566
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Section: Clinical Applications of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method: From Research to Practice

Facets of Object Representation: Process and Outcome Over the Course of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

, , &
Pages 145-155 | Received 01 Dec 2015, Published online: 08 Sep 2016

References

  • Abbass, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Town, J. M., Leichsenring, F., Driessen, E., De Maat, S., … Crowe, E. (2014). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapies for common mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Review, 7, 1–108.
  • Ablon, J., & Jones, E. (1998). How expert clinicians' prototypes of an ideal treatment correlate with outcome in psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 71–83.
  • Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1990). Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 521–536.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Blagys, M., & Hilsenroth, M. (2000). Distinctive features of short-term psychodynamic–interpersonal psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 167–188.
  • Blagys, M., & Hilsenroth, M. (2002). Distinctive features of short-term cognitive–behavioral psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 671–706.
  • Blatt, S. J. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 29, 107–157.
  • Blatt, S. J., & Ford, R. Q. (1994). Therapeutic change: An object relations perspective. New York, NY: Plenum.
  • Blatt, S. J., & Lerner, H. (1983). The psychological assessment of object representation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 7–28.
  • Book, H. (1998). How to practice brief psychodynamic psychotherapy: The core conflictual relationship theme method. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). Developmental psychiatry comes of age. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1–10.
  • Bram, A. D. (2014). Object relations, interpersonal functioning, and health in a nonclinical sample: Construct validation and norms for the TAT SCORS–G. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31, 314–342.
  • Crits-Christoph, P., & Luborsky, L. (1990). Changes in the CCRT pervasiveness during psychotherapy. In L. Luborsky & P. Crits-Christoph (Eds.), Understanding transference (pp. 133–146). New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Derogatis, L. R., & Lazarus, L. (1994). SCL–90–R, Brief Symptom Inventory, and matching clinical rating scales. In E. M. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcome assessment (pp. 217–248). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Weinberger, J. (2007). Therapist affect focus and patient outcomes in psychodynamic psychotherapy: A metaanalysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 936–941. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.936
  • Egger, N., Konnopka, A., Beutel, M. E., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Hoyer, J., … Wiltink, J. (2015). Short-term cost-effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in social anxiety disorder: Results from the SOPHO-NET trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 180, 21–28.
  • Finn, S., & Tonsager, M. (1997). Information-gathering and therapeutic models of assessment: Complementary paradigms. Psychological Assessment, 9, 374–385.
  • Fisher, H., Atzil-Slonim, D., Bar-Kalifa, E., Rafaeli, E., & Peri, T (2016). Emotional experience and alliance contribute to therapeutic change in psychodynamic therapy. Psychotherapy, 53, 105–116.
  • Fleiss, J. L. (1981). Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • Fowler, J. C., Ackerman, S. J., Speanburg, S., Bailey, A., Blagys, M., & Conklin, A. C. (2004). Personality and symptom change in treatment-refractory inpatients: Evaluation of the phase model of change using Rorschach, TAT, and DSM–IV Axis V. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 306–322.
  • Freud, S. (1961). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 7, pp. 125–145). London, UK: Hogarth. ( Original work published 1905)
  • Glover, E. (1955). The technique of psychoanalysis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
  • Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis (Vol. 1). New York, NY: International Universities Press.
  • Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Blatt, S. J. (2005). Changes in representations of a self-designated significant other in long-term intensive inpatient treatment of seriously disturbed adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 68, 266–282.
  • Harpaz-Rotem, I., & Blatt, S. J. (2009). A pathway to therapeutic change: Changes in self-representation in the treatment of adolescents and young adults. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 72, 32–49.
  • Hilsenroth, M. J. (2007). A programmatic study of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: Assessment, process, outcome and training. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 31–45.
  • Hilsenroth, M., Ackerman, S., & Blagys, M. (2001). Evaluating the phase model of change during short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 29–47.
  • Hilsenroth, M. J., Blagys, M., Ackerman, S., Bonge, D., & Blais, M. (2005). Measuring psychodynamic-interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral techniques: Development of the comparative psychotherapy process scale. Psychotherapy, 42, 340–356.
  • Hilsenroth, M. J., Cromer, T., & Ackerman, S. (2012). How to make practical use of therapeutic alliance research in your clinical work. In R. A. Levy, J. S. Ablon, & H. Kaechele (Eds.), Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence (pp. 361–380). New York, NY: Springer.
  • Hilsenroth, M., DeFife, J., Blake, M., & Cromer, T. (2007). The effects of borderline pathology on short-term psychodynamic psycho-therapy for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 175–188.
  • Hilsenroth, M. J., Kivlighan, D. M., Jr., & Slavin-Mulford, J. (2015). Structured supervision of graduate clinicians in psychodynamic psychotherapy: Alliance and technique. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 173–183.
  • Hoglend, P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bøgwald, K. P., Sørbye, Ø., Sjaastad, M., & Heyerdahl, O. (2006). Analysis of the patient–therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: An experimental study of transference interpretations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1739–1746.
  • Horowitz, L. M., Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2000). Manual for the inventory of interpersonal problems. Menlo Park, CA: Psychological Corporation.
  • Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstrof, D. (1984). Psychotherapy outcome research: Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance. Behavior Therapy, 15, 336–352.
  • Jacobson, N. S., Roberts, L. J., Berns, S. B., & McGlinchey, J. B. (1999). Methods for defining and determining the clinical significance of treatment effects: Description, application, and alternatives. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 300.
  • Kuutmann, K., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2012). Exploring in-session focus on the patient–therapist relationship: Patient characteristics, process and outcome. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 19, 187–202.
  • Lilliengren, P., Johansson, R., Lindqvist, K., Mechler, J., & Andersson, G. (2016). Efficacy of experiential dynamic therapy for psychiatric conditions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychotherapy, 53, 90–104.
  • Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A manual for supportive–expressive treatment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Markin, R., Kivlighan, D., Gelso, C., Hummel, A., & Spiegel, E (2014). Clients' and therapists' real relationship and session quality in brief therapy: An actor partner interdependence analysis. Psychotherapy, 51, 413–423.
  • McCullough, L., Kuhn, N., Andrews, S., Kaplan, A., Wolf, J., & Hurley, C. (2003). Treating affect phobia: A manual for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • McWilliams, N. (1994). Psychoanalytic diagnosis: Understanding personality structure in the clinical process. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality assessment inventory. Odessa, FL: Routledge.
  • Mullin, A. S. J., & Hilsenroth, M. (2014). Relationship between patient pre-treatment object relations functioning and psychodynamic techniques early in treatment. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 21, 123–131.
  • Mullin, A. S. J., Hilsenroth, M., Gold, J., & Farber, B. A. (2016). Changes in object relations over the course of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1002/cpp.2021
  • Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test: Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Pesale, F. P., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2009). Patient and therapist perspectives on session depth in relation to technique during psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 46, 390–396.
  • Peters, E. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Eudell-Simmons, E. M., Blagys, M. D., & Handler, L. (2006). Reliability and validity of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale in clinical use. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 606–614.
  • Pitman, S., Slavin-Mulford, J., & Hilsenroth, M. (2014). Psychodynamic techniques related to outcome for anxiety disorder patients at different points in treatment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202, 391–396.
  • Porcerelli, J. H., Dauphin, V. B., Ablon, J. S., Leitman, S., & Bambery, M. (2007). Psychoanalysis with avoidant personality disorder: A systematic case study. Psychotherapy, 44(1), 1–13.
  • Porcerelli, J. H., Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., Ford, R. Q., Mezza, J. A., & Greenlee, L. M. (2006). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Convergent validity and changes following intensive inpatient treatment. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 407–417.
  • Price, J. L., Hilsenroth, M. J., Callahan, K. L., Petretic-Jackson, P. A., & Bonge, D. (2004). A pilot study of psychodynamic psychotherapy for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 378–391.
  • Sanders, A., Hilsenroth, M., & Fowler, J. C. (2014). Object representation quality, therapeutic alliance, and psychotherapy process. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 78, 197.
  • Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
  • Slavin-Mulford, J., Hilsenroth, M., Weinberger, J., & Gold, J. (2011). Therapeutic interventions related to outcome in psychodynamic psychotherapy for anxiety disorder patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 214–221.
  • Speer, D. C. (1992). Clinically significant change: Jacobson and Truax (1991) revisited. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 402–408.
  • Speer, D. C. (1994). Can treatment research inform decision makers? Nonexperimental method issues and examples among older outpatients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 560–568.
  • Stein, M. B., Hilsenroth, M., Slavin-Mulford, J., & Pinsker, J. (2011). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Global rating method ( SCORS–G; 4th ed.). Unpublished manuscript, Boston, MA: Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
  • Stein, M. B., Pesale, F. P., Slavin, J. M., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2010). A training outline for conducting psychotherapy process ratings: An example using therapist technique. Counselling and Psychotherapy, 10(1), 50–59.
  • Stein, M. B., Slavin-Mulford, J., Sinclair, S. J., Siefert, C. J., & Blais, M. A. (2012). Exploring the construct validity of the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale in a clinical sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94, 533–540.
  • Thompson-Brenner, H., & Westen, D. (2005). A naturalistic study of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, Part 2: Therapeutic interventions in the community. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193, 585–595.
  • Ulberg, R., Amlo, S., Critchfield, K. L., Marble, A., & Høglend, P. (2014). Transference interventions and the process between therapist and patient. Psychotherapy, 51, 258–269.
  • Urist, J. (1977). The Rorschach test and the assessment of object relations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41(1), 3–9.
  • Wachtel, P. L. (1993). Therapeutic communication. New York, NY: Guilford.
  • Westen, D. (1991). Social cognition and object relations. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 429–455.
  • Westen, D. (1995). Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Q-sort for projective stories (SCORS–Q). Unpublished manuscript, Cambridge, MA: Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Hospital and Harvard Medical School.
  • Westen, D., & Muderrisoglu, S. (2003). Reliability and validity of personality disorder assessment using a systematic clinical interview: Evaluating an alternative to structured interviews. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17, 350–368.
  • Westen, D., & Muderrisoglu, S. (2006). Clinical assessment of pathological personality traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1285–1287.
  • Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and reality. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
  • Zilcha-Mano, S., McCarthy, K., Dinger, U., Barber, J. (2014). To what extent is alliance affected by transference? An empirical exploration. Psychotherapy, 51, 424–433.
  • Zimmerman, M., Rothschild, L., & Chelminski, I. (2005). The prevalence of DSM–IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1911–1918.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.