Verbal-Motor Attention-Focusing Instructions Influence Kinematics and Performance on a Golf-Putting Task

REFERENCES

• Al-Abood, S. A., Bennett, S. J., Hernandez, F. M., Ashford, D., & Davies, K. (2002). Effects of verbal instructions and image size on visual search strategies in basketball free throw shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annett, J. (1996). On knowing how to do things. Cognitive Brain Research, 3, 65–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beilock, S., Carr, T., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8, 6–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, J. J., & Hardy, J. (2009). Effects of attentional focus on skilled performance in golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21, 163–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkofski, F., Fink, G. R., Geyer, S., Buccino, G., Gruber, O., Shah, N. J., … Freund, H.-J. (2002). Neural activity in human primary motor cortex areas 4a and 4p is modulated differentially by attention to action. Journal of Neurophysiology, 88, 514–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, W. R., & Bandura, A. (1990). Representational guidance of action production in observational learning: A causal analysis. Journal of Motor Behavior, 22, 85–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaneda, B., & Gray, R. (2007). Effects of focus of attention on baseball batting performance in players of differing skill levels. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 29, 60–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryden, I. L., & Mardia, K. V. (1998). Statistical shape analysis. Chichester, England: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Fasoli, S. E., Trombly, C. A., Tickle-Degnen, L., & Verfaellie, M. H. (2002). Effect of instructions on functional reach in persons with and without cerebrovascular accident. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 380–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, P., Hodges, N. J., Huys, R., & Williams, A. M. (2009). An evaluation of end-point trajectory planning during skilled kicking. Motor Control, 13, 1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, P., Hodges, N. J., & Williams, M. A. (2005). Online attentional-focus manipulations in a soccer-dribbling task: Implications for the proceduralization of motor skills. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37, 386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamage, S. S. H. U., & Lasenby, J. (2002). New least squares solutions for estimating the average centre or rotation and the axis of rotation. Journal of Biomechanics, 35, 87–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, R. (2004). Attending to the execution of a complex sensorimotor skill: Expertise differences, choking, and slumps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 10, 42–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, R. (2011). Links between attention, performance pressure, and movement in skilled motor action. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 301–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossner, E.-J., & Ehrlenspiel, F. (2010). Time-referenced effects of an internal vs. external focus of attention on muscular activity and compensatory variability. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kal, E. C., van der Kamp, J., & Houdijk, H. (2013). External attentional focus enhances movement automatization: A comprehensive test of the constrained action hypothesis. Human Movement Science, 32, 527–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, W., & Tenenbaum, G. (2012). An outcome- and process-oriented examination of a golf-specific secondary task strategy to prevent choking under pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24, 302–322. doi:10.1080/10413200.2011.642458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, G. P., Gottwald, V. M., Khan, M. A., & Kramer, R. S. S. (2012). The movement kinematics and learning strategies associated with adopting different foci of attention during both acquisition and anxious performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 468. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R., Jones, M., Healy, A. F., & Sherwood, D. E. (2013). The role of attention in motor control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 930–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse, K. R., Sherwood, D. E., & Healy, A. F. (2010). How changing the focus of attention affects performance, kinematics, and electromyography in dart throwing. Human Movement Science, 29, 542–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria, A. R. (1967). The regulative function of speech in its development and dissolution. In K. Salzinger & S. Salzinger (Eds.), Research in verbal behavior and some neurophysiological implications (pp. 405–422). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Magill, R. A. (2010). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (9th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Marchant, D. (2011). Attentional focusing instructions and force production. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 210. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant, D., Greig, M., & Scott, C. (2009). Attentional focusing instructions influence force production and muscular activity during isokinetic elbow flexions. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 2358–2366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, R. S. W. (1992). Knowledge, knerves and know-how: The role of explicit versus implicit knowledge in the breakdown of a complex motor skill under pressure. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 343–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, R. S. W., Poolton, J. M., Maxwell, J. P., & Raab, M. (2008). Implicit learning and complex decision making in time-constrained environments. Journal of Motor Behavior, 40, 71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurer, H., & Munzert, J. (2013). Influence of attentional focus on skilled motor performance: Performance decrement under unfamiliar focus conditions. Human Movement Science, 32, 730–740. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2013.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAllister, D. E. (1953). The effects of various kinds of relevant verbal pretraining on subsequent motor performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 46, 329–336.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNevin, M., Shea, C., & Wulf, G. (2003). Increasing the distance of an external focus of attention enhances learning. Psychological Research, 67, 22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meichenbaum, D. (1975). Theoretical and treatment implications of developmental research on verbal control of behavior. Canadian Psychological Review, 16, 22–27.
   Google Scholar
• Munzert, J., Lorey, B., & Zentgraf, K. (2009). Cognitive motor processes: The role of motor imagery in the study of motor representations. Brain Research Reviews, 60, 306–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemeijer, A. S., Smits-Engelsman, B. C. M., Reynders, K., & Schoemaker, M. M. (2003). Verbal actions of physiotherapists to enhance motor learning in children with DCD. Human Movement Science, 22, 567–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schorer, J., Jaitner, T., Wollny, R., Fath, F., & Baker, J. (2012). Influence of varying focus of attention conditions on dart throwing performance in experts and novices. Experimental Brain Research, 217, 287–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafizadeh, M., McMorris, T., & Sproule, J. (2011). Effect of different external attention of focus instruction on learning of golf putting skill. Perceptual and Motor Sills, 113, 662–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solley, W. H. (1952). The effects of verbal instruction of speed and accuracy upon the learning of a motor skill. Research Quarterly, 23, 231–240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, J., Wulf, G., Töllner, T., McNevin, N., & Mercer, J. (2004). EMG activity as a function of the performer's focus of attention. Journal of Motor Behavior, 36, 450–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. R., & Klint, K. A. (1987). “Show and tell” in the gymnasium: An investigation of developmental differences in modelling and verbal rehearsal of motor skills. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 58, 234–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, S. M., Reber, A. S., & Owen, D. R. (2008). The locus of focus: The effect of switching from a preferred to a non-preferred focus of attention. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1049–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G. (2007). Attention and motor skill learning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, G. (2013). Attentional focus and motor learning: A review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6, 77–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., Lauterbach, B., & Toole, T. (1999). The learning advantages of an external focus of attention in golf. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 70, 120–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 648–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Su, J. (2007). An external focus of attention enhances golf shot accuracy in beginners and experts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 78, 384–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zachry, T., Wulf, G., Mercer, J., & Bezodis, N. (2005). Increased movement accuracy and reduced EMG activity as the result of adopting an external focus of attention. Brain Research Bulletin, 67, 304–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentgraf, K., Lorey, B., Bischoff, M., Zimmermann, K., Stark, R., & Munzert, J. (2009). Neural correlates of attentional focusing during finger movements: An fMRI study. Journal of Motor Behavior, 41, 535–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentgraf, K., & Munzert, J. (2009). Effects of instructions on movement kinematics in observational learning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 520–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentgraf, K., Stark, R., Reiser, M., Künzell, S., Schienle, A., Kirsch, P., … Munzert, J. (2005). Differential activation of pre-SMA and SMA proper during action observation: Effects of instructions. NeuroImage, 26, 662–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, K., Bischoff, M., Lorey, B., Stark, R., Munzert, J., & Zentgraf, K. (2012). Neural correlates of switching attentional focus during finger movements: An fMRI study. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 555. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar