Saccadic Eye Movements in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Study

REFERENCES

• Abel, L. A., & Douglas, J. (2007). Effects of age on latency and error generation in internally mediated saccades. Neurobiology of Aging, 28(4), 627–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abel, L. A., Unverzagt, F., & Yee, R. D. (2002). Effects of stimulus predictability and interstimulus gap on saccades in Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 13(4), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1159/000057702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., Snyder, P. J., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alichniewicz, K. K., Brunner, F., Klünemann, H. H., & Greenlee, M. W. (2013). Neural correlates of saccadic inhibition in healthy elderly and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 467. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, L., Cardoso, S., Maroco, J., de Mendonca, A., Guerreiro, M., & Silva, D. (2018). Neuropsychological predictors of long-term (10 years) mild cognitive impairment stability. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 62(4), 1703–1711. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-171034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amieva, H., Phillips, L. H., Della Sala, S., & Henry, J. D. (2004). Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 127(Pt 5), 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T. J., & MacAskill, M. R. (2013). Eye movements in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Nature Reviews. Neurology, 9(2), 74–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, C. (2021). Z scores, standard scores, and composite test scores explained. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(6), 555–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/02537176211046525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Artero, S., Ancelin, M.-L., Portet, F., Dupuy, A., Berr, C., Dartigues, J.-F., Tzourio, C., Rouaud, O., Poncet, M., Pasquier, F., Auriacombe, S., Touchon, J., & Ritchie, K. (2008). Risk profiles for mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia are gender specific. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 79(9), 979–984. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.136903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badler, J. B., & Heinen, S. J. (2006). Anticipatory movement timing using prediction and external cues. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(17), 4519–4525. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3739-05.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, A. L., Varney, N. R., & Hamsher, K. D. (1978). Visuospatial judgment. A clinical test. Archives of Neurology, 35(6), 364–367. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1978.00500300038006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boxer, A. L., Garbutt, S., Rankin, K. P., Hellmuth, J., Neuhaus, J., Miller, B. L., & Lisberger, S. G. (2006). Medial versus lateral frontal lobe contributions to voluntary saccade control as revealed by the study of patients with frontal lobe degeneration. The Journal of Neuroscience, 26(23), 6354–6363. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0549-06.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bylsma, F. W., Rasmusson, D. X., Rebok, G. W., Keyl, P. M., Tune, L., & Brandt, J. (1995). Changes in visual fixation and saccadic eye movements in Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(94)00060-R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cezar, N. O. D. C., Ansai, J. H., Oliveira, M. P. B. D., Silva, D. C. P. D., Vale, F. A. C., Takahashi, A. C. D. M., & Andrade, L. P. D. (2021). Changes in executive function and gait in people with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 15(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-010006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman, B. B., Pace, M. A., Cushing, S. L., & Corneil, B. D. (2012). Recruitment of a contralateral head turning synergy by stimulation of monkey supplementary eye fields. Journal of Neurophysiology, 107(6), 1694–1710. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00487.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chehrehnegar, N., Shati, M., Esmaeili, M., & Foroughan, M. (2022). Executive function deficits in mild cognitive impairment: Evidence from saccade tasks. Aging & Mental Health, 26(5), 1001–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1913471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, T. J., Devereaux, A., Higham, S., & Kelly, C. (2015). The disengagement of visual attention in Alzheimer’s disease: A longitudinal eye-tracking study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, T. J., & Higham, S. (2016). Distinguishing between impairments of working memory and inhibitory control in cases of early dementia. Neuropsychologia, 81, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, T. J., Higham, S., Renvoize, T., Patel, J., Dale, M., Suriya, A., & Tetley, S. (2005). Inhibitory control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Biological Psychiatry, 57(9), 1052–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, T. J., Parker, E., Solis-Trapala, I., & Mayes, J. (2011). Is the relationship of prosaccade reaction times and antisaccade errors mediated by working memory? Experimental Brain Research, 208(3), 385–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2488-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dion, C., Tanner, J. J., Formanski, E. M., Davoudi, A., Rodriguez, K., Wiggins, M. E., Amin, M., Penney, D., Davis, R., Heilman, K. M., Garvan, C., Libon, D. J., & Price, C. C. (2022). The functional connectivity and neuropsychology underlying mental planning operations: Data from the digital clock drawing test. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 14, 1015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.868500
