Allopatric differentiation in the Marcusenius macrolepidotus species complex in southern and eastern Africa: the resurrection of M. pongolensis and M. angolensis, and the description of two new species (Mormyridae, Teleostei)

References

• Alves‐Gomes , J. and Hopkins , C. D. 1997 . Molecular insights into the phylogeny of mormyriform fishes and the evolution of their electric organs. . Brain, Behavior and Evolution , 49 : 324 – 351 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baier , B. , Lamml , M. and Kramer , B. 2006 . Ontogeny of the electric organ discharge in two parapatric species of the dwarf stonebasher, Pollimyrus castelnaui and P. marianne (Mormyridae, Teleostei). . Acta Zoologica , 87 : 209 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Bastian , J. 1994 . Electrosensory organisms. . Physics Today, February , 1994 : 30 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell‐Cross , G. and Minshull , J. L. 1988 . The fishes of Zimbabwe , Harare : National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe .
   Google Scholar
• Bennett , M. V. L. 1971 . “ Electric organs. ” . In Fish physiology, vol 5 , Edited by: Hoar , W. S and Randall , D. J . 347 – 491 . London/New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Boden , G. , Teugels , G. G. and Hopkins , C. D. 1998 . A systematic revision of the large‐scaled Marcusenius with description of a new species from Cameroon (Teleostei; Osteoglossomorpha; Mormyridae). . Journal of Natural History , 31 : 1645 – 1682 .
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger , G. A. 1898 . A revision of the genera and species of the fishes of the family Mormyridae. . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 1898 : 775 – 821 .
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger , G. A. 1905 . Descriptions of four new freshwater fishes discovered by Dr. W. J. Ansorge in Angola. . Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 7) , 15 (89) : 457 – 459 .
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger , G. A. 1910 . On a large collection of fishes made by Dr. J. W. Ansorge in the Quanza and Bengo Rivers, Angola. . The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Ser. 8) , VI (36) : 537 – 560 .
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger , G. A. 1915 . Diagnoses de poissons nouveaux. II. Mormyrides, Kneriides, Characinides, Cyprinides, Silurides. . Revue de Zoologie africaine , 4 (2) : 162 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Bratton , B. O. and Kramer , B. 1989 . Patterns of the electric organ discharge during courtship and spawning in the mormyrid Pollimyrus isidori. . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 24 : 349 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , W. M. , George , M. and Wilson , A. C. 1979 . Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (of the United States of America) , 76 : 1967 – 1971 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruton , M. N. 1979 . The food and feeding behaviour of Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) in Lake Sibaya, South Africa, with emphasis on its role as a predator of cichlids. . Transactions of the Zoological Society of London , 35 : 47 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantatore , P. , Roberti , M. , Pesole , G. , Ludovico , A. , Milella , F. , Gadaleta , M. N. and Saccone , C. 1994 . Evolutionary analysis of cytochrome b sequences in some Perciformes: Evidence for a slower rate of evolution than in mammals. . Journal of Molecular Evolution , 39 : 589 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charters , Y. M. , Robertson , A. , Wilkinson , M. J. and Ramsay , G. 1996 . PCR analysis of oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera) using 5′‐anchored simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. . Theoretical and Applied Genetics , 92 : 442 – 447 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crass , R. S. 1960 . Notes on the freshwater fishes of Natal with descriptions of four new species. . Annals of the Natal Museum , 14 : 405 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , J. D. , Jacob , P. and Bénech , V. 1997 . Sound production and reproductive ecology of strongly acoustic fish in Africa: Pollimyrus isidori, Mormyridae. . Behaviour , 134 : 677 – 725 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desjardins , P. and Morais , R. 1990 . Sequence and gene organisation of chicken mitochondrial genome: A novel gene order in higher vertebrates. . Journal of Molecular Biology , 212 : 599 – 634 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschmeyer WN. 2006. The catalog of fishes (online version), http://www.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatsearch.html . California Academy of Sciences
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , H. W. 1934 . Fishes obtained by Mr. H. W. Bell‐Marley chiefly in Natal and Zululand in 1929 to 1932. . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , 86 : 405 – 514 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrist , J. D. F. and Thompson , W. W. 1913 . 5.‐The freshwater fishes of South Africa. . Annals of the South African Museum , XI : 321 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilchrist , J. D. F. and Thompson , W. W. 1917 . 5.‐The freshwater fishes of South Africa. . Annals of the South African Museum , XI : 465 – 579 .
   Google Scholar
• Gosse , J.‐P. 1984 . “ Mormyriformes. ” . In Check‐list of the freshwater fishes of Africa, vol 1 , Edited by: Daget , J , Gosse , J.‐P and Thys van den Audenaerde , D. F. E . 63 – 124 . Bondy (France)/Tervuren (Belgium) : ORSTOM/MRAC .
   Google Scholar
• Hanika , S. and Kramer , B. 2000 . Electrosensory prey detection in the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Clariidae), of a weakly electric mormyrid fish, the bulldog (Marcusenius macrolepidotus). . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 48 : 218 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanika , S. and Kramer , B. 2005 . Intra‐male variability of its communication signal in the weakly electric fish, Marcusenius macrolepidotus, and its possible functions. . Behaviour , 142 : 145 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis , D. and Huelsenbeck , J. P. 1992 . Signal, noise, and reliability in molecular phylogenetic analysis. . Journal of Heredity , 83 : 189 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins , C. D. 1999 . Design features for electric communication. . Journal of experimental Biology , 202 : 1217 – 1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , P. B. N. 1961 . The fishes of Northern Rhodesia: a check‐list of indigenous species , Lusaka : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Joyce , D. A. , Lunt , D. H. , Bills , R. , Turner , G. F. , Katongo , C. , Duftner , N. , Sturmbauer , C. and Seehausen , O. 2005 . An extant cichlid fish radiation emerged in an extinct Pleistocene lake. . Nature , 435 : 90 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jubb , R. A. 1958 . A preliminary report on the collections of freshwater fishes made by the Bernard Carp expeditions to the Caprivi Strip, 1949, the lower Sabi river, 1950, and to Barotseland, 1952. . Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia , 3 : 177 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Kantety , R. V. , Zeng , X. , Bennetzen , J. L. and Zehr , B. E. 1995 . Assessment of genetic diversity in dent and popcorn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using inter‐simple repeat (ISSR) amplification. . Molecular Breeding , 1 : 365 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschbaum F . 1987 . Reproduction and development of the weakly electric fish, Pollimyrus isidori (Mormyridae, Teleostei) in captivity. . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 20 : 11 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Kocher , T. D. , Thomas , W. K. , Meyer , A. , Edwards , S. V. , Pääbo , S. , Villablanca , F. X. and Wilson , A. C. 1989 . Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: Amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , 86 : 6196 – 6200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. 1990 . Electrocommunication in teleost fishes: Behavior and experiments , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. 1996 . Electroreception and communication in fishes (Progress in Zoology, vol 42) , Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. 1997a . Electric organ discharges and their relation to sex in mormyrid fishes. . Naturwissenschaften , 84 : 119 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. 1997b . A field study of African elephantfish (Mormyridae, Teleostei): electric organ discharges in Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Peters, 1852) and Petrocephalus catostoma (Günther, 1866) as related to sex. . Journal of African Zoology , 111 : 313 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. and Van der Bank , F. H. 2000 . The southern churchill, Petrocephalus wesselsi, a new species of mormyrid from South Africa defined by electric organ discharges, genetics, and morphology. . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 59 : 393 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. , Van der Bank , H. , Flint , N. , Sauer‐Gürth , H. and Wink , M. 2003 . Evidence for parapatric speciation in the mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus castelnaui (Boulenger, 1911), from the Okavango – Upper Zambezi River Systems: P. marianne sp. nov., defined by electric organ discharges, morphology and genetics. . Environmental Biology of Fishes , 67 : 47 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. , Van der Bank , F. H. and Wink , M. 2004 . The Hippopotamyrus ansorgii species complex in the Upper Zambezi River System with a description of a new species, H. szaboi (Mormyridae). . Zoologica Scripta , 33 : 1 – 18 (Corrigendum in Zoologica Scripta 33:291) .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer , B. and Westby , G. W. M. 1985 . No sex difference in the waveform of the pulse type electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyridae). . Experientia , 41 : 1530 – 1531 .
   Google Scholar
• Kumar , L. D. , Kathirvel , M. , Rao , G. V. and Nagaraju , J. 2001 . DNA profiling of disputed chilli samples (Capsicum annum) using ISSR‐PCR and FISSR‐PCR marker assays. . Forensic Science International , 116 : 63 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamml , M. and Kramer , B. 2005 . Sound production in the reproductive behaviour of the weakly electric fish, Pollimyrus marianne Kramer et al. 2003 (Mormyridae, Teleostei). . Bioacoustics , 15 : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Lamml , M. and Kramer , B. 2006 . Differentiation of courtship songs in parapatric sibling species of dwarf stonebashers from southern Africa (Mormyridae, Teleostei). . Behaviour , 143 : 783 – 810 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamml , M. and Kramer , B. 2007 . Sound production in allopatric populations of a weakly electric fish from southern Africa, Marcusenius macrolepidotus (Mormyridae, Teleostei). . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology , 61 : 385 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoué , S. , Bigorne , R. , Lecointre , G. and Agnèse , J‐F. 2000 . Phylogenetic relationships of mormyrid electric fishes (Mormyridae; Teleostei) inferred from cytochrome b sequences. . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 14 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavoué , S. and Sullivan , J. P. 2004 . Simultaneous analysis of five molecular markers provides a well‐supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the living bony‐tongue fishes (Osteoglossomorpha: Teleostei). . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 33 : 171 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy , X. J. , Leon , K. and Branchard , M. 2000 . Plant genomic instability detected by microsatellite‐primers. . Electronic Journal of Biotechnology , 3 (2) : 5 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Leviton , A. E. , Gibbs , R. H. , Heal , E. and Dawson , C. E. 1985 . Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. . Copeia , 1985 : 802 – 832 .
   Google Scholar
• Marcusen , J. 1864 . Die Familie der Mormyren. Eine anatomisch‐zoologische Abhandlung. . Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg (Ser. 7) , 7 (4) : 1 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Matthes , H. 1967 . The fishes and fisheries of the Ruaha river basin, Tanzania (systematic, ecology, zoogeography, fisheries). . East African Freshwater Fisheries Research Organization Occasional Paper, no. 9
   Google Scholar
• McGarigal , K. , Cushman , S. and Stafford , S. 2000 . Multivariate statistics for wildlife and ecology research , New York : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Merron , G. S. 1993 . Pack‐hunting in two species of catfish, Clarias gariepinus and C. ngamensis in the Okavango delta, Botswana. . J Fish Biol , 43 : 575 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller , P. 1995 . Electric fishes: History and behavior , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Pappenheim , P. 1907 . Zur Systematik und Variationsstatistik der Mormyriden hauptsächlich aus den deutsch‐afrikanischen Schutzgebieten. Nach dem Material des Königlichen Zoologischen Museums zu Berlin. . Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin , 3 : 339 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Pääbo , S. 1990 . “ Amplifying ancient DNA. ” . In PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications , Edited by: Innes , M. A , Gelfand , D. H , Sninsky , J‐J and White , J . 159 – 166 . San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , W. C. H. 1852 . Einige neue Säugethiere und Flussfische aus Mossambique. . Monatsberichte der Königlich‐Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin , 1852 : 273 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , W. C. H. 1868 . “ Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique. Auf Befehl seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt: Zoologie. IV. Flussfische. Mit zwanzig Kupfertafeln. ” . Berlin : Georg Reimer .
   Google Scholar
• Poll , M. and Gosse , J‐P. 1963 . Contribution à l'étude systématique de la faune ichthyologique du Congo Central. . Annales Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques , 116 : 45 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Ratnaparkhe , M. B. , Tekeoglu , M. and Muehlbauer , F. J. 1998 . Inter‐simple‐sequence‐repeat (ISSR) polymorphisms are useful for finding markers associated with disease resistance gene clusters. . Theoretical and Applied Genetics , 97 : 515 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeis , B. 1989 . “ Mikroskopische Technik. ” . Edited by: Böck , P . Munich : Urban and Schwarzenberg . 17th ed. In
   Google Scholar
• Scheffel , A. and Kramer , B. 1997 . Electrocommunication and social behaviour in Marcusenius senegalensis (Mormyridae, Teleostei). . Ethology , 103 : 404 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seegers , L. 1996 . The fishes of the Lake Rukwa drainage. . Annales Sciences Zoologiques , 278 : 1 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Skelton , P. H. 1993 . A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa , Halfway House (South Africa) : Southern Book Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Skelton , P. H. 1994 . Diversity and distribution of freshwater fishes in East and Southern Africa. . Annales Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques , 275 : 95 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Skelton , P. H. 2001 . A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa, 2nd ed , Cape Town : Struik Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Skelton , P. H. , Bruton , M. N. , Merron , G. S. and Van der Waal , B. C. W. 1985 . The fishes of the Okavango drainage system in Angola, South West Africa and Botswana: taxonomy and distribution. . Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology , 50 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Slobodyanyuk , S. L. , Kirilchik , S. V. , Pavlova , M. E. , Belikov , S. I. and Novitsky , A. L. 1995 . The evolutionary relationships of two families of cottoid fishes of Lake Baikal (east Siberia) as suggested by analysis of mitochondrial DNA. . Journal of Molecular Evolution , 40 : 392 – 399 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snoeks J. Obituary Luc De Vos. Available via the INTERNET: http://mail.saasta.ac.za/pipermail/sascon/2003‐September/000035.html (http://mail.saasta.ac.za/pipermail/sascon/2003-September/000035.html)
   Google Scholar
• Steindachner , F. 1914 . Bericht über die ichthyologischen Aufsammlungen der Brüder Adolf und Albin Horn während einer im Sommer 1913 ausgeführten Reise nach Deutsch‐Ostafrika. Anzeiger der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. . Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 51 (25) : 536 – 538 .
   Google Scholar
• Steindachner , F. 1916 . Bericht über die ichthyologischen Aufsammlungen der Brüder Adolf und Albin Horn während einer im Sommer 1913 ausgeführten Reise nach Deutsch‐Ostafrika. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. . Mathematisch‐Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 92 : 59 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan , J. P. , Lavoué , S. and Hopkins , C. D. 2000 . Molecular systematics of the African electric fishes (Mormyroidea: Teleostei) and a model for the evolution of their electric organs. . Journal of experimental Biology , 203 : 665 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , J. P. , Lavoué , S. and Hopkins , C. D. 2002 . Discovery and phylogenetic analysis of a riverine species flock of African electric fishes (Mormyridae: Teleostei). . Evolution , 56 : 597 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swofford , D. L. 2001 . PAUP∗. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (∗and Other Methods). Version 4 , Sunderland, MA : Sinauer Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick , B. G. and Fidell , L. S. 1989 . Using multivariate statistics , New York : Harper and Row .
   Google Scholar
• Takashima , F and Hibiya , T , eds. 1995 . An atlas of fish histology. Normal and pathological features, 2nd ed , Stuttgart : Gustav Fischer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Taverne , L. 1971a . Note sur la systématique des poissons Mormyriformes. Le problème des genres Gnathonemus Gill, Marcusenius Gill, Hippopotamyrus Pappenheim, Cyphomyrus Myers et les nouveaux genres Pollimyrus et Brienomyrus. . Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine , 84 (1–2) : 99 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Taverne , L. 1971b . Ostéologie des genres Marcusenius Gill, Hippopotamyrus Pappenheim, Cyphomyrus Myers, Pollimyrus Taverne et Brienomyrus Taverne (Pisces Mormyriformes). . Annales Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques , 188 : x – 144 + 3 plates .
