A unique seasonal cycle in a leaf gall‐inducing insect: the formation of stem galls for dormancy

References

• Asano , W. , Munyiri , F. N. , Shintani , Y. and Ishikawa , Y. 2004 . Interactive effects of photoperiod and temperature on diapause induction and termination in the yellow‐spotted longicorn bettle, Psacothea hilaris. . Physiol Entomol. , 29 : 458 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , S. 1980 . Insect photoperiodism , Sydney (Australia) : Academic Press . 2nd ed
   Google Scholar
• Brodeur , J. and McNeil , J. N. 1989 . Biotic and abiotic factors involved in diapause induction of the parasitoid, Aphidius nigripes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). . J Insect Physiol. , 35 : 969 – 974 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukatsch , F. 1972 . Bemerkungen zur Doppelfärbung Astrablau‐Safranin. . Mikrokosmos. , 61 : 255
   Google Scholar
• Butterfield , J. , Whittaker , J. B. and Fielding , C. A. 2001 . Control of the flexible annual/biennial life cycle of the heather psyllid Strophingia ericae. . Physiol Entomol. , 26 : 266 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chocorosqui , V. R. and Panizzi , A. R. 2003 . Photoperiod influence on the biology and phenological characteristics of Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas 1851) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). . Brazil J Biol. , 63 : 655 – 664 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook , L. G. , Gullan , P. J. and Stewart , A. C. 2000 . First‐instar morphology and sexual dimorphism in the gall‐inducing scale insect Apiomorpha Rübsaamen (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). . J Nat Hist. , 34 : 879 – 894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly , H. V. 1985 . Insect morphometrics. . Annu Rev Entomol. , 30 : 415 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danks , H. V. 2000 . Dehydration in dormant insects. . J Insect Physiol. , 46 : 837 – 852 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreger‐Jauffret , F. and Shorthouse , J. D. 1992 . “ Diversity of gall‐inducing insects and their galls. ” . In Biology of insect‐induced galls , Edited by: Shorthouse , J. D and Rohfritsch , O . 8 – 33 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernandes , G. W. , De Marco Jr , P. and Schönrogge , K. 2008 . Plant organ abscision and the green island effect caused by gallmidges (Cecidomyiidae) on tropical trees. . Arthropod–Plant Interactions. , 2 : 93 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding , C. A. , Whittaker , J. B. , Butterfield , J. E. L. and Coulson , J. C. 1999 . Predicting responses to climate change: the effect of altitude and latitude on the phenology of the Spittlebug Neophilaenus lineatus. . Funct Ecol. , 13 : 65 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floate , K. D. , Fernandes , G. W. and Nilsson , J. 1996 . Distinguishing intrapopulational categories of plants by their insect faunas: galls on rabbitbrush. . Oecologia. , 105 : 221 – 229 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonçalves , S. J. M. R. , Isaias , R. M. S. , Vale , F. H. A. and Fernandes , G. W. 2005 . Sexual dimorphism of Pseudotectococcus rolliniae Hodgson & Gonçalves (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae) influences gall morphology on Rollinia laurifolia Schltdl. (Annonaceae). . Trop Zool. , 18 : 161 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullan , P. J. and Kosztarab , M. 1997 . Adaptations in scale insects. . Annu Rev Entomol. , 42 : 23 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullan , P. J. and Martin , J. H. 2003 . “ Sternorrhyncha (jumping plant‐lice, whiteflies, aphids, and scale insects). ” . In Encyclopedia of insects , Edited by: Resh , V. H and Cardé , R. T . 1079 – 1089 . Amsterdam (The Netherlands) : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gullan , P. J. , Miller , D. R. and Cook , L. G. 2005 . “ Gall‐inducing scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). ” . In Biology, ecology, and evolution of gall‐inducing arthropods , Edited by: Raman , A , Schaefer , C. W and Withers , T. M . 159 – 229 . Enfield (UK) : Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , M. G. 1980 . Wind dispersal of coccid Icerya seychellarum (Margarodidae: Homoptera) on Aldabra Atoll. . J Anim Ecol. , 49 : 939 – 957 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson , C. J. , Gonçalves , S. J. M. R. , Miller , D. and Isaias , R. M. S. 2004 . A key to genera of Eriococcidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) from the Neotropical region and a revision of Pseudotectococcus Hempel (Eriococcidae), a gall inducing scale insect genus from Brazil, with a description of a new species. . Lundiana , 5 : 51 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , W. A. 1962 . Botanical histochemistry , San Francisco (CA) : W. H. Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Johansen , D. A. 1940 . Plant microtechnique , New York : McGraw‐Hill Book Co .
   Google Scholar
• Larcher , W. 2000 . Ecofisiologia vegetal , São Carlos (Brazil) : RiMa .
   Google Scholar
• Lees , A. D. 1986 . Some effects of temperature on the hour glass photoperiod timer in the aphid Megoura viviae. . J Insect Physiol. , 32 : 79 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linsenmaier , W. 1972 . Insects of the world , New York : McGraw‐Hill Book Co .
   Google Scholar
• Maas , P. J. M. and Westra , L. Y. Th. 1992 . Rollinia. . Flora Neotropica. , 57 : 1 – 189 .
   Google Scholar
• Mani , M. S. 1964 . Ecology of plant galls , The Hague (The Netherlands) : Dr. W. Junk Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Mani , M. S. 1992 . “ Introduction to cecidology. ” . In Biology of insect‐induced galls , Edited by: Shorthouse , J. D and Rohfritsch , O . 1 – 7 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mauseth , J. D. 1988 . Plant anatomy , Menlo Park (CA) : Benjamin/Cumming .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , J. E. , Bale , J. S. and Hodkinson , I. D. 1998 . Life cycle regulation in the heather psyllid Strophingia ericae: responses to temperature and photoperiod. . Physiol Entomol. , 23 : 376 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , V. C. , Gunn , B. H. and Walter , G. H. 1982 . Wind dispersal and settling of first‐instar crawlers of the cochineal insect, Dactylopius austrinus (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Dactylopiidae). . Ecol Entomol. , 7 : 409 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourão , A. P. M. and Panizzi , A. R. 2002 . Photophase influence on the reproductive diapause, seasonal morphs, and feeding activity of Euschistus heros (Fabr. 1978) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). . Braz J Biol. , 62 : 231 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien , T. P. and McCully , M. E. 1981 . The study of plant structure: principles and selected methods , Melbourne (Australia) : Termarcarphi Pty Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Pullin , A. S. and Bale , J. S. Effects of low temperature on diapausing Aglais urticae and Inachisio (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): cold hardiness and overwintering survival. . J Insect Physiol. , 33 277 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Redfern , M. and Askew , R. R. 1992 . Plant galls , Slough (UK) : The Richmond Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Rohfritsch , O. 1992 . “ Patterns in gall development. ” . In Biology of insect‐induced galls , Edited by: Shorthouse , J. D and Rohfritsch , O . 60 – 86 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Soares , G. L. G. , Isaias , R. M. S. , Gonçalves , S. J. M. R. and Christiano , J. C. S. 2000 . Alterações químicas induzidas por coccídeos galhadores (Coccoidea, Brachyscelidae) em folhas de Rollinia laurifolia Schdtl. (Annonaceae). . Rev Brasil Zooci. , 2 : 103 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Tauber , M. J. , Tauber , C. A. and Masaki , S. 1986 . Seasonal adaptations of insects , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• van Kleunen , M. and Fischer , M. 2005 . Constraints on the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants. . New Phytol. , 166 : 49 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitorino , M. D. , Pedrosa‐Macedo , J. H. and Smith , C. W. 2000 . “ The biology of Tectococcus ovatus Hempel (Heteroptera: Eriococcidae) and its potential as a biocontrol agent of Psidium cattleianum (Myrtaceae). ” . In Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds , Edited by: Spencer , N. R . 641 – 650 . Bozeman (MT) : Montana State University .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , A. G. and Whitham , T. G. 1986 . Premature leaf abscission: an induced plant defense against gall aphids. . Ecology. , 67 : 1619 – 1627 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yardini , A. 1987 . Evaluation of wind dispersed soft scale crawlers (Homoptera: Coccidae) in the infestation of a citrus grove in Israel. . Isr J Entomol. , 21 : 25 – 31 .
   Google Scholar