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorris, M. C., & Munoz, D. P. (1998). Saccadic probability influences motor preparation signals and time to saccadic initiation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(17), 7015–7026. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-17-07015.1998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eraslan Boz, H., Koçoğlu, K., Akkoyun, M., Tüfekci, I. Y., Ekin, M., Özçelik, P., & Akdal, G. (2023a). The influence of stimulus eccentricity on prosaccade outcomes in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease dementia at an early stage and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 44(10), 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2023.2183937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eraslan Boz, H., Koçoğlu, K., Akkoyun, M., Tüfekci, I. Y., Ekin, M., Özçelik, P., & Akdal, G. (2023b). Uncorrected errors and correct saccades in the antisaccade task distinguish between early-stage Alzheimer’s disease dementia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and normal aging. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 1–22. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2023.2198191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everling, S., & Munoz, D. P. (2000). Neuronal correlates for preparatory set associated with pro-saccades and anti-saccades in the primate frontal eye field. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20(1), 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-01-00387.2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., & Weber, H. (1992). Characteristics of “anti” saccades in man. Experimental Brain Research, 89(2), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00228257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., & Weber, H. (1993). Express saccades and visual attention. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16(3), 553–567. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00031575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt, S., Matlin, A., Hellmuth, J., Schenk, A. K., Johnson, J. K., Rosen, H., Dean, D., Kramer, J., Neuhaus, J., Miller, B. L., Lisberger, S. G., & Boxer, A. L. (2008). Oculomotor function in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, related disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain, 131(Pt 5), 1268–1281. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, P. M., Parasuraman, R., & Alexander, G. E. (1997). Controlling the focus of spatial attention during visual search: Effects of advanced aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychology, 11(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.11.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groth-Marnat, G., & Baker, S. (2003). Digit span as a measure of everyday attention: A study of ecological validity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(3 Pt 2), 1209–1218. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.97.3f.1209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanes, D. P., & Wurtz, R. H. (2001). Interaction of the frontal eye field and superior colliculus for saccade generation. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85(2), 804–815. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtis, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) (Manual revised and expanded). Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Heuer, H. W., Mirsky, J. B., Kong, E. L., Dickerson, B. C., Miller, B. L., Kramer, J. H., & Boxer, A. L. (2013). Antisaccade task reflects cortical involvement in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 81(14), 1235–1243. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182a6cbfe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, J. G., Cosnard, A., Laurens, B., Asselineau, J., Biotti, D., Cubizolle, S., Dupouy, S., Formaglio, M., Koric, L., Seassau, M., Tilikete, C., Vighetto, A., & Tison, F. (2018). Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease demonstrates increased errors at a simple and automated anti-saccade task. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 65(4), 1209–1223. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutton, S. B., & Ettinger, U. (2006). The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: A critical review. Psychophysiology, 43(3), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00403.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jak, A. J., Bondi, M. W., Delano-Wood, L., Wierenga, C., Corey-Bloom, J., Salmon, D. P., & Delis, D. C. (2009). Quantification of five neuropsychological approaches to defining mild cognitive impairment. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(5), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819431d5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, K., Koval, M. J., Lomber, S. G., & Everling, S. (2014). Macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex does not suppress saccade-related activity in the superior colliculus. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991), 24(5), 1373–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahana Levy, N., Lavidor, M., & Vakil, E. (2018). Prosaccade and antisaccade paradigms in persons with Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 28(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-017-9362-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). The Boston naming test.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman, L. D., Pratt, J., Levine, B., & Black, S. E. (2012). Executive deficits detected in mild Alzheimer’s disease using the antisaccade task. Brain and Behavior, 2(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskinoglu, P., Ucku, R., Yener, G., Yaka, E., Kurt, P., & Tunca, Z. (2009). Reliability and validity of revised Turkish version of mini mental state examination (rMMSE-T) in community-dwelling educated and uneducated elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(11), 1242–1250. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Na, H. K., Byun, J., Shin, J., Kim, S., Lee, B. H., & Na, D. L. (2017). Tracking cognitive decline in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and early-stage Alzheimer dementia: Mini-mental state examination versus neuropsychological battery. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 44(1–2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1159/000478520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, C., & Ettinger, U. (2019). Eye movement research. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5
   Google Scholar
• Klein, C., Fischer, B., Hartnegg, K., Heiss, W. H., & Roth, M. (2000). Optomotor and neuropsychological performance in old age. Experimental Brain Research, 135(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210000506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klekociuk, S. Z., & Summers, M. J. (2014). Exploring the validity of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes: Multiple-domain amnestic MCI is the only identifiable subtype at longitudinal follow-up. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 36(3), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.890699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koçoğlu, K., Hodgson, T. L., Eraslan Boz, H., & Akdal, G. (2021). Deficits in saccadic eye movements differ between subtypes of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 43(2), 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2021.1900077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., Takechi, H., Kokuryu, A., & Takahashi, R. (2017). Longitudinal changes in performance on cognitive screening tests in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 7(3), 366–373. https://doi.org/10.1159/000481910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limongi, F., Siviero, P., Noale, M., Gesmundo, A., Crepaldi, G., & Maggi, S., Dementia Registry Study Group. (2017). Prevalence and conversion to dementia of mild cognitive impairment in an elderly Italian population. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(3), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-017-0748-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luciana, M., & Nelson, C. A. (1998). The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four-to eight-year-old children. Neuropsychologia, 36(3), 273–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00109-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly, J. J., Tang, M. X., Schupf, N., Stern, Y., Vonsattel, J. P. G., & Mayeux, R. (2008). Frequency and course of mild cognitive impairment in a multiethnic community. Annals of Neurology, 63(4), 494–506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, A., Wiggs, C. L., Lalonde, F., & Mack, C. (1994). Word retrieval to letter and semantic cues: A double dissociation in normal subjects using interference tasks. Neuropsychologia, 32(12), 1487–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90120-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, J. E., Dyckman, K. A., Austin, B. P., & Clementz, B. A. (2008). Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades: Evidence from studies of humans. Brain and Cognition, 68(3), 255–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. J., & Shiri‐Feshki, M. (2009). Rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia–meta‐analysis of 41 robust inception cohort studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 119(4), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01326.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molitor, R. J., Ko, P. C., & Ally, B. A. (2015). Eye movements in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease: JAD, 44(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-141173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz, D. P., Broughton, J. R., Goldring, J. E., & Armstrong, I. T. (1998). Age-related performance of human subjects on saccadic eye movement tasks. Experimental Brain Research, 121(4), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210050473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz, D. P., & Everling, S. (2004). Look away: The anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 5(3), 218–228. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müri, R. M., & Nyffeler, T. (2008). Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades as revealed by lesion studies with neurological patients and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Brain and Cognition, 68(3), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noiret, N., Vigneron, B., Diogo, M., Vandel, P., & Laurent, É. (2017). Saccadic eye movements: What do they tell us about aging cognition? Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 24(5), 575–599. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2016.1237613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oktem, O. (1992). A verbal test of memory processes: A preliminary study. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 29(4), 196–206. http://www.noropsikiyatriarsivi.com/sayilar/167/1992-S4C29SozelBellekSOreOleriTestiSBST_rbrgivg3562020101921492 97106580.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Olincy, A., Ross, R. G., Youngd, D. A., & Freedman, R. (1997). Age diminishes performance on an antisaccade eye movement task. Neurobiology of Aging, 18(5), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-4580(97)00109-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opwonya, J., Doan, D. N. T., Kim, S. G., Kim, J. I., Ku, B., Kim, S., Park, S., & Kim, J. U. (2022). Saccadic eye movement in mild cognitive ımpairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 32(2), 193–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09495-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandya, S. Y., Clem, M. A., Silva, L. M., & Woon, F. L. (2016). Does mild cognitive impairment always lead to dementia? A review. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 369, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.07.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paré, M., & Munoz, D. P. (1996). Saccadic reaction time in the monkey: Advanced preparation of oculomotor programs is primarily responsible for express saccade occurrence. Journal of Neurophysiology, 76(6), 3666–3681. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.6.3666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltsch, A., Hemraj, A., Garcia, A., & Munoz, D. P. (2011). Age-related trends in saccade characteristics among the elderly. Neurobiology of Aging, 32(4), 669–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltsch, A., Hemraj, A., Garcia, A., & Munoz, D. P. (2014). Saccade deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment resemble mild Alzheimer’s disease. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 39(11), 2000–2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, M. L., Camargo, M. V., Aprahamian, I., & Forlenza, O. V. (2014). Eye movement analysis and cognitive processing: Detecting indicators of conversion to Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 1273–1285. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S55371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of İnternal Medicine, 256(3), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C. (2011). Clinical practice. Mild cognitive impairment. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364(23), 2227–2234. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp0910237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. C., Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Boeve, B. F., Geda, Y. E., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., & Jack, C. R. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment: Ten years later. Archives of Neurology, 66(12), 1447–1455. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2009.266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud, S., Gaymard, B., Muri, R., & Vermersch, A. I. (1995). Cortical control of saccades. Annals of Neurology, 37(5), 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410370504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouget, P. (2015). The cortex is in overall control of ‘voluntary’ eye movement. Eye (London, England), 29(2), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Montesi, F., Lucicesare, A., Pisacane, N., Rietti, E., Dalmonte, E., Bianchin, M., & Mecocci, P. (2008). Mild cognitive impairment: Epidemiology and dementia risk in an elderly Italian population. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01503.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., De Leon, M. J., & Crook, T. (1988). Global deterioration scale (GDS). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24(4), 661–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. O., Knopman, D. S., Mielke, M. M., Cha, R. H., Pankratz, V. S., Christianson, T. J. H., Geda, Y. E., Boeve, B. F., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., Rocca, W. A., & Petersen, R. C. (2014). Higher risk of progression to dementia in mild cognitive impairment cases who revert to normal. Neurology, 82(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosser, A., & Hodges, J. R. (1994). Initial letter and semantic category fluency in Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and progressive supranuclear palsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 57(11), 1389–1394. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.11.1389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouleau, I., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Kennedy, C., & McGuire, K. (1992). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of clock drawings in Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 18(1), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2626(92)90112-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachdev, P. S., Lipnicki, D. M., Crawford, J., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N. A., Trollor, J. N., Wen, W., Draper, B., Slavin, M. J., Kang, K., Lux, O., Mather, K. A., & Brodaty, H., Sydney Memory, Ageing Study Team. (2013). Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: A population-based study. PLoS One. 8(3), e59649. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders, N. L., & Summers, M. J. (2011). Longitudinal deficits to attention, executive, and working memory in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 25(2), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation coefficients: Appropriate use and ınterpretatio. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, S. C., & Giovannetti, T. (2015). The potential utility of eye movements in the detection and characterization of everyday functional difficulties in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology Review, 25(2), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-015-9283-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, B. (2012). Assessment scales in dementia. Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 5(6), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285612455733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, M. A., & Wurtz, R. H. (2000). Composition and topographic organization of signals sent from the frontal eye field to the superior colliculus. Journal of Neurophysiology, 83(4), 1979–2001. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.1979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, M. A., & Wurtz, R. H. (2001). Frontal eye field sends delay activity related to movement, memory, and vision to the superior colliculus. Journal of Neurophysiology, 85(4), 1673–1685. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.4.1673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St-Hilaire, A., Hudon, C., Vallet, G. T., Bherer, L., Lussier, M., Gagnon, J.-F., Simard, M., Gosselin, N., Escudier, F., Rouleau, I., & Macoir, J. (2016). Normative data for phonemic and semantic verbal fluency test in the adult French–Quebec population and validation study in Alzheimer’s disease and depression. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(7), 1126–1150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1195014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643–662. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054651
   Google Scholar
• Vakil, E. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment: Principles, rationale, and challenges. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(2), 135–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.623121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, S. J. B., Verhey, F., Frölich, L., Kornhuber, J., Wiltfang, J., Maier, W., Peters, O., Rüther, E., Nobili, F., Morbelli, S., Frisoni, G. B., Drzezga, A., Didic, M., van Berckel, B. N. M., Simmons, A., Soininen, H., Kłoszewska, I., Mecocci, P., Tsolaki, M., … Visser, P. J., Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. (2015). Prevalence and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease at the mild cognitive impairment stage. Brain, 138(Pt 5), 1327–1338. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1987). Wechsler memory scale-revised. The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Weintraub, S., Salmon, D., Mercaldo, N., Ferris, S., Graff-Radford, N. R., Chui, H., Cummings, J., DeCarli, C., Foster, N. L., Galasko, D., Peskind, E., Dietrich, W., Beekly, D. L., Kukull, W. A., & Morris, J. C. (2009). The Alzheimer’s disease centers’ uniform data set (UDS): The neuropsychological test battery. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 23(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e318191c7dd
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcockson, T., Mardanbegi, D., Xia, B., Taylor, S., Sawyer, P., Gellersen, H. W., Leroi, I., Killick, R., & Crawford, T. J. (2019). Abnormalities of saccadic eye movements in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Aging, 11(15), 5389–5398. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.102118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodford, H. J., & George, J. (2007). Cognitive assessment in the elderly: A review of clinical methods. QJM, 100(8), 469–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcm051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., & Kapoula, Z. (2006). The control of vertical saccades in aged subjects. Experimental Brain Research, 171(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0249-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Q., Wang, T., Su, N., Liu, Y., Xiao, S., & Kapoula, Z. (2011). Long latency and high variability in accuracy-speed of prosaccades in Alzheimer’s disease at mild to moderate stage. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra, 1(1), 318–329. https://doi.org/10.1159/000333080
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang, Q., Wang, T., Su, N., Xiao, S., & Kapoula, Z. (2013). Specific saccade deficits in patients with Alzheimer’s disease at mild to moderate stage and in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 35(4), 1287–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-012-9420-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar