article e0140833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Axelsen, M. (2009). Trends in tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(1), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, R. E. (2007). Women’s wilderness experiences: Constraints, negotiations, and the construction of alternative femininities [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Oklahoma State University.
   Google Scholar
• Borrie, W. T., Meyer, A. M., & Foster, I. M. (2012). Wilderness experiences as sanctuary and refuge from society. In D. N. Cole (Ed.) Wilderness visitor experiences: Progress in research and management (pp. 70–76). Proceedings RMRS-P-66. USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Chavez, D. (2009). The changing faces of forest recreation. Science Perspective PSW-SP-012. USDA, Pacific Southwest Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Chavez, D. J. (2000). Wilderness in the 21st century: Diversity, day use, perceptions, and preferences. International Journal of Wilderness, 6(2), 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Chavez, D., & Olson, D. (2009). Opinions of Latino outdoor recreation visitors at four urban national forests. Environmental Practice, 11(4), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046609990317
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N. (2001). Visitor use density and wilderness experiences: A historical review of research. In W. A. Freimund & D. N. Cole (Eds.), Visitor use density and wilderness experience: Proceedings (pp. 11–20). Proceedings RMRS-P-20. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N. (2003). Wilderness visitors and recreation impacts: Baseline data available for twentieth century conditions. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-117. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N. (2011). Wilderness visitor experiences: A selective review of 50 years of research. Park Science, 28(3), 66–70.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N., & Hall, T. E. (2008). Wilderness visitors, experiences, and management preferences: How they vary with use level and length of stay. Research Paper RMRS-RP-71. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N., McCool, S. F., Freimund, W. A., & O’Loughlin, J. (2000). Wilderness science in a time of change conference-Volume 1: Changing perspectives and future directions; 1999 May 23–27; Missoula, MT [Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-1]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N., & Williams, D. R. (2012). Wilderness visitor experiences: A review of 50 years of research. In D. N. Cole (Ed.), Wilderness visitor experiences: progress in research and management (pp. 3–20). Proceedings RMRS-P-66, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, D. N., & Wright, V. (2004). Information about wilderness visitors and recreation impacts: Is it adequate? International Journal of Wilderness, 10(1), 27–31.
   Google Scholar
• Cordell, H. K., Bergstrom, J. C., & Bowker, J. M. (2005). The multiple values of wilderness. Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Corliss, J. (2019). White wilderness: Race, capitalism, and alternative knowledges of natural space [Unpublished master’s thesis]. DePaul University.
   Google Scholar
• Cronon, W. (1996). The trouble with wilderness or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History, 1(1), 7–28. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Urioste-Stone, S. M., Scaccia, M. D., & Howe-Poteet, D. (2015). Exploring visitor perceptions of the influence of climate change on tourism at Acadia National Park, Maine. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 11, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Dean, E., Little, L., & Dunn, W. (2017). Deep or wide? How the scoping review process cultivates researchers’ self-reflection skills. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Dear, C. E., & Myers, O. E. (2005). Conflicting understandings of wilderness and subsistence in Alaskan National Parks. Society and Natural Resources, 18(9), 821–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920500205509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca, K., & Demo, A. (2001). Imagining nature and erasing class and race: Carleton Watkins, John Muir, and the construction of wilderness. Environmental History, 6(4), 541–560. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustin, D. L., Amerson, K., Rose, J., & Lepp, A. (2019). The cognitive costs of distracted hiking. International Journal of Wilderness, 25(3), 12–21.
   Google Scholar
• Engebretson, J. M., & Hall, T. E. (2019). The historical meaning of ‘outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of recreation’ in the Wilderness Act of 1964. International Journal of Wilderness, 25(2), 10–28.
   Google Scholar
• Finney, C. (2014). Black faces, white spaces: Reimagining the relationship of African Americans to the great outdoors. The University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, D., Falco, G., Roberts, N. S., & Valenzuela, F. P. III. (2018). Recreation equity: Is the Forest Service serving its diverse publics? Journal of Forestry, 116(3), 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvx016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, D., & Kuhn, K. (2018). Latino outdoors: Using storytelling and social media to increase diversity on public lands. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 36(3), 47–62. https://doi.org/10.18666/JPRA-2018-V36-I3-7868
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, D., & Sánchez, J. (2020). The changing dynamic of Latinx outdoor recreation on national and state public lands. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 38(4), 2–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin, J. K., Rode, K. D., Hilderbrand, G. V., Wilder, J., Farley, S., Jorgensen, C., & Marcot, B. G. (2016). Impacts of human recreation on brown bears (Ursus arctos): A review and new management tool. PLOS One, 11(1), Article e0141983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghimire, R., Green, G. T., Poudyal, N. C., & Cordell, H. K. (2015). Wilderness and the American public: An assessment and comparison of perceived benefits of and support for wilderness areas. International Journal of Wilderness, 21(3), 27–32.
   Google Scholar
• Glicksman, R. L. (2014). Wilderness management by the multiple use agencies: What makes the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management different? Environmental Law, 44(447), 448–495.
   Google Scholar
• Green, G. T., Bowker, J. M., Johnson, C. Y., Cordell, K. H., & Wang, X. (2007). An examination of constraints to wilderness visitation. International Journal of Wilderness, 7(1), 26–36.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, C., Januchowski, S., Hooker, J., Isely, E., Daniels, E., Lucas, C., Feuerstein, R., & Bosma, M. (2007). Comparing the wilderness message of U.S. land management agencies. In A. Watson, J. Sproull, & D. Liese (Eds.), Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Eighth world wilderness congress symposium (pp. 411–415). Proceedings RMRS-p-49. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Gunderson, K., Barns, C. V., Hendricks, W. W., & McAvoy, L. H. (2000). Wilderness education: An updated review of the literature and new directions for research and practice. In D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borrie, & J. O’Loughlin (Eds.), Wilderness science in a time of change conference—volume 4: Wilderness visitors, experiences, and visitor management (pp. 253–259). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-4. USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T. E. (2001). Hikers’ perspectives on solitude and wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness, 7(2), 20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T. E., & Davidson, A. (2013). Changes in Bridger Wilderness visitors’ experiences of crowding and attitudes toward management. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 31(4), 45–61.
   Google Scholar
• Halstead, J. M., Harper, W., & Hill, B. L. (2001). Degraded visibility and visitor behavior: The case of New Hampshire’s White Mountain National Forest. In G. T. Kyle (Ed.), Proceedings of the 2000 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium (pp. 58–63). General Technical Report NE-276. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Hammitt, W. E., Cole, D. N., & Monz, C. A. (2015). Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Hanneke, R., Asada, Y., Lieberman, L., Neubauer, L. C., & Fagen, M. (2017). The scoping review method: Mapping the literature in “structural change” public health interventions. SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Heintzman, P. (2012). Spiritual outcomes of wilderness experience: A synthesis of social science research. Park Science, 28(3), 89–92.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, L. B., Harper, W., Halstead, J. M., Stevens, T. H., Porras, I., & Kimball, K. D. (2000). Visitor perceptions and valuation of visibility in the Great Gulf Wilderness, New Hampshire. In D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borrie, & J. O’Loughlin (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference—Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management (pp. 304–311). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst, S. J., & Jones, C. D. (2001). Wilderness solitude: Beyond the social-spatial perspective. In W. A. Freimund & D. N. Cole (Eds.), Visitor use density and wilderness experience: Proceedings (pp. 56–61). Proceedings RMRS-P-20. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst, S. J., Whisman, S. A., & Ewert, A. W. (1992). Monitoring visitor use in backcountry and wilderness: A review of methods. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-134. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, K. (2003). Achieving cultural diversity in wilderness recreation: A study of the Chinese in Vancouver [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Waterloo.
   Google Scholar
• Interagency Visitor Use Management Council (2016). Visitor use management framework: A guide to providing sustainable outdoor recreation. https://visitorusemanagement.nps.gov/Content/documents/lowres_VUM%20Framework_Edition%201_IVUMC.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. Y., & Bowker, J. M. (2004). African-American wildland memories. Environmental Ethics, 26(1), 57–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. Y., Bowker, J. M., Bergstrom, J., & Cordell, H. K. (2004). Wilderness values in America: Does immigrant status or ethnicity matter? Society & Natural Resources, 17(7), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920490466585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kil, N., Holland, S. M., & Stein, T. V. (2014). Structural relationships between environmental attitudes, recreation motivations, and environmentally responsible behaviors. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 7–8, 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2014.09.010
   Google Scholar
• Krumpe, E. E. (2000). The role of science in wilderness planning — A state-of-knowledge review. In D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borrie, & J. O’Loughlin (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference: Wilderness visitors, experiences, and visitor management (pp. 5–12). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-4. USDA Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• Landres, P., Barns, C., Boutcher, S., Devine, T., Dratch, P., Lindholm, A., Merigliano, L., Roeper, N., & Simpson, E. (2015). Keeping it wild 2: An updated interagency strategy to monitor trends in wilderness character across the National Wilderness Preservation System. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-340. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Landres, P., Barns, C., Dennis, J. G., Devine, T., Geissler, P., McCasland, C. S., Merigliano, L., Seastrand, J., & Swain, R. (2008). Keeping it wild: An interagency strategy to monitor trends in wilderness character across the National Wilderness Preservation System. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-212. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Landres, P., Vagias, W. M., & Stutzman, S. (2011). Using wilderness character to improve wilderness stewardship. Park Science, 28(3), 44–48.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, T. C., & Borrie, W. T. (2021). Wilderness solitude in the 21st century: A release from digital connectivity. International Journal of Wilderness, 27(3), 28–42.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, S. R., Roggenbuck, J. W., Hall, T. E., & Moldovanyi, A. (2006). A conjoint analysis of preference heterogeneity among day and overnight visitors to the Okefenokee Wilderness. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(4), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2006.11950093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, Y., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation impacts and management in wilderness: A state-of-knowledge review. In D. N. Cole, S. F. McCool, W. T. Borrie, & J. O’Laughlin (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference—Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management (pp. 23–48). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O'Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukins, G. M. (2018). Untrammeled by man? An ethnographic approach to outdoor recreation management in Charon’s Garden Wilderness [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of North Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Major, C. H., & Savin-Baden, M. (2010). Analysing, synthesizing and interpreting studies. In C. H. Major & M. Savin-Baden (Eds.), An introduction to qualitative research synthesis: Managing the information explosion in social science research (pp. 56–71). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Marion, J. L. (2016). A review and synthesis of recreation ecology research supporting carrying capacity and visitor use management decision making. Journal of Forestry, 114(3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.15-062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, S. (2017). Real and potential influences of information technology on outdoor recreation and wilderness experiences and management. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 35(1), 98–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCool, S. F. (2001). Limiting recreational use in wilderness: Research issues and management challenges in appraising their effectiveness. In W. A. Freimund & D. N. Cole (Eds.), Visitor use density and wilderness experience: Proceedings (pp. 49–55). Proceedings RMRS-P-20. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, M. F., Lignell, B., Rapoza, A., Lee, C., Ward, V., & Rocchio, J. (2016). A framework to assess the effects of commercial air tour noise on wilderness. Journal of Forestry, 114(3), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant, C. (2003). Shades of darkness: Race and environmental history. Environmental History, 8(3), 380–394. https://doi.org/10.2307/3986200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering, C., Rossi, S. D., Hernando, A., & Barros, A. (2018). Current knowledge and future research directions for the monitoring and management of visitors in recreational and protected areas. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 21, 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2017.11.002
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, W. V., & Manning, R. E. (2015). Day and overnight visitors to the Olympic Wilderness. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 12, 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.11.002
   Google Scholar
• Pomeranz, E. F. (2011). Direct stakeholder perceptions of collaboration, indicators, and compliance associated with the wilderness best management practices in Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness, Alaska] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Putney, A. D., & Harmon, D. (2003). Intangible values and protected areas: Towards a more holistic approach to management. In D. Harmon & A. D. Putney (Eds.), The full value of parks: From economics to the intangible (pp. 311–326). Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Riddle, A. A., & Hoover, K. (2019). Wilderness: Overview, management, and statistics. In Key congressional reports for July 2019: Part IV (pp. 175–199). Congressional Research Service.
   Google Scholar
• Roggenbuck, J. W., & Driver, B. L. (2000). Benefits of nonfacilitated uses of wilderness. In S. F. McCool, D. N. Cole, W. T. Borrie, & J. O’Loughlin (Eds.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference—Volume 3: Wilderness as a place for scientific inquiry: Proceedings (pp. 33–49). Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-3. USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Roggenbuck, J. W., & Lucas, R. C. (1987). Wilderness use and user characteristics: A state-of-knowledge review. In R. C. Lucas (Ed.), Proceedings, National Wilderness Research Conference: Issues, State-of-Knowledge, Future Directions (pp. 204–245). General Technical Report INT-220. USDA, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, J., & Johnson, C. W. (2020). Contextualizing reliability and validity in qualitative research: Toward more rigorous and trustworthy qualitative social science in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(4), 432–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1722042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, J. J., Baerenklau, K., & González-Cabán, A. (2016). Valuing hypothetical wildfire impacts with a Kuhn–Tucker model of recreation demand. Forest Policy and Economics, 71, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2015.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, H. W. (2007). Symbolism, experience, and the value of wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness, 13(1), 13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D. (2005). The Wilderness Act and its recent history. In H. K. Cordell, J. C. Bergstrom, & J. M. Bowker (Eds.), The multiple values of wilderness (pp. 23–44). Venture.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D. (2014). Race, ethnicity, and leisure services: Can we hope to escape the past? In M. Stodolska, K. J. Shinew, M. F. Floyd, & G. J. Walker (Eds.), Race, ethnicity, and leisure: Perspectives on research, theory, and practice (pp. 37–50). Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Seekamp, E., & Cole, D. N. (2009). Deliberating the experiential qualities of wilderness: Similar meanings, but divergent standards. International Journal of Wilderness, 15(3), 23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Seekamp, E. (2006). Changes in stakeholders’ attitudes about wilderness management: Exploring small-group deliberations and information processing in a public involvement process [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Idaho.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. (2017). Research methods in sport (2nd ed., pp. 43–62). Sport.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, K., & Kirby, M. (2015). Wilderness 2.0: What does wilderness mean to the Millennials? Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 5(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0250-z
   Google Scholar
• Stelson, L., Rice, W. L., & Taff, B. D. (2020). Managing cultural resources on the Alaska Peninsula. International Journal of Wilderness, 26(2), 70–85.
   Google Scholar
• Stinson, J. (2017). Re-creating wilderness 2.0: Or getting back to work in a virtual nature. Geoforum, 79, 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Wilderness Act of 1964, Public Law 88-577 (1964). https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd645666.pdf
   Google Scholar
• USDA (2020). USDA Forest Service national visitor use monitoring survey results: National summary report. https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2020-National-Visitor-Use-Monitoring-Summary-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Watson, A. E. (2004). Human relationships with wilderness – The fundamental definition of wilderness character. International Journal of Wilderness, 10(3), 4–7.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, A., Matt, R., Knotek, K., Williams, D. R., & Yung, L. (2011). Traditional wisdom: Protecting relationships with wilderness as a cultural landscape. Ecology and Society, 16(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-04003-160136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. E., Shanahan, D. F., Di Marco, M., Allan, J., Laurance, W. F., Sanderson, E. W., Mackey, B., & Venter, O. (2016). Catastrophic declines in wilderness areas undermine global environment targets. Current Biology, 26(21), 2929–2934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajchowski, C. A. B., & Brownlee, M. T. J. (2018). Combining environmental values with perceptions of infrastructure development ─ The management options matrix. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 23, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.007
   Google Scholar
• Zellmer, S. B. (2014). Wilderness management in national parks and wildlife refuges. Faculty Law Review Articles, 44, 497–548.
   Google Scholar