Does the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) Differ from the Comprehensive System (CS) on Variables Relevant to Interpretation?

References

• Bornstein, R. F. (1996). Construct validity of the Rorschach oral dependency scale: 1967–1995. Psychological Assessment, 8(2), 200–205. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.2.200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, R. F. (1999). Criterion validity of objective and projective dependency tests: A meta-analytic assessment of behavioral prediction. Psychological Assessment, 11(1), 48–57. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.1.48
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, R. F. (2007). Might the Rorschach be a projective test after all? Social projection of an undesired trait alters Rorschach Oral Dependency scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(3), 354–367. doi:10.1080/00223890701333514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J. (1949). Statistical methods applied to Rorschach scores: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 46(5), 393–429. doi:10.1037/h0059467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16–29. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.1.16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, K. L., Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). A method to optimize the response range while maintaining Rorschach comprehensive system validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(2), 149–161. doi:10.1080/00223890701468543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Shaffer, S. A., & Sexton, J. E. (2011). A meta‐analysis of the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Endex (EII) and psychiatric severity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, 464–485. doi:10.1002/cpp.725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erard, R. E., Meyer, G. J., & Viglione, D. J. (2014). Setting the record straight: Comment on Gurley, Piechowski, Sheehan, and Gray (2014) on the admissibility of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) in court. Psychological Injury and Law, 7(2), 165–177. doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9195-x
   Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1974). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (Vol. 1). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1986). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System, Vol. 1: Basic foundations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1988). Problems with brief Rorschach protocols. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 640–647. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5204_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1989). Searching for projection in the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 53(3), 520–536. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5303_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1992). R in Rorschach research: A ghost revisited. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(2), 245–251. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5802_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1993). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System, Vol. 1: Basic foundations (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (1997). Rorschach Workshops and the future. 1997 Alumni Newsletter. Asheville, NC: Rorschach Workshops, July 7.
   Google Scholar
• Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system. Vol. 1. Basic foundations (4th ed). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Feltz, C. J., & Miller, G. E. (1996). An asymptotic test for the equality of coefficients of variation from k populations. Statistics in Medicine, 15(6), 647–658. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960330)15:6<647::AID-SIM184>3.0.CO;2-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graceffo, R. A., Mihura, J. L., & Meyer, G. J. (2014). A meta-analysis of an implicit measure of personality functioning: The Mutuality of Autonomy Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(6), 581–595. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.919299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurley, J., Piechowski, L. D., Sheehan, B., & Gray, J. (2014). The admissibility of the R-PAS in court. Psychological Injury and Law, 7(1), 9–17. doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9182-2
   Google Scholar
• Hosseininasab, A., Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Berant, E., Resende, A. C., … Mohammadi, M. R. (2019). The effect of CS administration or an R-Optimized alternative on R–PAS variables: A meta-analysis of findings from six studies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(2), 199–212. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1393430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, D. C. (2009). Statistical methods for psychology (7th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Khadivi, A., & Evans, F. B. (2012). The brave new world of forensic Rorschach assessment: comments on the Rorschach special section. Psychological Injury and Law, 5(2), 145–149. doi:10.1007/s12207-012-9134-7
   Google Scholar
• Kivisto, A. J., Gacono, C., & Medoff, D. (2013). Does the R-PAS meet standards for forensic use? Considerations with introducing a new Rorschach coding system. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 13(5), 389–410. doi:10.1080/15228932.2013.838106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakens, D. (2017). Equivalence tests: A practical primer for t tests, correlations, and meta-analyses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 355–362. doi:10.1177/1948550617697177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O., Wood, J. M., & Garb, H. N. (2000). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1(2), 27–66. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J. (1992). Response frequency problems in the Rorschach: Clinical and research implications with suggestions for the future. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(2), 231–244. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5802_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J. (1993). The impact of response frequency on the Rorschach constellation indices and on their validity with diagnostic and MMPI-2 criteria. Journal of Personality Assessment, 60(1), 153–180. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6001_13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Erdberg, P., & Shaffer, T. W. (2007). Toward international normative reference data for the Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(sup1), S201–S216. doi:10.1080/00223890701629342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Reese, J. B., & Mihura, J. L. (2015). The association of gender, ethnicity, age, and education with Rorschach scores. Assessment, 22, 46–64. doi:10.1177/1073191114544358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Baxter, D., Exner, J. E., Jr., Fowler, J. C., Piers, C. C., & Resnick, J. (2002). An examination of interrater reliability for scoring the Rorschach Comprehensive System in eight data sets. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(2), 219–274. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7802_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Hosseininasab, A., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Berant, E., Resende, A. C., & Reese, J. (2018). The effect of CS administration or an R-Optimized alternative on potential projective material in Rorschach responses from six studies and a meta-analysis of their findings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–12. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1492926
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Hsiao, W.-C., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., & Abraham, L. M. (2013). Rorschach scores in applied clinical practice: A survey of perceived validity by experienced clinicians. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 351–365. doi:10.1080/00223891.2013.770399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Shaffer, T. W., Erdberg, P., & Horn, S. L. (2015). Addressing issues in the development and use of the composite international reference values as Rorschach norms for adults. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97(4), 330–347. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.961603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Erdberg, P., Exner, J. E., Jr., & Shaffer, T. (2004, March). CS scoring differences in the Rorschach Workshop and Fresno nonpatient samples. Paper presented at the Society for Personality Assessment, Miami, FL, March 11.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). Rorschach Performance Assessment System: Administration, coding, interpretation, and technical manual. Toledo: Rorschach Performance Assessment System.
   Google Scholar
• Mihura, J. L., Dumitrascu, N., Roy, M. & Meyer, G. J. (2018). The centrality of the response process in construct validity: An illustration via the Rorschach Space response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100, 233–249. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1306781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Dumitrascu, N., & Bombel, G. (2013). The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the comprehensive system. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 548–605. doi:10.1037/a0029406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monroe, J. M., Diener, M. J., Fowler, J. C., Sexton, J. E., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2013). Criterion validity of the Rorschach Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) scale: A meta-analytic review. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 30(4), 535–566. doi:10.1037/a0033290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa, S., Poulin, R., Mengersen, K., Reinhold, K., Engqvist, L., Lagisz, M., & Senior, A. M. (2015). Meta-analysis of variation: Ecological and evolutionary applications and beyond. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6(2), 143–152. doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento, R. S. G. F. (2007). Rorschach Comprehensive System data for a sample of 409 adult nonpatients from Brazil. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89, S35–S41. doi:10.1080/00223890701582905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, G. R., Sloan, J. A., & Wyrwich, K. W. (2003). Interpretation of changes in health-related quality of life: The remarkable universality of half a standard deviation. Medical Care, 41(5), 582–592. doi:10.1097/00005650-200305000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pianowski, G., Meyer, G. J., & Villemor-Amaral, A. E. (2016a). The impact of R-Optimizes administration modeling procedures on Brazillian normative values for Rorschach scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(4), 408–418. doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1148701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pianowski, G., Meyer, G. J., & Villemor-Amaral, A. E. (2016b). Potential projective material on the Rorschach: Comparing Comprehensive System protocols to their modeled r-optimized administration counterparts. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(4), 398–407. doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1147451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignolo, C., Giromini, L., Ando, A., Ghirardello, D., Di Girolamo, M., Ales, F., & Zennaro, A. (2017). An interrater reliability study of Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R–PAS) raw and complexity-adjusted scores. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(6), 619–625. doi:10.1080/00223891.2017.1296844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, W.-S., Viglione, D. J., Green, E. E., Tam, W.-C. C., Su, J.-A., & Chang, Y.-T. (2015). Cultural and linguistic adaptability of the Rorschach Performance Assessment System as a measure of psychotic characteristics and severity of mental disturbance in Taiwan. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1273–1285. doi:10.1037/pas0000144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sultan, S., & Meyer, G. J. (2009). Does productivity impact the stability of Rorschach scores?. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(5), 480–493. doi:10.1080/00223890903088693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J. (2002). Rorschach coding solutions: A reference guide for the Comprehensive System. Author.
   Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J. (2010). Rorschach coding solutions: A reference guide for the Comprehensive System (2nd ed). Author.
   Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., Blume-Marcovici, A. C., Miller, H. L., Giromini, L., & Meyer, G. J. (2012). An initial inter-rater reliability study for the Rorschach Performance Assessment System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(6), 607–612. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.684118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., Giromini, L., Gustafson, M., & Meyer, G. J. (2014). Developing continuous variable composites for Rorschach measures of thought problems, vigilance, and suicide risk. Assessment, 21(1), 42–49. doi:10.1177/1073191112446963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2001). The Rorschach: Facts, fictions, and future. Psychological Assessment, 13(4), 452–471. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., & Meyer, G. J. (2008). An overview of Rorschach psychometrics for forensic practice. In Gacono, C. B., & Evans, B (Eds). Handbook of forensic Rorschach psychology (p. 21–53). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., Meyer, G. J., Jordan, R. J., Converse, G. L., Evans, J., MacDermott, D., & Moore, R. (2015). Developing an alternative Rorschach administration method to optimize the number of responses and enhance clinical inferences. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22, 546–558. doi:10.1002/cpp.1913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., & Rivera, B. (2013). Performance assessment of personality and psychopathology. In Weiner, I. B. (Ed.-in-Chief), J. R. Graham & J. A. Naglieri (Vol. Eds.), Comprehensive Handbook of psychology: Assessment psychology, (2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 600–621) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, I. B. (2003). Principles of Rorschach interpretation (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Nezworski, M. T., Garb, H. N., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2001). The misperception of psychopathology: Problems with norms of the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 8, 350–373. doi:10.1093/clipsy/8.3.350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Nezworski, M. T., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Garb, H. N. (2003). What’s wrong with the Rorschach?: Science confronts the controversial inkblot test. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar