Children Age 7 Complete Complex Gait and Postural Tasks Differently Than Adults Under Dual-Task Conditions

REFERENCES

• Abbruzzese, L. D., Rao, A. K., Bellows, R., Figueroa, K., Levy, J., Lim, E., & Puccio, L. (2014). Effects of manual task complexity on gait parameters in school-aged children and adults. Gait & Posture, 40, 658–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaiante, C. (1998). Development of locomotor balance control in healthy children. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 22, 527–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaiante, C., & Amblard, B. (1995). An ontogenetic model for the sensorimotor organization of balance control in humans. Human Movement Science, 14, 13–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaiante, C., Mallau, S., Viel, S., Jover, M., & Schmitz, C. (2005). Development of postural control in healthy children: A functional approach. Neural Plasticity, 12, 109–118, discussion 263–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Assaiante, C., Thomachot, B., Aurenty, R., & Amblard, B. (1998). Organization of lateral balance control in toddlers during the first year of independent walking. Journal of Motor Behavior, 30, 114–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonyong, S., Siu, K., van Donkelaar, P., Chou, L., & Woollacott, M. H. (2012). Development of postural control during gait in typically developing children: The effects of dual-task conditions. Gait & Posture, 35, 428–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H. C., Schultz, A. B., Ashton-Miller, J. A., Giordani, B., Alexander, N. B., & Guire, K. E. (1996). Stepping over obstacles: Dividing attention impairs performance of old more than young adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 51, 116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbetta, D., & Thelen, E. (1996). The developmental origins of bimanual coordination: A dynamic perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22, 502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, L. J., Bryden, M. P., & Bulman-Fleming, M. B. (1998). Footedness is a better predictor than is handedness of emotional lateralization. Neuropsychologia, 36, 37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, J., Rogers, M., & Cornish, K. (2012). Developmental changes in visual and auditory inhibition in early childhood. Infant and Child Development, 21, 521–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinton, D. C., & Vallis, L. A. (2015) How do children complete a seated combined cognitive and motor multi-tasking paradigm? Human Movement Science, 41, 179–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H. J., & Mercer, V. S. (2001). Dual-task methodology: Applications in studies of cognitive and motor performance in adults and children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 13, 133–140.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, H. J., Mercer, V. S., & Thorpe, D. E. (2003). Effects of different concurrent cognitive tasks on temporal-distance gait variables in children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 15, 105–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irwin-Chase, H., & Burns, B. (2000). Developmental changes in children's abilities to share and allocate attention in a dual task. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, 61–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerger, S., Martin, R. C., & Pirozzolo, F. J. (1988). A developmental study of the auditory Stroop effect. Brain and Language, 35, 86–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Chajczyk, D. (1983). Tests of the automaticity of reading: Dilution of stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1993). Attentional demands for static and dynamic equilibrium. Experimental Brain Research, 97, 139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, A. L., & Brandt, J. F. (1989). An auditory stroop effect for pitch, loudness, and time. Brain and Language, 36, 592–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, E. S. (1989). Changing theories of postural development. In M. H. Woollacott, & A. Shumway-Cook (Eds.), Development of posture and gait across the lifespan (pp. 3–24). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roncesvalles, M. N., Schmitz, C., Zedka, M., Assaiante, C., & Woollacott, M. (2005). From egocentric to exocentric spatial orientation: Development of posture control in bimanual and trunk inclination tasks. Journal of Motor Behavior, 37, 404–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, S., Jagenow, D., Verrel, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2015). The influence of cognitive load and walking speed on gait regularity in children and young adults. Gait & Posture, 41, 258–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, P. L., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2007). The role of higher-level cognitive function in gait: Executive dysfunction contributes to fall risk in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 24, 125–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (2007). In M. H. Woollacott (Ed.), Motor control: Translating research into clinical practice (3rd ed., pp. 187–211). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Thelen, E., & Spencer, J. P. (1998). Postural control during reaching in young infants: A dynamic systems approach. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 22, 507–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen, E., Ulrich, B. D., & Jensen, J. L. (1989). The developmental origins of locomotion. In M. H. Woollacott & A. Shumway-Cook (Eds.), Development of posture and gait across the lifespan (pp. 25–47). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, D. A., Patla, A. E., Prince, F., Ishac, M., & Gielo-Perczak, K. (1998). Stiffness control of balance in quiet standing. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80, 1211–1221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollacott, M. H., Shumway-Cook, A., & Williams, H. (1989). The development of posture and balance control in children. In M. H. Woollacott & A. Shumway-Cook (Eds.), Development of posture and gait across the lifespan (pp. 77–96). Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., McNevin, N., & Shea, C. H. (2001). The automaticity of complex motor skill learning as a function of attentional focus. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Section A, 54, 1143–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulf, G., & Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 648–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogev-Seligmann, G., Hausdorff, J. M., & Giladi, N. (2008). The role of executive function and attention in gait. Movement Disorders, 23, 329–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeni, J. Jr., Richards, J., & Higginson, J. (2008). Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data. Gait & Posture, 27, 710–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar