1,154
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Disentangling Gratitude: A Theoretical and Psychometric Examination of the Gratitude Resentment and Appreciation Test–Revised Short (GRAT–RS)

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 96-105 | Received 13 Feb 2017, Published online: 14 Jul 2017

References

  • Adler, M. G., & Fagley, N. S. (2005). Appreciation: Individual differences in finding value and meaning as a unique predictor of subjective well-being. Journal of Personality, 73, 79–114.
  • American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education, & Joint Committee on Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. (2014). Standards for educational and psychological testing. Washington, DC: AERA.
  • Bernstein, D. M., & Simmons, R. G. (1974). The adolescent kidney donor: The right to give. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 1338–1343.
  • Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological Review, 111, 1061–1071. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.1061
  • Brenner, R. E., Heath, P. J., Vogel, D. L., & Credé, M. (2017). Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Journal of Counseling Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/cou0000211
  • Brewster, M. E., Hammer, J., Sawyer, J. S., Eklund, A., & Palamar, J. (2016). Perceived experiences of atheist discrimination: Instrument development and evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/cou0000156
  • Brouwer, D., Meijer, R. R., & Zevalkink, J. (2013). On the factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory–II: G is the key. Psychological Assessment, 25, 136–145. doi:10.1037/a0029228
  • Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5.
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
  • Diessner, R., & Lewis, G. (2007). Further validation of the Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test (GRAT). The Journal of Social Psychology, 147, 445–447.
  • Diessner, R., Solom, R. D., Frost, N. K., Parsons, L., & Davidson, J. (2008). Engagement with beauty: Appreciating natural, artistic, and moral beauty. The Journal of Psychology, 142, 303–332.
  • Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2016). What predicts positive life events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9785-x
  • Fagley, N. S. (2012). Appreciation uniquely predicts life satisfaction above demographics, the Big 5 personality factors, and gratitude. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 59–63.
  • Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Series B Biological Sciences, 359, 1367–1378.
  • Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365–376.
  • Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, E. S., & Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23, 311–324.
  • Goodman, J. K., Cryder, C. E., & Cheema, A. (2013). Data collection in a flat world: The strengths and weaknesses of Mechanical Turk samples. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 26, 213–224.
  • Hammer, J. H. (2016, October). Average relative parameter bias (ARPB) calculator: A Microsoft Excel–based tool to calculate the ARPB statistic. Retrieved from http://DrJosephHammer.com/
  • Hammer, J. H., & Toland, M. D. (2016a). Bifactor analysis in Mplus [Video file]. Retrieved from http://sites.education.uky.edu/apslab/upcoming-events/
  • Hammer, J. H., & Toland, M. D. (2016b). Internal structure and reliability of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI–29) and brief versions (ISMI–10, ISMI–9) among Americans with depression. Stigma and Health. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/sah0000049
  • Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959–976.
  • Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., … Zaslavsky, A. M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 184–189. doi:10.1002/mpr.310
  • Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., … Lara, C. (2010). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: Results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19(1), 4–22.
  • Lannin, D. G., Vogel, D. L., Brenner, R. E., Abraham, T. W., & Heath, P. J. (2016). Does self-stigma reduce the probability of seeking mental health information? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63, 351–358. doi:10.1037/cou0000108
  • Li, C. R., Toland, M. D., & Usher, E. L. (2016). Dimensionality, scoring, and interpretation of the Short Grit Scale. Manuscript in preparation.
  • Li, D., Zhang, W., Li, X., Li, N., & Ye, B. (2012). Gratitude and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: Direct, mediated, and moderated effects. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 55–66.
  • Magno, C., & Orillosa, J. (2012). Gratitude and achievement emotions. Philippines Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14(1), 29–43.
  • Manela, T. (2013). Gratitude and appreciation. American Philosophical Quarterly, 53, 281–294.
  • McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112
  • Meade, A. W., & Craig, S. B. (2012). Identifying careless responses in survey data. Psychological Methods, 17, 437–455.
  • Muthén, B., Kaplan, D., & Hollis, M. (1987). On structural equation modeling with data that are not missing completely at random. Psychometrika, 52, 431–462.
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2012). Mplus user's guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Authors.
  • Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 411–419.
  • Pavot, W. G., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149–161.
  • Reise, S. P. (2012). The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47, 667–696.
  • Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013). Scoring and modeling psychological measures in the presence of multidimensionality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 129–140.
  • Reise, S. P., Moore, T. N., & Haviland, M. G. (2010). Bifactor models and rotations: Exploring the extent to which multidimensional data yield univocal scale scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 544–559.
  • Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016a). Applying bifactor statistical indices in the evaluation of psychological measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 223–237.
  • Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016b). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21, 137–150.
  • Schroder, H. S., Dawood, S., Yalch, M. M., Donnellan, M. B., & Moser, J. S. (2016). Evaluating the domain specificity of mental health-related mind-sets. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 508–520.
  • Shapiro, D. N., Chandler, J., & Mueller, P. A. (2013). Using Mechanical Turk to study clinical populations. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 213–220.
  • Solom, R., Watkins, P. C., McCurrach, D., & Scheibe, D. (2017). Thieves of thankfulness: Traits that inhibit gratitude. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12, 120–129.
  • Spangler, K. (2010). Does gratitude enhance self-esteem? (Unpublished master's thesis). Eastern Washington University, Cheney.
  • Thomas, M., & Watkins, P. (2003, May). Measuring the grateful trait: Development of revised GRAT. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
  • Toussaint, L., & Friedman, P. (2009). Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10, 635–654. doi:10.1007/s10902-008-9111-8
  • Tracey, T. J. G. (2012). Problems with single interest scales: Implications of the general factor. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81, 378–384. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.001
  • Van Dusen, J. P. (2014). Relationships amongst gratitude, well-being and depression (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Toledo, Toledo, OH.
  • Van Dusen, J. P., Tiamiyu, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., & Elhai, J. D. (2015). Gratitude, depression and PTSD: Assessment of structural relationships. Psychiatry Research, 230, 867–870.
  • Watkins, P. C. (2009, April). Gratitude: Amplifier of the good. Invited paper presented to the 89th annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Portland, OR.
  • Watkins, P. C. (2014). What is gratitude and how can it be measured? In P. C. Watkins (Ed.), Gratitude and the good life (pp. 13–40). doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7253-3_2
  • Watkins, P. C., Cruz, L., Holben, H., & Kolts, R. L. (2008). Taking care of business? Grateful processing of unpleasant memories. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 87–99.
  • Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude and relationships with subjective well-being. Social Behavior and Personality, 31, 431–452.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
  • Wei, M., Liao, K., Ku, T., & Shaffer, P. A. (2011). Attachment, self-compassion, empathy, and subjective well-being among college students and community adults. Journal of Personality, 79, 191–221.
  • Weston, R., & Gore, P. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 719–751.
  • Wilder, T. (2007). The cabala and the woman of Andros [HarperCollins e-book version]. Retrieved from https://www.harpercollins.com
  • Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890–905.
  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Gillett, R., Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2008). The role of gratitude in the development of social support, stress, and depression: Two longitudinal studies. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 854–871.
  • Wood, A. M., Maltby, J., Stewart, N., & Joseph, S. (2008). Conceptualizing gratitude and appreciation as a unitary personality trait. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 621–632.
  • Worthington, R. L., & Whitaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806–838.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.