Specific Personality Traits and General Personality Dysfunction as Predictors of the Presence and Severity of Personality Disorders in a Clinical Sample

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Alternative DSM–5 model for personality disorders (DSM–5, Section III). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Arnevik, E., Wilberg, T., Monsen, J.T., Andrea, H., & Karterud, S. (2009). A cross-national validity study of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP–118). Personality and Mental Health, 3, 41–55. doi:10.1002/pmh.60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby, R.M., Marshall, M.B., & Georgiades, S. (2005). Dimensional personality traits and the prediction of DSM–IV personality symptom counts in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 53–67. doi:10.1521/pedi.19.1.53.62180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagge, C.L., & Trull, T.J. (2003). DAPP–BQ: Factor structure and relations to personality disorder symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 19–32. doi:10.1521/pedi.17.1.19.24055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghuis, H. (2007). General Assessment of Personality Disorder (Version 2007). Amersfoort, The Netherlands: Symfora groep.
   Google Scholar
• Berghuis, H., Kamphuis, J.H., Verheul, R., Larstone, R., & Livesley, W.J. (2012). The General Assessment of Personality Disorder (GAPD) as an instrument for assessing the core features of personality disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/cpp.1811
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, R.F. (1998). Reconceptualizing personality disorder diagnosis in the DSM–V: The discriminant validity challenge. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 333–343. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2850.1998.tb00153.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, R.F., & Huprich, S.K. (2011). Beyond dysfunction and threshold-based classification: A multidimensional model of personality disorder diagnosis. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 331–337. doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervone, D., & Shoda, Y. (1999). Social-cognitive theories and coherence of personality. In D. Cervone & Y. Shoda (Eds.), The coherence of personality (pp. 3–33). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, L.A. (2007). Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders: Perennial issues and emerging reconceptualization. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 227–257. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloninger, C.R. (2000). A practical way to diagnose personality disorder: A proposal. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 99–108. doi:10.1521/pedi.2000.14.2.99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI–R) and the Five Factor Inventory (NEO–FFI): Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• First, M.B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B. W., & Benjamin, L. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID–II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harkness, A.R., Finn, J.A., McNulty, J.L., & Shields, S.M. (2011). The Personality Psychopathology–Five (PSY–5): Recent constructive replication and assessment literature review. Psychological Assessment, 24, 432–443. doi:10.1037/a0025830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoekstra, H.A., Ormel, J., & de Fruyt, F. (1996). NEO PI–R: Dutch version. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Hogrefe.
   Google Scholar
• Hopwood, C.J. (2011). Personality traits in the DSM–5. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93, 398–405. doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.577472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, C.J., Malone, J.C., Ansell, E.B., Sanislow, C.A., Grilo, C.M., McGlashan, T.H., … Morey, L.C. (2011). Personality assessment in DSM–5: Empirical support for rating severity, style, and traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 25, 305–320. doi:10.1521/pedi.2011.25.3.305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, C.J., Thomas, K.M., Markon, K.E., Wright, A.G. C., & Krueger, R.F. (2012). DSM–5 traits and DSM–IV personality disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 424–432. doi:10.1037/a0026656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O.F. (1984). Severe personality disorders. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O.F., & Caligor, E. (2005). A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders. In J.F. Clarkin & M.F. Lenzenweger (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (2nd ed., pp. 114–156). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R.F., Derringer, J., Markon, K.E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A.E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM–5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890. doi:10.1017/S0033291711002674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R.F., & Eaton, N.R. (2010). Personality traits and the classification of mental disorders: Toward a more complete integration in DSM–5 and an empirical model of psychopathology. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 97–118. doi:10.1037/a0018990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesley, W.J. (2003). Practical management of personality disorders. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Livesley, W.J. (2006). General Assessment of Personality Disorder (GAPD). Vancouver, BC, Canada: Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Livesley, W.J., & Jackson, D.N. (2009). Manual for the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology–Basic Questionnaire (DAPP–BQ). Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Livesley, W.J., & Jang, K.L. (2000). Toward an empirically based classification of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 137–151. doi:10.1521/pedi.2000.14.2.137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livesley, W.J., Schroeder, M.L., Jackson, D.N., & Jang, K.L. (1994). Categorical distinctions in the study of personality disorder: Implications for classification. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 6–17. doi:10.1037/0021–843X.103.1.6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2010). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 75–79. doi: 10.1002/cpp.693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maffei, C., Fossati, A., Agostoni, I., Barraco, A., Bagnato, M., Deborah, D., … Petrachi, M. (1997). Interrater reliability and internal consistency of the structured clinical interview for DSM–IV Axis II personality disorders (SCID–II), version 2.0. Journal of Personal Disorders, 11, 279–284. doi:10.1521/pedi.1997.11.3.279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, G., & Barrett, E. (2000). Personality and personality disorder: Current issues and directions. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, G., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Both, L., Kumar, S., Wilhelm, K., & Olley, A. (2004). Measuring disordered personality functioning: To love and work reprised. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110, 230–239. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00312.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, S.K., & Clark, L.A. (2001). Predicting dimensions of personality disorders from domains and facets of the Five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 69, 199–222. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel, D.B., & Widiger, T.A. (2008). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the Five-factor model and DSM–IV–TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1326–1342. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulsman, L.M., & Page, A.C. (2005). The Five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055–1085. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2002.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen, S., & Simonsen, E. (2009). The Danish DAPP–BQ: Reliability, factor structure, and convergence with SCID–II and IIP–C. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 629–646. doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.6.629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepp, S.D., Lan, Y., Miller, J.D., Hallquist, M.N., Trull, T.J., & Pilkonis, P.A. (2011). Integrating competing dimensional models of personality: Linking the SNAP, TCI, and NEO using item repsonse theory. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3, 107–126. doi:10.1037/a0025905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trull, T. (2005). Dimensional models of personality disorder: Coverage and cutoffs. Journal of Personality Disorders, 19, 262–282. doi:10.1521/pedi.2005.19.3.262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kampen, D. (2006). The Dutch DAPP–BQ: Improvements, lower- and higher-order dimensions, and relationship with the 5DPT. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20, 81–101. doi:10.1521/pedi.2006.20.1.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verheul, R., Andrea, H., Berghout, C., Dolan, C.C., Busschbach, J.J. V., Van der Kroft, P.J.A., … Fonagy, P. (2008). Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP–118): Development, factor structure, reliability and validity. Psychological Assessment, 20, 23–34. doi:10.1037/1040.3590.20.1.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J.C. (2008). The perils of dimensionalization: Challenges in distinguishing negative traits from personality disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 31, 379–393. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weertman, A., Arntz, A., & Kerkhofs, M.L. M. (2000). SCID–II: Gestructureerd Klinisch Interview DSM–IV As-II Persoonlijkheidsstoornissen [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID–II)]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Widiger, T.A., & Costa, P.T. (2012). Integrating normal and abnormal personality structure: The Five factor model. Journal of Personality, 80, 1471–1506. doi:10.1111/j.1467–6494.2012.00776.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger, T.A., Costa, P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (2002). A proposal for Axis II: Diagnosing personality disorders using the Five factor model. In P.T. Costa & T.A. Widiger (Eds.), Personality disorders and the Five factor model of personality (pp. 431–452). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Widiger, T.A., & Mullins-Sweatt, S.N. (2009). Five-factor model of personality disorder: A proposal for DSM–V. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 197–220. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger, T.A., & Simonsen, E. (2005). Alternative dimensional models of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Disorder, 19, 110–130. doi:10.1521/pedi.19.2.110.626285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar