An Examination of the Topology and Measurement of the Alexithymia Construct Using Network Analysis

References

• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I: Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23–32. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby, R. M., Quilty, L. C., Taylor, G. J., Grabe, H. J., Luminet, O., Verissimo, R., … Vanheule, S. (2009). Are there subtypes of alexithymia? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 413–418. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagby, R. M., Taylor, G. J., Parker, J. D. A., & Dickens, S. E. (2006). The development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 25–39. doi:10.1159/000089224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker, M. H. J., Bachrach, N., & Croon, M. A. (2007). The relationships of antisocial behavior with attachment styles, autonomy connectedness, and alexithymia. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 507–527. doi:10.1002/jcip.20363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermond, B., Clayton, K., Liberova, A., Luminet, O., Maruszewski, T., Ricci Bitti, P. E., … Wicherts, J. (2007). A cognitive and an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1125–1136. doi:10.1080/02699930601056989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermond, B., Oosterveld, P., & Vorst, H. C. M. (2015). Measures of alexithymia. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 227–256). San Diego, CA: Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Bermond, B., Vorst, H. C. M., & Moorman, P. P. (2006). Cognitive neuropsychology of alexithymia: Implications for personality typology. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11, 332–360. doi:10.1080/13546800500368607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borsboom, D., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2013). Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 91–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costantini, G., Epskamp, S., Borsboom, D., Perugini, M., Mōttus, R., Waldorp, L. J., & Cramer, A. O. J. (2015). State of the aRt personality research: A tutorial on network analysis of personality data in R. Journal of Research in Personality, 54, 13–29. doi:10.1016/j/jrp.2014.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, A. O. J., Van Der Sluis, S., Noordhof, A., Wichers, M., Geschwind, N., Aggen, S. H., … Borsboom, D. (2012). Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can't like parties if you don't like people. European Journal of Personality, 26, 414–431. doi:10.1002/per.1866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–302. doi:10.1037/h0040957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2012). qgraph: Network visualizations of relationships in psychometric data. Journal of Statistical Software, 48, 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epskamp, S., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Schmittmann, V. D., & Borsboom, D. (2013). qgraph: Network representations of relationships in data [R package version 1.2.3]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/qgraph/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Fruchterman, T. M. J., & Reingold, E. M. (1991). Graph drawing by forced-directed placement. Software: Practice and Experience, 21, 1129–1164. doi:10.1002/spe.4380211102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goekoop, R., Goekoop, J. G., & Scholte, H. S. (2012). The network structure of human personality according to the NEO PI–R: Matching network community structure to factor structure. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e5158. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051558
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphries, M. D., & Gurney, K. (2008). Network “small-world-ness”: A quantitative method for determining canonical network equivalence. PLoS ONE, 3(4), e0002051. doi:10.1371/journal/pone.0002051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer, N., & Schäfer, J. (2009). parcor: regularized estimation of partial correlation matrices [R package version 0.2-6]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/parcor/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Kring, A. M., Kerr, S. L., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1993). Flat affect in schizophrenia does not reflect diminished subjective experience of emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 507–517. doi:10.37/0021-843X.102.4.507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystal, H. (1979). Alexithymia and psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33, 17–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krystal, H. (1988). Integration and self-healing. Affect, trauma, alexithymia. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., Tom, S. M., Pfeifer, J. H., & Way, B. M. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18, 421–428. doi:10.11/j.1467-9280.2007.01916.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumley, M. A., Neely, L. C., & Burger, A. J. (2007). The assessment of alexithymia in medical settings: Implications for understanding and treating health problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, 230–246. doi:10.1080/0223890701629698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marty, P., & de M'Uzan, M. (1963). La “pensée opératoire.” Revue Francaise de Psychoanalyse, 27(Suppl.), 1345–1356.
   Google Scholar
• McNally, R. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Wu, G. W. Y., Wang, L., Deserno, M. K., & Borsboom, D. (2015). Mental disorders as causal systems: A network approach to posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 836–849. doi:10.1177/23167702614553230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morera, O. F., Culhane, S. E., Watson, P. J., & Skewes, M. C. (2005). Assessing the reliability and validity of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire among U.S. Anglo and U.S. Hispanic samples. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 58, 289–298. doi:10.1016/j.psychores.2004.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, J., Bühner, M., & Ellgring, H. (2004). The assessment of alexithymia: Psychometric properties and validity of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 373–391. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemiah, J. C. (1973). Psychology and psychosomatic illness: Reflections on theory and research methodology. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 106–111. doi:10.1159/000286478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemiah, J. C. (1977). Alexithymia: Theoretical considerations. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 199–206. doi:10.1159/000287064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemiah, J. C., Freyberger, H., & Sifneos, P. E. (1976). Alexithymia: A view of the psychosomatic process. In O. W. Hill (Ed.), Modern trends in psychosomatic medicine (Vol. 3, pp. 430–439). London, UK: Butterworths.
   Google Scholar
• Nemiah, J. C., & Sifneos, P. E. (1970). Psychosomatic illness: A problem in communication. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 18, 154–160. doi:10.1159/000286074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, M. E. J. (2003). The structure and function of complex networks. SIAM Review, 45(2), 167–256. doi:10.1137/S003614450342480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, M. E. J. (2006). Modularity and community structure in networks. PNAS, 103(23), 8577–8582. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601602103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsahl, T., Agneesens, F., & Skvoretz, J. (2010). Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths. Social Networks, 32, 245–251. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pons, P., & Csardi, G. (2014). igraph: Network analysis and visualization, Walktrap.community [R package 0.7.1]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/igraph/igraph.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pons, P., & Latapy, M. (2005). Computing communities in large networks using random walks. In P. Yolum, T. Güngör, F. Gürgen, & C. Özturan (Eds.), Computer and Information Sciences-ISCIS 2005: 20th International Symposium Proceedings (pp. 284–293). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O. J., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New Ideas in Psychology, 31, 43–53. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2011.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos, P. E. (1967). Clinical observations on some patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases. Acta Medica Psychosomatica, 7, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Sifneos, P. E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255–262. doi:10.1159/000286529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos, P. E. (1974). A reconsideration of psychodynamic mechanisms in psychosomatic symptom formation in view of recent clinical observations. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 24, 151–155. doi:10.1159/000286692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifneos, P. E., Apfel-Savitz, R., & Frankel, F. H. (1977). The phenomena of “alexithymia”: Observations in neurotic and psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 47–57. doi:10.1159/000287043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. J. (2012). Loneliness in the disaffected (alexithymic) patient. In B. Willock, L. C. Bohm, & R. Coleman Curtis (Eds.), Loneliness and longing (pp. 147–158). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2012). The alexithymia personality dimension. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of personality disorders (pp. 648–673). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Luminet, O. (2000). Assessment of alexithymia: Self-report and observer-rated measures. In R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence (pp. 301–319). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1997). Disorders of affect regulation: Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, G. J., Ryan, D., & Bagby, R. M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanheule, S., Meganck, R., & Desmet, M. (2011). Alexithymia, social detachment and cognitive processing. Psychiatry Research, 190, 49–51. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.06.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorst, H. C. M., & Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413–434. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00033-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watters, C. A., Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2015). Illuminating the theoretical components of alexithymia using bifactor modeling and network analysis. Psychological Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:10.10.37/pas0000169
   Google Scholar
• Zou, H. (2006). The adaptive lasso and its oracle properties. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 101, 1418–1429. doi:10.1198/016214506000000735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar