Development of the Short Version of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA–S) and Its Measurement Invariance Across Slovene and U.S. Emerging Adults

References

• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett J. J. (2003). Conceptions of the transition to adulthood among emerging adults in American ethnic groups. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 100, 63–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. (2005). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
   Google Scholar
• Beyers, W., Goossens, L., Vansant, I., & Moors, E. (2003). A structural model of autonomy in middle and late adolescence: Connectedness, separation, detachment, and agency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 351–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blos, P. (1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 22, 162–186.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York, NY: Aaronson.
   Google Scholar
• Buhl, H. M. (2008). Development of a model describing individuated adult child–parent relationships. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32, 381–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2010). Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in large-scale cross-cultural studies: Addressing the issue of nonequivalence. International Journal of Testing, 10, 107–132.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grotevant, H. D., & Cooper, C. R. (1986). Individuation in family relationships: A perspective on individual differences in development of identity and role-taking skills in adolescence. Human Development, 29, 82–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 170–178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankowski, P. J., & Hooper, L. M. (2012). Differentiation of self: A validation study of the Bowen theory construct. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1, 226–243.
   Google Scholar
• John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory–Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
   Google Scholar
• Kins, E., & Beyers, W. (2010). Failure to launch, failure to achieve criteria for adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Research, 25, 743–777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koepke, S., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2012). Dynamics of identity development and separation–individuation in parent–child relationships during adolescence and emerging adulthood—A conceptual integration. Developmental Review, 32, 67–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komidar, L., Zupančič, M., Sočan, G., & Puklek Levpušček, M. (2014). Development and construct validation of the Individuation Test for Emerging Adults (ITEA). Journal of Personality Assessment, 96, 503–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamborn, S. D., & Groh, K. (2009). A four-part model of autonomy during emerging adulthood: Associations with adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 395–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licht, C., & Chabot, D. (2006). The Chabot Emotional Differentiation Scale: A theoretically and psychometrically sound instrument for measuring Bowen's intrapsychic aspect of differentiation. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 32, 167–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyckx, K., Schwartz, S. J., Goossens, L., & Pollock, S. (2008). Employment, sense of coherence, and identity formation: Contextual and psychological processes on the pathway to sense of adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 566–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. American Psychologist, 45, 513–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the infant. New York, NY: Basic.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., Hau, K., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 51, 213–225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, A. W., & Bauer, D. J. (2007). Power and precision in confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 611–635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, A. W., & Kroustalis, C. M. (2006). Problems with item parceling for confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 369–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Maassen, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Separation–individuation revisited: On the interplay of parent–adolescent relations, identity and emotional adjustment in adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 89–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendonça, M., & Fontaine, A. M. (2013). Late nest leaving in Portugal: Its effects on individuation and parent–child relationships. Emerging Adulthood, 1, 233–244.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2010). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2005). Chi-square difference testing using the S-B scaled chi-square. Retrieved from https://www.statmodel.com/chidiff.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Puklek Levpušček, M. (2001). Razvoj psihološkega osamosvajanja mladostnikov v različnih socialnih kontekstih [The development of adolescent individuation in different social contexts] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
   Google Scholar
• Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. E., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17, 354–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saraiva, L. M., & Matos, P. M. (2012). Separation-individuation of Portuguese emerging adults in relation to parents and to the romantic partner. Journal of Youth Studies, 15, 499–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selig, J. P., Card, N. A., & Little, T. D. (2008). Latent variable structural equation modelling in cross-cultural research: Multigroup and multilevel approaches. In F. J. R. van de Vijver, D. A. van Hemert, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures (pp. 93–119). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI Fusion with Others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 209–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skowron, E. A., Wester, S. R., & Azen, R. (2004). Differentiation of self mediates college stress and adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 82, 69–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. C. (1980). Statistically-based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., & Silverberg, S. B. (1986). The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. Child Development, 57, 841–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, J. L. (2006). Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span human development. In J. Arnett & J. L. Tanner (Eds.), Emerging adults in America (pp. 21–55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner, J. L., Arnett, J. J., & Leis, J. A. (2009). Emerging adulthood: Learning and development during the first stage of adulthood. In M. C. Smith & N. DeFrates-Densch (Eds.), Handbook of research on adult development and learning (pp. 34–67). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). The reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrica, 38, 197–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walper, S. (2005). Lebensgestaltung der 20–30j¨ahrigen zwischen Ausbildung, Beruf und Familie “Junge Erwachsene in M¨unchen und Mailand” [Lifestyle of 20–30 year olds regarding education, employment, and family “Young adults in Munich and Milan”]. Munich, Germany: University of Munich.
   Google Scholar
• Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1985). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zupančič, M., Friedlmeier, W., Puklek Levpušček, M., Sirsch, U., Bruckner-Feld, J., & Horvat, M. (2014). Perceptions of achieved criteria for adulthood among Austrian, Slovene, and US Students. SAGE Open, 4, 2158244014556997.
   Google Scholar
• Zupančič, M., & Kavčič, T. (2014). Student personality traits predicting individuation in relation to mothers and fathers. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 715–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zupančič, M., Komidar, L., & Puklek Levpušček, M. (2014). Individuation in Slovene emerging adults: Its associations with demographics, transitional markers, achieved criteria for adulthood, and life satisfaction. Journal of Adolescence, 37, 1421–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar