663
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Improving Our Understanding of the Death/Life Implicit Association Test

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 845-857 | Received 19 Feb 2019, Accepted 06 Aug 2019, Published online: 23 Sep 2019

References

  • Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2010). Sleep and emotions: A focus on insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(4), 227–238. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.10.007
  • Barnes, S. M., Bahraini, N. H., Forster, J. E., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., Hostetter, T. A., Smith, G., … Nock, M. K. (2017). Moving Beyond Self-Report: Implicit Associations about Death/Life Prospectively Predict Suicidal Behavior among Veterans. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 47(1), 67–77. doi:10.1111/sltb.12265
  • Bastien, C., Vallieres, A., & Morin, C. (2001). Validation of the Insomnia Severity Index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2(4), 297–307. doi:10.1016/S1389-9457(00)00065-4
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for Suicide Ideation: Psychometric properties of a self-report version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 499–505. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198807)44:4<499::AID-JCLP2270440404>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Benjamin, D. J., Berger, J. O., Johannesson, M., Nosek, B. A., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Berk, R., … Johnson, V. E. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(1), 6–10. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z
  • Bernert, R. A., Joiner, T. E., Cukrowicz, K. C., Schmidt, N. B., & Krakow, B. (2005). Suicidality and sleep disturbances. Sleep, 28(9), 1135–1141. doi:10.1093/sleep/28.9.1135
  • Boyd, J. E., Otilingam, P. G., & Deforge, B. R. (2014). Brief version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale: Psychometric properties and relationship to depression, self esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and perceived devaluation and discrimination. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 37(1), 17–23. doi:10.1037/prj0000035
  • Brewin, C. R., Dalgleish, T., & Joseph, S. (1996). A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Review, 103(4), 670–686. doi:10.1037//0033-295X.103.4.670
  • Brodsky, B. S., Spruch-Feiner, A., & Stanley, B. (2018). The Zero Suicide model: Applying evidence-based suicide prevention practices to clinical care. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(33), 33. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00033
  • Bryan, C. J., Mintz, J., Clemans, T. A., Burch, T. S., Leeson, B., Williams, S., & Rudd, M. D. (2018). Effect of crisis response planning on patient mood and clinician decision making: A clinical trial with suicidal U.S. soldiers. Psychiatric Services, 69(1), 108–111. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201700157
  • Bryan, C. J., Rudd, M. D., Peterson, A. L., Young-McCaughan, S., & Wertenberger, E. G. (2016). The ebb and flow of the wish to live and the wish to die among suicidal military personnel. Journal of Affective Disorders, 202, 58–66. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.049
  • Bucci, W., & Freedman, N. (1981). The language of depression. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 45(4), 334–358.
  • Canetto, S. S. (2015). Suicide: why are older men so vulnerable? Men and Masculinities, 20(1), 49–70. doi:10.1177/1097184X15613832
  • Carleton, R. N., McCreary, D. R., Norton, P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2006). Brief fear of negative evaluation scale—Revised. Depression and Anxiety, 23(5), 297–303. doi:10.1002/da.20142
  • Cha, C., & Nock, M. K. (2009). Emotional intelligence is a protective factor for suicidal behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(4), 422–430. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181984f44
  • Chu, C., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Tucker, R. P., Hagan, C. R., … Joiner, T. E. (2017). The interpersonal theory of suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a decade of cross-national research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1313–1345. doi:10.1037/bul0000123
  • Chu, C., Klein, K. M., Buchman-Schmitt, J. M., Hom, M. A., Hagan, C. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Routinized assessment of suicide risk in clinical practice: An empirically informed update. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(12), 1186–1200. doi:10.1002/jclp.22210
  • Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The Quad Model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 469–487. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.469
  • de Leeuw, J. R. (2015). jsPsych: A JavaScript library for creating behavioral experiments in a Web browser. Behavior Research Methods, 47(1), 1–12. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0458-y
  • Denneson, L. M., Kovas, A. E., Britton, P. C., Kaplan, M. S., McFarland, B. H., & Dobscha, S. K. (2016). Suicide risk documented during veterans’ last Veterans Affairs health care contacts prior to suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(3), 363–374. doi:10.1111/sltb.12226
  • Drummond, S. P. A., Walker, M., Almklov, E., Campos, M., Anderson, D. E., & Straus, L. D. (2013). Neural correlates of working memory performance in primary insomnia. Sleep, 36(9), 1307–1316. doi:10.5665/sleep.2952
  • Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
  • Franklin, J. C., Fox, K. R., Franklin, C. R., Kleiman, E. M., Ribeiro, J. D., Jaroszewski, A. C., … Nock, M. K. (2016). A brief mobile app reduces nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injury: Evidence from three randomized controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(6), 544–557. doi:10.1037/ccp0000093
  • Fulginiti, A., Pahwa, R., Frey, L. M., Rice, E., & Brekke, J. S. (2016). What factors influence the decision to share suicidal thoughts? A multilevel social network analysis of disclosure among individuals with serious mental illness. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 46(4), 398–412. doi:10.1111/sltb.12224
  • Galdas, P. M., Cheater, F., & Marshall, P. (2005). Men and health help-seeking behaviour: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(6), 616–623. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03331.x
  • Glenn, J. J., Werntz, A. J., Slama, S. J. K., Steinman, S. A., Teachman, B. A., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Suicide and self-injury-related implicit cognition: A large-scale examination and replication. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(2), 199–211. doi:10.1037/abn0000230
  • Gnambs, T. (2016). Implicit Association Test. Retrieved from http://timo.gnambs.at/scripts/oiat
  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464
  • Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
  • Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: III Meta-Analysis of Predictive Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 17–41. doi:10.1037/a0015575
  • Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., D'Augelli, A. R., … Clayton, P. J. (2010). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Review and recommendations. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(1), 10–51. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.534038
  • Harris, K. M., McLean, J. P., Sheffield, J., & Jobes, D. A. (2010). The internal suicide debate hypothesis: Exploring the life versus death struggle. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(2), 181–192. doi:10.1521/suli.2010.40.2.181
  • Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(2), 227–239. doi:10.1348/014466505X29657
  • Hilbig, B. E. (2016). Reaction time effects in lab- versus Web-based research: Experimental evidence. Behavior Research Methods, 48(4), 1718–1724. doi:10.3758/s13428-015-0678-9
  • Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M. (2008). Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(4), 962–977. doi:10.1037/a0012705
  • Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2015). Evaluating factors and interventions that influence help-seeking and mental health service utilization among suicidal individuals: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 28–39. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.006
  • Hom, M. A., Stanley, I. H., Podlogar, M. C., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Are you having thoughts of suicide?” examining experiences with disclosing and denying suicidal ideation. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1382–1392. doi:10.1002/jclp.22440
  • IBM Corp. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
  • Jobes, D. A. (2012). The Collaborative Assessment and Management of Suicidality (CAMS): An evolving evidence-based clinical approach to suicidal risk. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42(6), 640–653. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00119.x
  • Jobes, D. A. (2016). Managing suicidal risk: A collaborative approach (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
  • Kleiman, E. M., Turner, B. J., Fedor, S., Beale, E. E., Huffman, J. C., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Examination of real-time fluctuations in suicidal ideation and its risk factors: Results from two ecological momentary assessment studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(6), 726–738. doi:10.1037/abn0000273
  • Lane, K. A., Banaji, M. R., Nosek, B. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2007). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: IV what we know (so far) about the method. In B. Wittenbrink & N. Schwarz (Eds.), Implicit measures of attitudes (pp. 59–102). New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371–375. doi:10.1177/0146167283093007
  • Linehan, M. M., Comtois, K. A., Murray, A. M., Brown, M. Z., Gallop, R. J., Heard, H. L., … Lindenboim, N. (2006). Two-year randomized controlled trial and follow-up of dialectical behavior therapy vs therapy by experts for suicidal behaviors and borderline personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(7), 757–766. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.7.757
  • Ma, J., Batterham, P. J., Calear, A. L., & Han, J. (2016). A systematic review of the predictions of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicidal Behaviour. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 34. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.008
  • Mansfield, A., Addis, M., & Mahalik, J. (2003). Why won’t he go to the doctor?”: The psychology of men’s help seeking. International Journal of Men's Health, 2(2), 93–109. doi:10.3149/jmh.0202.93
  • Millner, A. J., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Teachman, B. A., & Nock, M. K. (2018). The Brief Death Implicit Association Test: Scoring recommendations, reliability, validity, and comparisons with the Death Implicit Association Test. Psychological Assessment, 30(10), 1356–1366. doi:10.1037/pas0000580
  • Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). The Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep, 34(5), 601–608. doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601
  • Niederkrotenthaler, T., Reidenberg, D. J., Till, B., & Gould, M. S. (2014). Increasing help-seeking and referrals for individuals at risk for suicide by decreasing stigma: The role of mass media. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3), S235–S243. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.010
  • Nock, M. K., Park, J. M., Finn, C. T., Deliberto, T. L., Dour, H. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2010). Measuring the suicidal mind: Implicit cognition predicts suicidal behavior. Psychological Science, 21(4), 511–517. doi:10.1177/0956797610364762
  • Nosek, B. A. (2005). Moderators of the relationship between implicit and explicit evaluation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134(4), 565–584. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.134.4.565
  • Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001). The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R):Validation with Clinical and Nonclinical Samples. Assessment, 8(4), 443–454. doi:10.1177/107319110100800409
  • Podlogar, M. C., & Joiner, T. E. (2019). Allowing for Nondisclosure in High Suicide Risk Groups. Assessment. doi:10.1177/1073191119845495
  • Podlogar, M. C., Rogers, M. L., Chiurliza, B., Hom, M. A., Tzoneva, M., & Joiner, T. E. (2016). Who are we missing? Nondisclosure in online suicide risk screening questionnaires. Psychological Assessment, 28(8), 963–974. doi:10.1037/pas0000242
  • Randall, J. R., Rowe, B. H., Dong, K. A., Nock, M. K., & Colman, I. (2013). Assessment of self-harm risk using implicit thoughts. Psychological Assessment, 25(3), 714–721. doi:10.1037/a0032391
  • Ribeiro, J. D., Gutierrez, P. M., Joiner, T. E., Kessler, R. C., Petukhova, M. V., Sampson, N. A., … Nock, M. K. (2017). Health care contact and suicide risk documentation prior to suicide death: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(4), 403–408. doi:10.1037/ccp0000178
  • Ritsher, J. B., Otilingam, P. G., & Grajales, M. (2003). Internalized stigma of mental illness: Psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Research, 121(1), 31–49. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.08.008
  • Rudd, M. D. (2000). The Suicidal Mode: A Cognitive-Behavioral Model of Suicidality. Suicide &Amp; Life-Threatening Behavior, 30(1), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278X.2000.tb01062.x
  • Schmitt, M., Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Gerstenberg, F. X. R., & Zinkernagel, A. (2015). A model of moderated convergence between direct, indirect, and behavioral measures of personality traits. In F. J. R. van de Vijver & T. Ortner (Eds.), Behavior based assessment: Going beyond self-report in the personality, affective, motivation, and social domains (pp. 29–44). Oxford: Hogrefe.
  • Schultheiss, O. C., & Strasser, A. (2012). Referential processing and competence as determinants of congruence between implicit and explicit motives. In S. Vazire & T. D. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of self-knowledge (pp. 39–62). New York: Guilford.
  • Suicide Prevention Resource Center [SPRC]. (2015). Zero suicide. Retrieved from http://zerosuicide.sprc.org/
  • The Joint Commission. (2018). R3 Report: National patient safety goal for suicide prevention. Retrieved from https://www.jointcommission.org/assets/1/18/R3_18_Suicide_prevention_HAP_BHC_11_27_18_FINAL.pdf
  • Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859
  • Van Orden, K. A., Cukrowicz, K. C., Witte, T. K., & Joiner, T. E. (2012). Thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness: Construct validity and psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire. Psychological Assessment, 24(1), 197–215. doi:10.1037/a0025358
  • Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. doi:10.1037/a0018697
  • Vannoy, S. D., Park, M., Maroney, M. R., Unützer, J., Apesoa-Varano, E. C., & Hinton, L. (2018). The perspective of older men with depression on suicide and its prevention in primary care. Crisis, 39(5), 397–405. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000511
  • Vogel, D. L., & Wade, N. G. (2009). Stigma and help-seeking. The Psychologist, 22(1), 20–23. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2009-09587-001
  • Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., Ciarrochi, J., & Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of the general help seeking questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 39(1), 15–28. Retrieved from http://cjcp.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/cjc/index.php/rcc/article/view/265
  • Wilson, T. D. (2009). Know thyself. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(4), 384–389. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01143.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.