Goliath frogs build nests for spawning – the reason for their gigantism?

References

• Amiet J-L. 1990. Images d’amphibiens camerounais. II. L’enfouissement et la phonation bouche ouverte chez Conraua crassipes (Buchholz & Peters, 1875). Alytes. 8:99–104.
   Google Scholar
• Balinsky BI, Balinsky JB. 1954. On the breeding habits of the South African bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus. S Afr J Sci. 51:55–58.
   Google Scholar
• Boulenger GA. 1906. Descriptions of new batrachians discovered by Mr. G.L. Bates in South Cameroon. Ann Mag Nat History. 17:317–323. doi:10.1080/00222930608562529.
   Google Scholar
• Channing A, Du Preez LH, Passmore NI. 1994. Status, vocalization and breeding biology of two species of African bullfrogs (Ranidae: Pyxicephalus). J Zool. 234:141–148. doi:10.1111/jzo.1994.234.issue-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook CL, Ferguson JWH, Telford SR. 2001. Adaptive male parental care in the giant bullfrog, Pyxicephalus adspersus. J Herpetol. 35:310–315. doi:10.2307/1566122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel NN, Josue WP, Mbida M. 2015. Gastro-intestinal helminths of goliath frogs (Conraua goliath) from the localities of Loum, Yabassi and Nkondjock in the littoral region of Cameroon. Global Ecol Conserv. 4:146–149. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.06.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dring J. 1979. Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trengganu Malaysia with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactylus. Bull Br Mus (Nat History). 34:181–241.
   Google Scholar
• Duellman WE, Trueb L. 1986. Biology of amphibians. New York (NY): McGraw‐Hill Co.; p. 670.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson SB. 1992. Courtship and nest-building behavior of a Bornean frog, Rana blythi. Copeia. 1992:1123–1127. doi:10.2307/1446654.
   Google Scholar
• Faggioni G, Souza F, Uetanabaro M, Landgref-Filho P, Furman J, Prado C. 2017. Reproductive biology of the nest building vizcacheras frog Leptodactylus bufonius (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae), including a description of unusual courtship behaviour. Herpetol J. 27:73–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gewalt W. 1977. Einige Bemerkungen über Fang, Transport und Haltung des Goliathfrosches (Conraua goliath Boulenger). Zool Garten. 47:161–192.
   Google Scholar
• Gewalt W. 1996. Vom Goliathfrosch in Südkamerun. TI Mag. 28(129):44–47.
   Google Scholar
• Gonwouo LN, Rödel M-O. 2008. The importance of frogs to the livelihood of the Bakossi people around mount Manengouba, Cameroon, with special consideration of the hairy frog, Trichobatrachus robustus. Salamandra. 44:23–34.
   Google Scholar
• Gosner KL. 1960. A simplified table staging anuran embryo and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica. 16:183–190.
   Google Scholar
• Haddad CFB, Prado CPA. 2005. Reproductive modes in frogs and their unexpected diversity in the Atlantic forest of Brazil. Bio Sci. 55:207–217. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0207:RMIFAT]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann H-W, Edwards T. 2006. Conraua goliath (goliath frog) skittering locomotion. Herpetol Rev. 37:202–203.
   Google Scholar
• Heyer WR. 1978. Systematics of the fuscus group of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Sci Bull Nat Hist Mus Los Angeles County. 29:1–85.
   Google Scholar
• Höbel G. 2008. Plasticity and geographic variation in the reproductive ecology of gladiator frogs, particularly Hypsiboas rosenbergi. Stapfia. 88:329–334.
   Google Scholar
• Hopey ME, Petranka JW. 1994. Restriction of wood frogs to fishfree habitats: how important is adult choice. Copeia. 1994:1023–1025. doi:10.2307/1446726.
   Google Scholar
• Inger RF. 1966. The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana Zool. 52:1–402.
   Google Scholar
• Iskandar DT, Evans BJ, McGuire JA. 2014. A novel reproductive mode in frogs: a new species of fanged frog with internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles. PLoS One. 9(12):e115884. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 2019. Conraua goliath. The IUCN red list of threatened species 2019: e.T5263A96062132. Downloaded on 02 April 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Jongsma GFM, Emrich A. 2012. Aubria subsigillata (brown ball frog). Parental care. Herpetol Rev. 43:630–631.
   Google Scholar
• Kats LB, Sih A. 1992. Oviposition site selection and avoidance of fish by streamside salamanders (Ambystoma barbouri). Copeia. 1992:468–473. doi:10.2307/1446206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kluge AG. 1981. The life history, social organization, and parental behavior of Hyla rosenbergi Boulenger, a nest-building gladiator frog. Vol. 160. Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, USA: University of Michigan; p. 1–170.
   Google Scholar
• Kok D, Du Preez L, Channing A. 1989. Channel construction by the African bullfrog: another anuran parental care strategy. J Herpetol. 23:435–437. doi:10.2307/1564060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusrini MD, Rowley JJL, Khairunnisa LR, Shea GM, Altig R. 2015. The reproductive biology and larvae of the first tadpole-bearing frog, Limnonectes larvaepartus. PLoS One. 10(1):e116154. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamotte M, Perret J-L. 1968. Révision du genre Conraua Nieden. Bull l’Institut françaises d’Afrique noire. 30:1603–1644.
   Google Scholar
• Lamotte M, Perret J-L, Dzieduszycka S. 1959. Contribution à l’étude des batraciens de l’Ouest Africain IX. Les formes larvaires de Petropedetes palmipes, Conraua goliath et Acanthixalus spinosus. Bull l’Institut françaises d’Afrique noire. 21:762–776.
   Google Scholar
• Lutz B. 1960. The clay nests of Hyla pardais Spix. Copeia. 1960:364–366. doi:10.2307/1439776.
   Google Scholar
• Luza AL, Da Silvi ER, Failace DM, Colombo P. 2015. Nest site selection by Hypsiboas faber (Anura, Hylidae) in Southern Brazil. Iheringia, Série Zoologia. 105:453–460. doi:10.1590/1678-476620151054453460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resetarits WJ, Wilbur HM. 1989. Choice of oviposition site by Hyla chrysoscelis: role of predators and competitors. Ecology. 70:220–228. doi:10.2307/1938428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabater-Pi J. 1985. Contribution to the biology of the Giant Frog (Conraua goliath, Boulenger). Amphibia-Reptilia. 6:143–153. doi:10.1163/156853885X00047.
   Google Scholar
• Spieler M, Linsenmair KE. 1997. Choice of optimal oviposition sites by Hoplobatrachus occipitalis (Anura: Ranidae) in an unpredictable environment. Oecologia. 109:184–199. doi:10.1007/s004420050073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells KD. 2007. The ecology and behavior of Amphibians. Chicago: Chicago University Press; p. 1148.
   Google Scholar
• Yetman CA, Ferguson JWH. 2011. Spawning and non-breeding activity of adult giant bullfrogs (Pyxicephalus adspersus). Afr J Herpetol. 60:13–29. doi:10.1080/21564574.2010.550324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar