26
Views
153
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Paper

Why Is It Easy To Control Your Arms?

Pages 260-286 | Received 01 May 1982, Published online: 13 Aug 2013

References

  • Albus, J. S. Mechanisms of planning and problem solving in the brain. Mathematical Biosciences, 1971, 10, 25–61.
  • Asatryan, D. G., & Fel'dman, A. G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. I. Mechanographic analysis of the work of the joint on execution of a postural task. Biophysics, 1965, 10, 925–935 [Biofizika, 1965, 10, 837-846].
  • Austin, H. A computational view of the skill of juggling. Artificial Intelligence Memo No. 330, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1974.
  • Bernstein, N. A. Opostroyenyii dvizhniy[On the construction of movements]. Moscow: Medgiz, 1947 [According to Viktor Gurfinkel', this book was the source of the spring model.]
  • Bernstein, N. A. The Co-ordination and regulation of movements. London: Pergamon Press, 1967.
  • Bizzi, E. Common problems confonting eye movement physiologists and investigators of somatic motor functions. Brain Research, 1974, 71, 191–194. (a)
  • Bizzi, E. The coordination of eye-head movements. Scientific American, 1974, 231(4), 100–106. (b)
  • Bizzi, E., Khalil, R. E., & Morasso, P. Two modes of active eye-head coordination in monkeys. Brain Research, 1972, 40, 45–48.
  • Bizzi, E., Polit, A., & Morasso, P. Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1976, 39, 435–444.
  • Boylls, C. C. A theory of cerebellar function with applications to locomotion. I. The physiological role of climbing fiber inputs in anterior lobe operation. COINS Tech. Rep.75C-6, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1975. (a)
  • Boylls, C. C. A theory of cerebellar function with applications to locomotion. II. The relation of anterior lobe climbing fiber function to locomotor behavior in the cat. COINS Tech. Rep. 76-1, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 1975. (b)
  • Boylls, C. C. Prolonged alterations of muscle activity induced in locomoting premammillary cats by microstimulation of the inferior olive. Brain Research, 1978, 159, 445–450.
  • Boylls, C. C. Cerebellar strategies for movement coordination. In Stelmach, G. E. and Requin, J. (eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1979.
  • Boylls, C. C. Climbing fibers and the spatial reference frame for motor coordination. In Arbib, M. (ed.), Proceedings of the Symposium, “Visuomotor Coordination in Frog and Toad.” Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1981.
  • Cordo, P. J., & Nashner, L. M. Properties of postural adjustments associated with rapid arm movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, in press.
  • El-Dessouki, A. I. A hierarchical model for manipulator control systems. Doctoral dissertation, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1982.
  • Fel'dman, A. G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. II. Controllable parameters of the muscles. Biophysics, 1966, 11, 565–578 [Biofizika, 1966, 11, 498-508]. (a)
  • Fel'dman, A. G. Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture. III. Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor tasks. Biophysics, 1966, 11, 766–775 [Biofizika, 1966, 11, 667-675]. (b)
  • Greene, P. H. On the representation of information by neural net models. In M. C. Yovits, G. T. Jacobi, & G. D. Goldstein (Eds.), Self-Organizing Systems. Washington, D. C: Spar tan Books, 1962. (a)
  • Greene, P. H. On looking for neural networks and “cell assemblies” that underlie behavior. I. A mathematical model. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 1962, 24, 247–275. (b)
  • Greene. P. H. On looking for neural networks and “cell assemblies” that underlie behavior. II. Neural realization of the mathematical model. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 1962, 24, 395–411. (c)
  • Greene, P. H. New problems in adaptive control. In J. T. Tou, and R. H. Wilcox [Eds.], Computer and Information Sciences. Washington, D. C.: Spartan Press, 1964.
  • Greene, P. H. Superimposed random coding of stimulus-response connections. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 1965, 27, (Special Edition), 191–202.
  • Greene, P. H. Seeking mathematical models for skilled actions. In D. Bootzin & H. C. Muffley (Eds.), Biomechanics (Proceedings of the First Rock Island Arsenal Biomechanics Symposium). New York: Plenum Press, 1969.
  • Greene, P. H. Introduction to I. M. Gelfand (Ed.-in-chief), with V. S. Gurfinkel, S. V. Fomin, & M. I. Tsetlin (Assoc. Eds.), [Models of the structural-functional organization of certain biological systems ] (Transl. by C. R. Beard). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971.
  • Greene, P. H. Problems of organization of motor systems. In R. Rosen & F. M. Snell (Eds.), Progress in theoretical biology, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press, 1972.
  • Greene, P. H. Cooperation of effectors. Memorandum No. 14. Chicago: Institute for Task Analysis, 1973. (a)
  • Greene, P. H. Coordination of effectors. (Expanded version of “An aspect of robot control: Coordination of two effectors and transfer of adaptation” in Quarterly Report No. 16, February, 1968. Institute for Computer Research, University of Chicago, Section lll-D). Memorandum No. 15. Chicago: Institute for Task Analysis, 1973. (b)
  • Greene, P. H. Construction in spatial experience: Approaching the subject through examples. Technical Report, Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1974.
  • Greene, P. H. Using qualitative information in quantitative adjustments. Third Milwaukee Symposium on Automatic Computation and Control. North Hollywood, Cal.: Western Periodicals Co., 1975. (a)
  • Greene, P. H. Strategies for heterarchical control—An essay I. A style for controlling complex systems. Technical Report 77-7, Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology. (Final revised version of material with similar titles from progress reports 1973-1974.), 1975. (b)
  • Greene, P. H. Strategies for heterarchical control—An essay. II. Theoretical exploration of a style of control. Technical Report 77-8, Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology. (Improved revision of material in proposal submitted to National Science Foundation in 1975, based on material in various progress reports, 1973-1974.), 1975. (c)
  • Greene, P. H. Organization of multivariable control tasks: I. Theory of control actions. II. Controlling a robot arm. III. Intelligent programs for control. Technical Report 78-12, Computer Science Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1978.
  • Hollerbach, J. An oscillator theory of handwriting. Biological Cybernetics, 1981, 39, 139–156.
  • Jagacinski, R. J., Burke, M. W., & Miller, D. P. Use of schemata and acceleration information in stopping a pendulumlike system. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 1977, 3, 212–223.
  • Kelso, J. A. S. Motor control mechanisms underlying human movement reproduction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1977, 3, 529–543.
  • Kelso, J. A. S., Holt, K. G., Rubin, P., & Kugler, P. N. Patterns of human interlimb coordination emerge from the properties of non-linear, limit cycle oscillatory processes: Theory and data. Journal of Motor Behavior, 1981, 13, 226–261.
  • Kelso, J. A. S., Southard, D. L, & Goodman, D. On the nature of human interlimb coordination. Science, 1979, 203, 1029–1031. (a)
  • Kelso, J. A. S., Southard, D. L, & Goodman, D. On the coordination of two-handed movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1979, 5, 229–238. (b)
  • Kuipers, B. J. A frame for frames: Representing knowledge for recognition. In Bobrow and Collins (Eds.), Representation and understanding: Studies in cognitive science. New York: Academic Press, 1975.
  • Marr, D. A theory of cerebellar cortex. Journal of Physiology, 1969, 202, 437–470.
  • Minsky, M. A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
  • Morasso, P., Sandini, G., Tagliasco, V., & Zaccaria, R. Control strategies in the eye-head coordination system. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 1977, SMC-7, 639–651.
  • Nashner, L M. Organization and programming of motor activity during posture control. Reflex Control of Posture and Movement (Progress in Brain Research 50), 1979, 177–184.
  • Nashner, L. M. Balance adjustments of humans perturbed while walking. Journal of Neurophysiology, 1980, 44, 650–664.
  • Nashner, L. M., & Cordo, P. J. Relation of automatic postural responses and reaction-time voluntary movements of human leg muscles. Experimental Brain Research, 1981, 43, 395–405.
  • Pal'tsev, Ye. I., & El'ner, A. M. Preparatory and compensatory period during voluntary movement in patients with involvement of the brain of different localization. Biophysics, 1967, 12, 161–168. [Biofizika, 1967, 12, 142].
  • Pew, P. W. Human perceptual-motor performance. In B. H. Kantowitz (Ed.), Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and recognition. New York: Erlbaum, 1974.
  • Schmidt, R. A. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychological Review, 1975, 82, 225–260.
  • Schmidt, R. A. The schema as a solution to some persistent problems in motor learning theory. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Motor control: Issues and trends. New York: Academic Press, 1976.
  • Soechting, J. F., & Lacquaniti, F. Invariant characteristics of a pointing movement in man. Journal of Neuroscience, 1981, 1, 710–720.
  • Stark, L. Neurological feedback control systems: Physiological models and behavioral characteristics of the adaptive human motor coordination system. Technical Report, Neurology Section, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1963(?) (Date and further in formation are not included in my copy, but data of latest reference cited therein is 1963.)
  • Sussman, G. J. A computer model of skill acquisition. New York: American Elsevier, 1975.
  • Szentágothai, J., & Arbib, M. S. Conceptual models of neural organization. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin, 1974, Vol. 12, Number 3.
  • Viviani, P., & Terzuolo, C. Trajectory determines movement dynamics. Neuroscience, 1982, 7, 431–437.
  • Viviani, P., & Terzuolo, C. The organization of movement in handwriting and typing. In Language production, II: Production of non-speech modalities. New York: B. Butterwork, Academic Press, in press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.