   Google Scholar
• Taverne , L. 1972 . Ostéologie des genres Mormyrus Linné, Mormyrops Müller, Hyperopisus Gill, Isichthys Gill, Myomyrus Boulenger, Stomatorhinus Boulenger et Gymnarchus Cuvier. Considérations générales sur la systématique des poissons de l'ordre des Mormyriformes. . Annales Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Sciences Zoologiques , 200 : 1 – 194 + 2 plates .
   Google Scholar
• Trewavas , E. 1973 . A new species of cichlid fishes of rivers Quanza and Bengo, Angola, with a list of the known cichlidae of these rivers and a note on Pseudocrenilabrus natalensis Fowler. . Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology) , 25 (1) : 27 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Tweddle , D. and Willoughby , N. G. 1982 . The distribution and identification of mormyrid fishes in Malawi, with notes on the synonymy of Marcusenius nyasensis and M. livingstonii (Mormyriformes: Mormyridae). . J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology Special Publication No. 23: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Van der Bank , F. H. 1996 . Inter‐ and intraspecific allozyme comparisons of mormyrids (Pisces, Mormyridae) from South Africa and Namibia, with reference to an undescribed species. . Water SA , 22 (3) : 285 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Bank , F. H. and Kramer , B. 1996 . Phylogenetic relationships between eight African species of mormyriform fish (Teleostei, Osteichthyes): resolution of a cryptic species, and reinstatement of Cyphomyrus Myers, 1960. . Biochemical Systematics and Ecology , 24 : 275 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneyer , M. and Kramer , B. 2002 . Intraspecific agonistic interactions in freely swimming mormyrid fish, Marcusenius macrolepidotus (South African form). . Journal of Ethology , 20 : 107 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneyer , M. and Kramer , B. 2005 . Electric signalling and reproductive behaviour in a mormyrid fish, the bulldog Marcusenius macrolepidotus (South African form). . Journal of Ethology , 23 : 113 – 125 . DOI: 10.1007/s10164‐004‐0136‐0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneyer , M. and Kramer , B. 2006 . Ontogenetic development of electric organ discharges in a mormyrid fish, the bulldog Marcusenius macrolepidotus (South African form). . Journal of Fish Biology , 69 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westby , G. W. M. and Kirschbaum , F. 1978 . Emergence and development of the electric organ discharge in the mormyrid fish, Pollimyrus isidori. II. Replacement of the larval by the adult discharge. . Journal of Comparative Physiology A , 127 : 45 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead , P. J. P. 1959 . Notes on a collection of fishes from the Tana River below Garissa, Kenya. . Journal of East African Natural History Society , 23 (4) : 167 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead , P. J. P. 1962 . Two new river fishes from Eastern Kenya. . Annali del Museo civico di Storia Naturale di Genova , 73 : 98 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead , P. J. and Greenwood , P. H. 1959 . Mormyrid fishes of the genus Petrocephalus in Eastern Africa, with a redescription of Petrocephalus gliroides (Vinc.). . Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine , 60 (3–4) : 283 – 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , A. C. , Ochmann , H. and Prager , E. M. 1987 . Molecular time scale for evolution. . Trends Genetics , 3 : 241 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink , M. , Guicking , D. and Fritz , U. 2000 . Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Mauremys iversoni Pritchard et McCord, 1991 and Mauremys pritchardi McCord, 1997 (Reptilia: Testudines: Bataguridae). . Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum Tierkunde Dresden , 51 : 41 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Wink , M. , Sauer‐Gürth , H. , Martinez , F. , Doval , G. , Blanco , G. and Hatzofe , O. 1998 . The use of (GACA)4 PCR to sex Old World vultures (Aves: Accipitridae). . Molecular Ecology , 7 : 779 – 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar