2,657
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Psychometric Validation of PHQ–9 and GAD–7 in Filipino Migrant Domestic Workers in Macao (SAR), China

, , , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 833-844 | Received 20 Feb 2019, Accepted 28 Jun 2019, Published online: 30 Jul 2019

References

  • Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A., & Afolabi, O. O. (2006). Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1–2), 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
  • Adjorlolo, S. (2018). Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of executive function tests in moderate traumatic brain injury in Ghana. Assessment, 25(4), 498–512. doi:10.1177/1073191116646445
  • Ali, G.-C., Ryan, G., & De Silva, M. J. (2016). Validated screening tools for common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Plos One, 11(6), e0156939. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156939
  • Allen, G. E. K., Conklin, H. A., & Kane, D. K. (2017). Racial discrimination and psychological health among Polynesians in the US. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(3), 416–424. doi:10.1037/cdp0000133
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association.
  • Anjara, S. G., Nellums, L. B., Bonetto, C., & Van Bortel, T. (2017). Stress, health and quality of life of female migrant domestic workers in Singapore: A cross-sectional study. BMC Women's Health, 17(1), 98. doi:10.1186/s12905-017-0442-7
  • Ayalon, L. (2012). Suicidal and depressive symptoms in Filipino home care workers in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27(1), 51–63. doi:10.1007/s10823-011-9156-8
  • Beard, C., Hsu, K. J., Rifkin, L. S., Busch, A. B., & Bjorgvinsson, T. (2016). Validation of the PHQ-9 in a psychiatric sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 267–273. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.075
  • Belzer, K., & Schneier, F. R. (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: Issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(5), 296–306.
  • Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(6), 489–498. doi:10.1002/jts.22059
  • Bovin, M. J., Marx, B. P., Weathers, F. W., Gallagher, M. W., Rodriguez, P., Schnurr, P. P., & Keane, T. M. (2016). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychology Assess, 28(11), 1379–1391. doi:10.1037/pas0000254
  • Chen, C. Y., Yu, N. W., Huang, T. H., Wang, W. S., & Fang, J. T. (2018). Harm avoidance and depression, anxiety, insomnia, and migraine in fifth-year medical students in Taiwan. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 1273–1280. doi:10.2147/NDT.S163021
  • Chen, M. A. (2011). Recognizing domestic workers, regulating domestic work: Conceptual, measurement, and regulatory challenges. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 23(1), 167–184. doi:10.3138/cjwl.23.1.167
  • Chen, S., Chiu, H., Xu, B., Ma, Y., Jin, T., Wu, M., & Conwell, Y. (2010). Reliability and validity of the PHQ‐9 for screening late‐life depression in Chinese primary care. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 25(11), 1127–1133. doi:10.1002/gps.2442
  • Chen, W., Hall, B. J., Ling, L., & Renzaho, A. M. (2017). Pre-migration and post-migration factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the moderation effect of post-migration stressors: Findings from the first wave data of the BNLA cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(3), 218–229. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30032-9
  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.100.3.316
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
  • D’Agostino, R. B., & Belanger, A. (1990). A suggestion for using powerful and informative tests of normality. The American Statistician, 44(4), 316–321. doi:10.2307/2684359
  • Donlan, W., & Lee, J. (2010). Screening for depression among indigenous Mexican migrant farmworkers using the Patient Health Questionnaire–9. Psychological Reports, 106(2), 419–432. doi:10.2466/pr0.106.2.419-432
  • Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications.
  • Garabiles, M. R., Harper-Shehadeh, M., & Hall, B. J. (2019). The cultural adaptation of scalable WHO eMental Health program for Overseas Filipino Workers. Journal of Medical Internet Research-Formative, 3(1):e11600.
  • Garabiles, M. R., Ofreneo, M. A. P., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Towards a model of resilience for transnational families of Filipina domestic workers. Plos One, 12(8), e0183703. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183703
  • Gilbody, S., Richards, D., & Barkham, M. (2007). Diagnosing depression in primary care using self-completed instruments: UK validation of PHQ–9 and CORE–OM. British Journal of General Practice, 57(541), 650–652.
  • Gliem, J. A., & Gliem, R. R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting, and reporting Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales.
  • Hall, B. J., Garabiles, M. R., & Latkin, C. A. (2019). Work life, relationship, and policy determinants of health and well-being among Filipino domestic workers in China: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 229. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6552-4
  • Hall, B. J., Pangan, C. A. C., Chan, E. W. W., & Huang, R. L. (2019). The buffering effect of social capital on perceived discrimination on depression and anxiety symptoms among female domestic workers in Macao. Psychiatry Research, 271, 200–207. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.050
  • Hall, B. J., Shi, W., Garabiles, M. R., & Chan, E. (2018). Correlates of expected eMental Health uptake among Filipino domestic workers in China. Global Mental Health, 5, e33. doi:10.1017/gmh.2018.25
  • Hall, B. J., Yip, P. S. Y., Garabiles, M. R., Lao, C. K., Chan, E. W. W., & Marx, B. P. (2019). Psychometric validation of the PTSD Checklist-5 among female Filipino migrant workers. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1571378. doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1571378
  • Hawker, G. A., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T., & French, M. (2011). Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care & Research, 63(S11), S240–S252. doi:10.1002/acr.20543
  • Hinz, A., Klein, A. M., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., Luck, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G., … Hilbert, A. (2017). Psychometric evaluation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener GAD-7, based on a large German general population sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 210, 338–344. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.012
  • Human Rights Watch. (2008). Lebanon: Migrant domestic workers dying every week. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/08/26/lebanon-migrant-domestic-workers-dying-every-week
  • Ikram, U. Z., Snijder, M. B., Fassaert, T. J. L., Schene, A. H., Kunst, A. E., & Stronks, K. (2015). The contribution of perceived ethnic discrimination to the prevalence of depression. European Journal of Public Health, 25(2), 243–248. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cku180
  • International Labour Office. (2015). ILO global estimates on migrant workers: Results and methodology. Geneva: International Labour Office. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_436343.pdf.
  • International Labour Office. (2017). Formalizing domestic work. Geneva: International Labour Office Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_protect/—protrav/—travail/documents/publication/wcms_536998.pdf.
  • International Labour Organization. (2013). Domestic workers across the world: Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection. Switzerland: International Labour Office. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2013/113B09_2_engl.pdf.
  • Iqbal, N., & Dar, K. A. (2015). Negative affectivity, depression, and anxiety: Does rumination mediate the links?. Journal of Affective Disorders, 181, 18–23. doi: doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.002
  • JASP Team. (2018). JASP (Version 0.9.0.1)[Computer software].
  • Kerkenaar, M. M., Maier, M., Kutalek, R., Lagro-Janssen, A. L., Ristl, R., & Pichlhofer, O. (2013). Depression and anxiety among migrants in Austria: A population based study of prevalence and utilization of health care services. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(1), 220–228. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.081
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Kujanpää, T., Ylisaukko-Oja, T., Jokelainen, J., Hirsikangas, S., Kanste, O., Kyngäs, H., & Timonen, M. (2014). Prevalence of anxiety disorders among Finnish primary care high utilizers and validation of Finnish translation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 screening tools. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 32(2), 78–83. doi:10.3109/02813432.2014.920597
  • Kumar, G., Steer, R. A., Teitelman, K. B., & Villacis, L. (2002). Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory–Ii Subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Assessment, 9(2), 164–170. doi:10.1177/10791102009002007
  • Lambert, M. J., & Hawkins, E. J. (2004). Measuring outcome in professional practice: Considerations in selecting and using brief outcome instruments. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(5), 492–499. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.35.5.492
  • Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Harnett Sheehan, K., … Dunbar, G. C. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224–231. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83296-8
  • Lindert, J., von Ehrenstein, O. S., Priebe, S., Mielck, A., & Brähler, E. (2009). Depression and anxiety in labor migrants and refugees–a systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 69(2), 246–257. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.04.032
  • Litster, B., Fiest, K. M., Patten, S. B., Fisk, J. D., Walker, J. R., Graff, L. A., … Marrie, R. A. (2016). Screening tools for anxiety in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. International Journal of MS Care, 18(6), 273–281. doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2016-004
  • Lowe, B., Unutzer, J., Callahan, C. M., Perkins, A. J., & Kroenke, K. (2004). Monitoring depression treatment outcomes with the patient health questionnaire-9. Medical Care, 42(12), 1194–1201. doi:10.1097/00005650-200412000-00006
  • Macau Labour Affairs Bureau. (2018). Number of non-resident workers by industry and country/region of issuance of identification document - End of August 2018. In T. A1 (Ed.).
  • Malhotra, R., Arambepola, C., Tarun, S., de Silva, V., Kishore, J., & Østbye, T. (2013). Health issues of female foreign domestic workers: A systematic review of the scientific and gray literature. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 19(4), 261–277. doi:10.1179/2049396713Y.0000000041
  • Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2012). Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): A meta-analysis. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(3), E191–E196. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110829
  • May, C. L., & Wisco, B. E. (2016). Defining trauma: How level of exposure and proximity affect risk for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(2), 233. doi:10.1037/tra0000077
  • McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011). Rumination as a Transdiagnostic Factor in Depression and Anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(3), 186–193. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.006
  • MedCalc Software bvba. (2018). MedCalc Statistical Software version 18. Ostend, Belgium.
  • Mendoza, N. B., Mordeno, I. G., Latkin, C. A., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Evidence of the paradoxical effect of social network support: A study among Filipino domestic workers in China. Psychiatry Res, 255, 263–271. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.037
  • Mordeno, I. G., & Hall, B. J. (2017). DSM-5-based latent PTSD models: Assessing structural relations with GAD in Filipino post-relocatees. Psychiatry Research, 258, 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.057
  • Myers, L., & Sirois, M. J. (2006). Spearman correlation coefficients, differences between. In S. Kotz, C. B. Read, N. Balakrishnan, B. Vidakovic, & N. L. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistical sciences (Vol. 12).
  • Nakku, J. E. M., Rathod, S. D., Kizza, D., Breuer, E., Mutyaba, K., Baron, E. C., … Kigozi, F. (2016). Validity and diagnostic accuracy of the Luganda version of the 9-item and 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire for detecting major depressive disorder in rural Uganda. Global Mental Health, 3, e20. doi:10.1017/gmh.2016.14
  • Nallusamy, V., Afgarshe, M., & Shlosser, H. (2016). Reliability and validity of Somali version of the PHQ-9 in primary care practice. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 51(6), 508–520. doi:10.1177/0091217417696732
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 115. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115
  • Organista, K. C., Ngo, S., Neilands, T. B., & Kral, A. H. (2017). Living conditions and psychological distress in Latino migrant day laborers: The role of cultural and community protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology, 59(1-2), 94–105. doi:10.1002/ajcp.12113
  • Philippine Statistics Authority. (2017). 2016 Survey on Overseas Filipinos. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/2016-survey-overseas-filipinos
  • Piedmont, R. L. (2014). Inter-item Correlations. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 3303–3304). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  • Plummer, F., Manea, L., Trepel, D., & McMillan, D. (2016). Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: A systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 39, 24–31. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005
  • Prince, M., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007). No health without mental health. The Lancet, 370(9590), 859–877. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61238-0
  • Ruiz, M. A., Zamorano, E., Garcia-Campayo, J., Pardo, A., Freire, O., & Rejas, J. (2011). Validity of the GAD-7 scale as an outcome measure of disability in patients with generalized anxiety disorders in primary care. Journal of Affective Disorders, 128(3), 277–286. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.010[Misma + tch]
  • Salganik, M. J., & Heckathorn, D. D. (2004). Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent‐driven sampling. Sociological Methodology, 34(1), 193–240. doi:10.1111/j.0081-1750.2004.00152.x
  • Sandberg, J. C., Grzywacz, J. G., Talton, J. W., Quandt, S. A., Chen, H., Chatterjee, A. B., & Arcury, T. A. (2012). A cross-sectional exploration of excessive daytime sleepiness, depression and musculoskeletal pain among migrant farmworkers. Journal of Agromedicine, 17(1), 70–80. doi:10.1080/1059924X.2012.626750
  • Saraga, M., Gholam-Rezaee, M., & Preisig, M. (2013). Symptoms, comorbidity, and clinical course of depression in immigrants: Putting psychopathology in context. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(2), 795–799. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.001
  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., … Dunbar, G. C. (1998). The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IVand ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(Suppl 20), 2233.
  • Shin, J., Park, S.-Y., Cho, S., Chiu, Y.-L., Bang, H., & Bernstein, K. S. (2010). Validation of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Korean version (PHQ-9K) scale for screening depression among Korean Americans in community settings. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 14(2), 45.
  • Soper, D. (2019). Significance of the difference between two correlations calculator. Retrieved from https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=104
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • StatCorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
  • Swets, J. A. (1988). Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science (New York, N.Y.), 240(4857), 1285–1293. doi:10.1126/science.3287615
  • Titov, N., Dear, B. F., McMillan, D., Anderson, T., Zou, J., & Sunderland, M. (2011). Psychometric comparison of the PHQ-9 and BDI-II for measuring response during treatment of depression. Cognitive Behaviour Theraphy, 40(2), 126–136. doi:10.1080/16506073.2010.550059
  • Tonsing, K., Zimet, G. D., & Tse, S. (2012). Assessing social support among South Asians: The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 5(2), 164–168. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.02.012
  • Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259.
  • Tribble, A. G., Summers, P., Chen, H., Quandt, S. A., & Arcury, T. A. (2016). Musculoskeletal pain, depression and stress among Latino Manual Laborers in North Carolina. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 71(6), 309–316. doi:10.1080/19338244.2015.1100104
  • Watkins, M. W. (2017). The reliability of multidimensional neuropsychological measures: From alpha to omega. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(6-7), 1113–1126. doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1317364
  • Weathers, F., Blake, D., Schnurr, P., Kaloupek, D., Marx, B., & Keane, T. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.
  • Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of Health Psychology, 2(3), 335–351. doi:10.1177/135910539700200305
  • Winer, E. S., Bryant, J., Bartoszek, G., Rojas, E., Nadorff, M. R., & Kilgore, J. (2017). Mapping the relationship between anxiety, anhedonia, and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 289–296. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.006
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates. Retrieved from
  • Xiong, N., Fritzsche, K., Wei, J., Hong, X., Leonhart, R., Zhao, X., … Fischer, F. (2015). Validation of patient health questionnaire (PHQ) for major depression in Chinese outpatients with multiple somatic symptoms: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 636–643. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.042
  • Yu, X. N., Tam, W. W. S., Wong, P. T. K., Lam, T. H., & Stewart, S. M. (2012). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for measuring depressive symptoms among the general population in Hong Kong. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(1), 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.11.002
  • Zhong, Q.-Y., Gelaye, B., Zaslavsky, A. M., Fann, J. R., Rondon, M. B., Sánchez, S. E., & Williams, M. A. (2015). Diagnostic validity of the generalized anxiety disorder - 7 (GAD-7) among pregnant women. Plos One, 10(4), e0125096–e0125096. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125096
  • Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
  • Zou, K. H., O’Malley, A. J., & Mauri, L. (2007). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation, 115(5), 654–657. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.594929
  • Zuithoff, N. P. A., Vergouwe, Y., King, M., Nazareth, I., van Wezep, M. J., Moons, K. G. M., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for detection of major depressive disorder in primary care: Consequences of current thresholds in a crosssectional study. BMC Family Practice, 11(1), 98–98. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-11-98

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.