390
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Thermal Annealing Effects on the Absorption and Structural Properties of Regioregular Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Films

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 624-636 | Received 01 Jan 2010, Accepted 17 Feb 2010, Published online: 19 Jan 2011

References

  • Thompson , B. C. and Fréchet , M. J. 2008 . Polymer: Fullerene composite solar cells . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 47 : 58 – 77 .
  • Yoon , W. J. and Berger , P. R. 2008 . 4.8% efficient poly(3-hexylthiophene)-fullerene derivative (1:0.8) bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices with plasma treated AgOx/indium tin oxide anode modification . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 92 : 013306
  • Pflaum , A. Z.J. , Hirschmann , S. , Zhuang , W. , Jaiser , F. , Asawapirom , U. , Rabe , J. P. , Scherf , U. and Neher , D. 2004 . Effect of molecular weight and annealing of poly(3-hexylthiophene)s on the performance of organic field-effect transistors . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 14 : 757 – 764 .
  • Zen , A. , Saphiannikova , M. , Neher , D. , Grenzer , J. , Grigorian , S. , Pietsch , U. , Asawapirom , U. , Janietz , S. , Scherf , U. , Lieberwirth , I. and Wegner , G. 2006 . Effect of molecular weight on the structure and crystallinity of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) . Macromolecules , 39 : 2162 – 2171 .
  • Chang , J. F. , Clark , J. , Zhao , N. , Sirringhaus , H. , Breiby , D. W. , Andreasen , J. W. , Nielsen , M. M. , Giles , M. , Heeney , M. and McCulloch , I. 2006 . Molecular-weight dependence of interchain polaron delocalization and exciton bandwidth in high-mobility conjugated polymers . Phys. Rev. B , 74 : 115318
  • Kline , R. J. , McGhee , M. D. , Kadnikova , E. N. , Liu , J. and Fréchet , J. M.J. 2003 . Controlling the Field-Effect mobility of regioregular polythiophene by changing the molecular weight . Adv. Mater. , 15 : 1519 – 1522 .
  • Yang , C. , Orfino , F. P. and Holdcroft , S. 1996 . A phenomenological model for predicting thermochromism of regioregular and nonregioregular poly(3-alkylthiophenes) . Macromolecules , 29 : 6510 – 6517 .
  • Urien , M. , Bailly , L. , Vignau , L. , Cloutet , E. , Cuendias , A. , Wantz , G. , Cramail , H. , Hirsch , L. and Parneix , J. P. 2008 . Effect of the regioregularity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) on the performances of organic photovoltaic devices . Polym. Int. , 57 : 764 – 769 .
  • Korovyanko , O. J. , Österbacka , R. , Jiang , X. M. , Vardeny , Z. V. and Janssen , R. A.J. 2001 . Photoexcitation dynamics in regioregular and regiorandom polythiophene films . Phys. Rev. B , 64 : 235122
  • Yang , H. , Shin , T. J. , Yang , L. , Cho , K. , Ryu , C. Y. and Bao , Z. 2005 . Effect of mesoscale crystalline structure on the field-effect mobility of rigioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) in thin-film transistors . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 15 : 671 – 676 .
  • Kobashi , M. and Takeuchi , H. 1998 . Inhomogeneity of spin-coated and cast non-regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) films structures and electrical and photophysical properties . Macromolecules , 31 : 7273 – 7238 .
  • Al-Ibrahim , M. , Ambacher , O. , Sensfuss , S. and Gobsch , G. 2005 . Effects of solvent and annealing on the improved performance of solar cells based on poly. 3-hexylthiophene: Fullerene . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 86 : 201120
  • Guo , T. F. , Wen , T. C. , Pakhomov , G. L. , Chin , X. G. , Liou , S. H. , Yeh , P. H. and Yang , C. H. 2008 . Effects of film treatment on the performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/soluble fullerene-based organic solar cells . Thin Solid Films , 516 : 3138 – 3142 .
  • Miller , S. , Fanchini , G. , Lin , Y. Y. , Li , G. , Chen , C. W. , Su , W. F. and Chhowalla , M. 2008 . Investigation of nanoscale morphological changes in organic photovoltaics during solvent vapor annealing . J. Mater. Chem. , 18 : 306 – 312 .
  • Ko , C. J. , Lin , Y. K. and Chen , F. C. 2007 . Microwave annealing of polymer photovoltaic devices . Adv. Mater. , 19 : 3520 – 3523 .
  • Savenije , T. J. , Kroeze , J. E. , Yang , X. and Loos , J. 2006 . The formation of crystalline P3HT fibrils upon annealing of a PCBM:P3HT bulk heterojunction . Thin Solid Films , 511–512 : 2 – 6 .
  • Campoy-Quiles , M. , Ferenczi , T. , Agostinelli , T. , Etchegoin , P. G. , Kim , Y. , Anthopoulos , T. D. , Stavrinou , P. N. , Bradley , D. D.C. and Nelson , J. 2008 . Morphology evolution via self-organization and lateral and vertical diffusion in polymer: Fullerene solar cell blends . Nature Mater. , 7 : 158 – 164 .
  • Erb , T. , Zhokhavets , U. , Gobsch , G. , Raleva , S. , Stühn , B. , Schilinsky , P. , Waldauf , C. and Brabec , C. J. 2005 . Correlation between structural and optical properties of composite polymer/fullerene films for organic solar cells . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 15 : 1193 – 1196 .
  • Clarke , T. M. , Ballantyne , A. M. , Nelson , J. , Bradley , D. D.C. and Durrant , J. 2008 . Free energy control of charge photogeneration in polythiophene/fullerene solar cells: The influence of thermal annealing on P3HT/PCBM blends . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 18 : 4029 – 4035 .
  • Ayzner , A. L. , Wanger , D. D. , Tassone , C. J. , Tolbert , S. H. and Schwartz , B. J. 2008 . Room to improve conjugated polymer-based solar cells: Understanding how thermal annealing affects the fullerene component of a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device . J. Phys. Chem. C , 112 : 18711 – 18716 .
  • Zhokhavets , U. , Erb , T. , Gobsch , G. , Al-Ibrahim , M. and Ambacher , O. 2006 . Relation between absorption and crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene films for plastic solar cells . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 418 : 347 – 350 .
  • Erb , T. , Zhokhavets , U. , Hoppe , H. , Gobsch , G. , Al-Ibrahim , M. and Ambacher , O. 2006 . Absorption and crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene blends in dependence on annealing temperature . Thin Solid Films , 511–512 : 483 – 485 .
  • Cho , S. , Lee , K. , Yuen , J. , Wang , G. , Moses , D. , Heeger , A. J. , Surin , M. and Lazzaroni , R. 2006 . Thermal annealing-induced enhancement of the field-effect mobility of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) films . J. Appl. Phys. , 100 : 114503
  • Gurau , M. C. , Delongchamp , D. M. , Vogel , B. M. , Lin , E. K. , Fischer , D. A. , Sambasivan , S. and Richter , L. J. 2007 . Measuring molecular order in poly(3-alkylthiophene) thin films with polarizing spectroscopies . Langmuir , 23 : 834 – 842 .
  • Chirvase , D. , Parisi , J. , Hummelen , J. C. and Dyakonov , V. 2004 . Influence of nanomorphology on the photovoltaic action of polymer: Fullerene composites . Nanotechnology , 15 : 1317 – 1323 .
  • Pham , C. V. , Mark , H. B. and Zimmer , H. 1986 . A convenient synthesis of 3-alkythiophene . Synth. Commun. , 16 : 689 – 696 .
  • Loewe , R. S. , Ewbank , P. C. , Liu , J. , Zhai , L. and McCullough , R. D. 2001 . Regioregular, head-to-tail coupled poly(3-alkylthiophenes) made easy by the GRIM method: Investigation of the reaction and the origin of regioselectivity . Macromolecules , 34 : 4324 – 4333 .
  • Chen , T.-A. , Wu , X. and Rieke , R. D. 1995 . Regiocontrolled synthesis of poly(3-alkylthiophenes) mediated by rieke zinc: Their characterization and solid-state properties . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 117 : 233 – 244 .
  • Loewe , R. S. , Khersonsky , S. M. and McCullough , R. D. 1999 . A simple method to prepare head-t-tail coupled, regioregular poly(3-alkythiohenes) using Grignard metathesis . Adv. Mater. , 11 : 250 – 253 .
  • McCullough , R. D. 1998 . The chemistry of conducting polythiophenes . Adv. Mater. , 10 : 93 – 116 .
  • Fraleoni-Morgera , A. , Marazzita , S. , Frascaro , D. and Setti , L. 2004 . Influence of a non-ionic surfactant on the UV-vis absorption features of regioregular head-to-tail poly(3-hexylthiophene) in water-based dispersions . Synth. Met. , 147 : 149 – 154 .
  • Trznadel , M. , Pron , A. , Zagorska , M. , Chrzaszcz , R. and Pielichowski , J. 1998 . Effect of molecular weight on spectroscopic and spectroelectrochemical properties of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) . Macromolecules , 31 : 5051 – 5058 .
  • Brown , P. J. , Thomas , D. S. , Köhler , A. , Wilson , J. S. , Kim , J. S. , Ramsdale , C. M. , Sirringhaus , H. and Friend , R. H. 2003 . Effect of interchain interactions on the absorption and emission of poly(3-hexylthiophene) . Phys. Rev. B , 67 : 064203
  • Salaneck , W. R. , Inganäs , O. , Nilsson , J. O. , Österholm , J. E. , Thémans , B. and Brédas , J. L. 1989 . Thermochromism in the poly(3-alkythiophene)s: A study of conformational defects by photoelectron spectroscopy . Synth. Met. , 28 : C451 – C460 .
  • Hugger , S. , Thomann , R. , Heinzel , T. and Thurn-Albrecht , T. 2004 . Semicrystalline morphology in thin films of poly(3-hexylthiophene) . Colloid Polym. Sci. , 282 : 932 – 938 .
  • Zhang , R. , Li , B. , Iovu , M. C. , Jeffries-EL , M. , Sauvé , G. , Cooper , J. , Jia , S. , Tristram-Nagle , S. , Smilgies , D. M. , Lambeth , D. N. , McCullough , R. D. and Kowalewski , T. 2006 . Nanostructure dependence of field-effect mobility in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) thin film field effect transistors . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 128 : 3480 – 3481 .
  • Yang , H. , Shin , T. J. , Bao , Z. and Ryu , C. 2007 . Structural transitions of nanocrystalline domains in regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) thin films . J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. , 45 : 1303 – 1312 .
  • Sirringhaus , H. , Brown , P. J. , Friend , R. H. , Nielsen , M. M. , Bechgaard , K. , Langeveld-Voss , B. M.W. , Spiering , A. J.H. , Janssen , R. A.J. , Meijer , E. W. , Herwig , P. and Leeuw , D. M. 1999 . Two-dimensional charge transport in self-organized, high-mobility conjugated polymers . Nature , 401 : 685 – 688 .
  • Prosa , T. J. , Winokur , M. J. , Moulton , J. , Smith , P. and Heeger , A. J. 1992 . X-ray structural studies of poly(3-alkylthiophenes): An example of an inverse comb . Macromolecules , 25 : 4364 – 4372 .
  • Zerbi , G. , Chierichetti , B. and Ingänas , O. 1991 . Thermochromism in polyalkythiophenes: Molecular aspects from vibrational spectroscopy . J. Chem. Phys. , 94 : 4646 – 4658 .
  • Tashiro , K. , Minagawa , Y. , Kobayashi , M. , Morita , S. , Kawai , T. and Yoshino , K. 1993 . Structure and thermochromic solid-state phase transition of poly(3-alkythiophene):[3] effects of alkyl solid chain length on the phase transitional behavior . Synth. Met. , 55–57 : 321 – 328 .
  • Iwasaki , K. , Fujimoto , H. and Matsuzaki , S. 1994 . Conformational changes of poly(3-alkythiophene)s with temperature and pressure . Synth. Met. , 63 : 101 – 108 .
  • Zerbi , G. , Castellani , L. , Chierichetti , B. , Gallazzi , C. and Ingänas , O. 1990 . Non-equilibrium structures and geometry relaxation in polyoctylthiophene . Chem. Phys. Lett. , 172 : 143 – 146 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.