Psychometric Properties of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory Triarchic Scales and Its Short Version in Chinese Male Juvenile Offenders

References

• Almeida, P. R., Seixas, M. J., Ferreira-Santos, F., Vieira, J. B., Paiva, T. O., Moreira, P. S., & Costa, P. (2015). Empathic, moral and antisocial outcomes associated with distinct components of psychopathy in healthy individuals: A triarchic model approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 205–211. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andershed, H., Kerr, M., Stattin, H., & Levander, S. (2002). Psychopathic traits in non–referred youths: Initial test of a new assessment tool. In E. Blaauw, J. M. Philippa, K. C. M. P. Ferenshild, & B. Van Lodesteijn (Eds.), Psychopaths: Current international perspectives. (pp. 131–158). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, J. L., Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., Salekin, R. T., & Krueger, R. F. (2014). Examining the associations between DSM–5 Section 3 antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy in community and university samples. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(5), 675–697. doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16(3), 397–438. doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, C., Pistran, N., & Elliot, R. (1994). Research methods in clinical and counselling psychology. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, J., & Hocevar, D. (1985). The impact of item phrasing on the validity of attitude scales for elementary school children. Journal of Educational Measurement, 22(3), 231–240. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1985.tb01061.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Colins, O. F., Noom, M., & Vanderplasschen, W. (2012). Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-short version: A further test of the internal consistency and criterion validity. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(4), 476–486. doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9299-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13(2), 171–188. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., & Hart, S. D. (2006). Facets of psychopathy: Toward clearer measurement. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 91–106). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, E., Greenberger, E., Charles, S., Chen, C., Zhao, L., & Dong, Q. (2012). Emotion experience and regulation in China and the United States: How do culture and gender shape emotion responding? International Journal of Psychology, 47(3), 230–239. doi:10.1080/00207594.2011.626043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLisi, M. (2009). Psychopathy is the unified theory of crime. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 7(3), 256–273. doi:10.1177/1541204009333834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLisi, M. (2019). Psychopathy and crime are inextricably linked. In M. DeLisi (Ed.), Routledge International Handbook of Psychopathy and Crime (pp. 3–12). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Drislane, L. E., Brislin, S. J., Kendler, K. S., Andershed, H., Larsson, H., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). A triarchic model analysis of the youth psychopathic traits inventory. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29(1), 15–41. doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., & Arsal, G. (2014). Clarifying the content coverage of differing psychopathy inventories through reference to the triarchic psychopathy measure. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 350–362. doi:10.1037/a0035152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, O. J., & Clark, V. (1969). Correlation coefficients measured on the same individuals. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64(325), 366–377. doi:10.1080/01621459.1969.10500981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenbach, D. M., Poythress, N. G., & Heide, K. M. (2003). Psychopathic features in a juvenile diversion population: Reliability and predictive validity of two self-report measures. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 21(6), 787–806. doi:10.1002/bsl.562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanti, K. A., Kyranides, M. N., Drislane, L. E., Colins, O. F., & Andershed, H. (2016). Validation of the Greek Cypriot translation of the triarchic psychopathy measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 146–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora, D. B., & Curran, P. J. (2004). An empirical evaluation of alternative methods of estimation for confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data. Psychological Methods, 9(4), 466–491. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forth, A. E., & Book, A. S. (2010). Psychopathic traits in children and adolescents: The relationship with antisocial behaviors and aggression. In R. T. Salekin & D. T. Lynam (Eds.), Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy (pp. 251–283). New York, NY: The Guilford Press. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.9.4.466
   Google Scholar
• Forth, A. E., Kosson, D. S., & Hare, R. D. (2003). The hare psychopathy checklist: Youth version. MultiHealth Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J. (2004). Inventory of callous-unemotional traits [Unpublished rating scale]. University of New Orleans.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., Bodin, S. D., & Barry, C. T. (2000). Psychopathic traits and conduct problems in community and clinic-referred samples of children: Further development of the psychopathy screening device. Psychological Assessment, 12(4), 382–393. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.4.382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., & Hare, R. D. (2001). The antisocial process screening device. Multi–Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Frick, P. J., O'Brien, B. S., Wootton, J. M., & McBurnett, K. (1994). Psychopathy and conduct problems in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 700–707. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A. L. C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(5), 473–479. ). doi:10.1080/00223890903088420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Zhang, W., & Fung, A. L. C. (2015). The associations between parenting styles and proactive and reactive aggression in Hong Kong children and adolescents. International Journal of Psychology, 50(6), 463–471. doi:10.1002/ijop.12104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J. R., Drislane, L. E., Patrick, C. J., Morano, M., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G. (2014). Development and validation of triarchic construct scales from the psychopathic personality inventory. Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 447–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23(1), 25–54. doi:10.1177/0093854896023001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4(1), 217–246. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2010). The role of antisociality in the psychopathy construct: Comment on Skeem and Cooke (2010). Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 446–454. ). doi:10.1037/a0013635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks, B. M., & Patrick, C. J. (2006). Psychopathy and negative emotionality: Analyses of suppressor effects reveal distinct relations with emotional distress, fearfulness, and anger-hostility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 276–287. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.2.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood, C. J., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). How should the internal structure of personality inventories be evaluated? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 332–346. doi:10.1177/1088868310361240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. (2013). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 22.0. IBM Corp.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. F. (1999). Personality traits in late adolescence predict mental disorders in early adulthood: A prospective–epidemiological study. Journal of Personality, 67(1), 39–65. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.00047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., & Kramer, M. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 645–666. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.4.645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurinavičius, A., Sellbom, M., Klimukienė, V., Wygant, D. B., Laurinaitytė, I., Ustinavičiūtė, L., & Baltrūnas, M. (2020). Examination of Triarchic Psychopathy Measure in a sample of Lithuanian juvenile offenders. Psychological Assessment, 32(4), 407–413. doi:10.1037/pas0000793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(3), 488–524. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S. O., & Widows, M. R. (2005). Professional manual for the Psychopathic Personality Inventory—Revised (PPI-R). Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• López-Romero, L., & Romero, E. (2019). Juvenile psychopathy and juvenile delinquency. In M. DeLisi (Ed.), Routledge international handbook of psychopathy and crime (pp. 429–446). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Marion, B. E., Sellbom, M., Salekin, R. T., Toomey, J. A., Kucharski, L. T., & Duncan, S. (2013). An examination of the association between psychopathy and dissimulation using the MMPI-2-RF validity scales. Law and Human Behavior, 37(4), 219–230. doi:10.1037/lhb0000008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehl, P. (1986). Diagnostic taxa as open concepts: Metatheoretical and statistical questions about reliability and construct validity in the grand strategy of nosological revision. In T. Millon & G. L. Klerman (Eds.), Contemporary directions in psychopathology: Toward the DSM-IV (pp. 215–232). Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Millon, T., Simonsen, E., & Birket-Smith, M. (1998). Historical conceptions of psychopathy in the United States and Europe. In T. Millon, E. Simonsen, M. Birket Smith, & R. D. Davis (Eds.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 3–31). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2015). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, C. J. (2010). Operationalizing the Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Preliminary description of brief scales for assessment of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition [Unpublished test manual]. Florida State University.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, C. J., & Drislane, L. E. (2015). Triarchic model of psychopathy: Origins, operationalizations, and observed linkages with personality and general psychopathology. Journal of Personality, 83(6), 627–643. doi:10.1111/jopy.12119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick, C. J., Fowles, D. C., & Krueger, R. F. (2009). Triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy: Developmental origins of disinhibition, boldness, and meanness. Development and Psychopathology, 21(3), 913–938. doi:10.1017/S0954579409000492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., DeLisi, M., Alberto, I., Ray, J. V., & Simões, M. R. (2019). The triarchic model of psychopathy among incarcerated male youths: A psychometric study. In M. De Lisi (Ed.), Routledge international handbook of psychopathy and crime (pp. 265–275). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., DeLisi, M., Ray, J. V., Alberto, I., & Simões, M. R. (2019). A brief measure of the triarchic model of psychopathy among community youths: Psychometrics and measurement invariance. Psychology Crime and Law, 25(10), 977–991. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2019.1597095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechorro, P., Simões, M. R., Alberto, I., & Ray, J. V. (2018). Triarchic model of psychopathy: A brief measure among detained female youths. Deviant Behavior, 39(11), 1497–1506. doi:10.1080/01639625.2018.1487171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, K., & Nisbett, R. E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning about contradiction. American Psychologist, 54(9), 741–754. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.54.9.741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015). Mis)understanding psychopathy: Consequences for policy and practice with offenders. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(4), 500–519. ( doi:10.1080/13218719.2014.960033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poy, R., Segarra, P., Esteller, À., López, R., & Moltó, J. (2014). FFM description of the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in men and women. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 69–76. doi:10.1037/a0034642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poythress, N., Dembo, R., Wareham, J., & Greenbaum, P. (2006). Construct validity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) and the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) with justice-involved adolescents. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(1), 26–55. doi:10.1177/0093854805282518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Liu, J. (2006). The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salekin, R. T. (2017). Research review: What do we know about psychopathic traits in children? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 58(11), 1180–1200. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salekin, R. T., & Lynam, D. R. (2010). Handbook of child and adolescent psychopathy. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schriesheim, C. A., & Hill, K. D. (1981). Controlling acquiescence response bias by item reversals: The effect on questionnaire validity. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 41(4), 1101–1114. doi:10.1177/001316448104100420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellbom, M., Laurinavičius, A., Ustinavičiūtė, L., & Laurinaitytė, I. (2018). The Triarchic Psychopathy Measure: An examination in a Lithuanian inmate sample. Psychological Assessment, 30(7), e10–e20. doi:10.1037/pas0000603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellbom, M., & Phillips, T. R. (2013). An examination of the triarchic conceptualization of psychopathy in incarcerated and nonincarcerated samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(1), 208–214. doi:10.1037/a0029306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellbom, M., & Tellegen, A. (2019). Factor analysis in psychological assessment research: Common pitfalls and recommendations. Psychological Assessment, 31(12), 1428–1441. doi:10.1037/pas0000623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellbom, M., Wygant, D. B., & Drislane, L. E. (2015). Elucidating the construct validity of the psychopathic personality inventory triarchic scales. Journal of Personality Assessment, 97(4), 374–381. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.962654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou, Y., Lay, S. E., De Silva, H. S., Xyrakis, N., & Sellbom, M. (2019). Sociocultural influences on psychopathy traits: A cross-national investigation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 33, 1–23. doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Han, J. (2016). Development and validation of the Chinese triarchic psychopathy measure. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(4), 436–450. doi:10.1521/pedi.2016.30.4.436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., & Xu, J. (2018). Psychometric properties of the triarchic psychopathy measure: An item response theory approach. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research and Treatment, 9(3), 217–227. doi:10.1037/per0000241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shou, Y., Sellbom, M., Xu, J., Chen, T., & Sui, A. (2017). Elaborating on the construct validity of triarchic psychopathy measure in Chinese clinical and nonclinical samples. Psychological Assessment, 29(9), 1071–1081. doi:10.1037/pas0000398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sica, C., Drislane, L. E., Caudek, C., Angrilli, A., Bottesi, G., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2015). A test of the construct validity of the triarchic psychopathy measure in an Italian community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 163–168. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., & Cauffman, E. (2003). Views of the downward extension: Comparing the youth version of the psychopathy checklist with the youth psychopathic traits inventory. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 21(6), 737–770. doi:10.1002/bsl.563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., & Cooke, D. J. (2010). Is criminal behavior a central component of psychopathy? Conceptual directions for resolving the debate. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 433–445. doi:10.1037/a0008512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., Polaschek, D. L., Patrick, C. J., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2011). Psychopathic personality: Bridging the gap between scientific evidence and public policy. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(3), 95–162. doi:10.1177/1529100611426706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somma, A., Borroni, S., Drislane, L. E., & Fossati, A. (2016). Assessing the triarchic model of psychopathy in adolescence: Reliability and validity of the triarchic psychopathy measure (TriPM) in three samples of Italian community-dwelling adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), e36–e48. doi:10.1037/pas0000184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spain, S., Douglas, K., Poythress, N. G., & Epstein, M. (2004). The relationship between psychopathic features, violence and treatment outcome: The comparison of three youth measures of psychopathic features. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 22(1), 85–102. doi:10.1002/bsl.576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, J. H., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2013). Elaborating on the construct validity of the triarchic psychopathy measure in a criminal offender sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 343–350. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.735302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickland, C. M., Drislane, L. E., Lucy, M., Krueger, R. F., & Patrick, C. J. (2013). Characterizing psychopathy using DSM–5 personality traits. Assessment, 20(3), 327–338. doi:10.1177/1073191113486691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, J. L., Knutson, B., & Fung, H. H. (2006). Cultural variation in affect valuation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 288–307. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Baardewijk, Y., Andershed, H., Stegge, H., Nilsson, K. W., Scholte, E., & Vermeiren, R. (2010). Development and tests of short versions of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory and the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory–child version. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26(2), 122–128. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2001). Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 462–470. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.3.462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitacco, M. J., Rogers, R., & Neumann, C. S. (2003). The antisocial process screening device: An examination of its construct and criterion-related validity. Assessment, 10(2), 143–150. doi:10.1177/1073191103010002005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M.-C., Colins, O. F., Deng, Q., Andershed, H., Deng, J., & Ye, H. (2017). Psychometric properties of the original and shortened version of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 39(4), 620–634. doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9619-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M.-C., Deng, Q., Armour, C., Bi, X., & Zeng, H. (2015). The psychometric properties and factor structure of the Antisocial Process Screening Device self-report version in Chinese adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(4), 553–562. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9486-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M.-C., Gao, Y., Deng, J., Lai, H., Deng, Q., & Armour, C. (2017). The factor structure and construct validity of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Chinese undergraduate students. PLoS One, 12(12), e0189003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M.-C., Shou, Y., Liang, J., Lai, H., Zeng, H., Chen, L., & Gao, Y. (2019, April). Further validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits in Chinese: Cross-informants invariance and longitudinal invariance. Assessment. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1073191119845052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, N., Rindfleisch, A., & Burroughs, J. E. (2003). Do reverse-worded items confound measures in cross-cultural consumer research? The case of the Material Values Scale. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(1), 72–91. doi:10.1086/374697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, W., Zhang, X., Wang, M.-C., Zhong, C., Luo, J., & Gao, Y. (2019). Factor structure and construct validity of the youth psychopathic traits inventory and its shorten version in Chinese detained boys. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1831. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota, K. (2012). The validity of a three-factor model in PPI-R and social dominance orientation in Japanese sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 907–911. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Shou, Y., Wang, M.-C., Zhong, C., Luo, J., Gao, Y., & Yang, W. (2019). Assessing callous-unemotional traits in Chinese detained boys: Factor structure and construct validity of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1841. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar