Transfer of Motor Learning Engages Specific Neural Substrates During Motor Memory Consolidation Dependent on the Practice Structure

REFERENCES

• Cross , E. S. , Schmitt , P. J. and Grafton , S. T. 2007 . Neural substrates of contextual interference during motor learning support a model of active preparation . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 19 : 1854 – 1871 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster , J. M. 2000 . Executive frontal functions . Experimental Brain Research , 133 : 66 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea , J. M. and Celnik , P. 2009 . Brain polarization enhances the formation and retention of motor memories . Journal of Neurophysiology , 102 : 294 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galea , J. M. , Vazquez , A. , Pasricha , N. , Orban de Xivry , J. J. and Celnik , P. 2010 . Dissociating the roles of the cerebellum and motor cortex during adaptive learning: The motor cortex retains what the cerebellum learns . Cerebral Cortex , 21 : 1761 – 1770 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guadagnoli , M. A. and Lee , T. D. 2004 . Challenge point: A framework for conceptualizing the effects of various practice conditions in motor learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 36 : 212 – 224 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , K. G. and Magill , R. A. 1995 . Variability of practice and contextual interference in motor skill learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 27 : 299 – 309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantak , S. S. , Fisher , B. E. , Sullivan , K. J. and Winstein , C. J. 2010 . Effects of different doses of low frequency rTMS on motor cortical excitability . Journal of Neurology & Neurophysiology , 1 ( 102 ) doi: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000102
   Google Scholar
• Kantak , S. S. , Sullivan , K. J. , Fisher , B. E. , Knowlton , B. J. and Winstein , C. J. 2010 . Neural substrates of motor memory consolidation depend on practice structure . Nature Neuroscience , 13 : 923 – 925 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. D. and Simon , D. 2003 . Contextual interference . Information processing perspectives , In A. M. Williams & N. J. Hodges (Eds.), Skill acquisition in sport: Research, theory, and practice (pp. 29–44). London: Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Luft , A. R. , Buitrago , M. M. , Ringer , T. , Dichgans , J. and Schulz , J. B. 2004 . Motor skill learning depends on protein synthesis in motor cortex after training . Journal of Neuroscience , 24 : 6515 – 6520 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muellbacher , W. , Ziemann , U. , Wissel , J. , Dang , N. , Kofler , M. Facchini , S. 2002 . Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex . Nature , 415 : 640 – 644 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochon , J. B. , Levy , R. , Poline , J. B. , Crozier , S. , Lehericy , S. Pillon , B. 2001 . The role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the preparation of forthcoming actions: An fMRI study . Cerebral Cortex , 11 : 260 – 266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe , J. B. , Toni , I. , Josephs , O. , Frackowiak , R. S. and Passingham , R. E. 2000 . The prefrontal cortex: response selection or maintenance within working memory? . Science , 288 : 1656 – 1660 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. and Bjork , R. A. 1992 . New conceptualization of practice: Common principles in three paradigms suggest new concepts for training . Psychological Science , 3 : 207 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. and Lee , T. D. 2004 . Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis , 4th ed , Chicago, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Seidler , R. D. 2010 . Neural correlates of motor learning, transfer of learning, and learning to learn . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 38 : 3 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidler , R. D. and Noll , D. C. 2008 . Neuroanatomical correlates of motor acquisition and motor transfer . Journal of Neurophysiology , 99 : 1836 – 1845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. and Brashers-Krug , T. 1997 . Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory . Journal of Neuroscience , 17 : 409 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. and Kohl , R. M. 1990 . Specificity and variability of practice . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 61 : 169 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. and Kohl , R. M. 1991 . Composition of practice: influence on the retention of motor skills . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 62 : 187 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea , C. H. , Lai , Q. , Wright , D. L. , Immink , M. and Black , C. 2001 . Consistent and variable practice conditions: effects on relative and absolute timing . Journal of Motor Behavior , 33 : 139 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwood , D. E. and Lee , T. D. 2003 . Schema theory: critical review and implications for the role of cognition in a new theory of motor learning . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 74 : 376 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weekly , A. 2004 . TEMPLATE [computer software]. Garden Grove, CA: Weekly Consulting
   Google Scholar
• Wulf , G. and Lee , T. D. 1993 . Contextual interference in movements of the same class: Differential effects on program and parameter learning . Journal of Motor Behavior , 25 : 254 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wymbs , N. F. and Grafton , S. T. 2009 . Neural substrates of practice structure that support future off-line learning . Journal of Neurophysiology , 102 : 2462 – 2476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar