References
- Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
- Balsis, S., Ruchensky, J. R., & Busch, A. J. (2017). Item response theory applications in personality disorder research. Personality Disorders, 8(4), 298–308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000209
- Bender, D. S., Zimmermann, J., & Huprich, S. K. (2018). Introduction to the special series on the personality functioning component of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(6), 565–570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1491856
- Benecke, C., Koschier, A., Peham, D., Bock, A., Dahlbender, R. W., Biebl, W., & Doering, S. (2009). [First results on the reliability and validity of the OPD-2 axis structure]. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 55(1), 84–96. (Erste Ergebnisse zu Reliabilitat und Validitat der OPD-2 Strukturachse.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2009.55.1.84
- Berghuis, H., Kamphuis, J. H., Verheul, R., Larstone, R., & Livesley, J. (2013). The General Assessment of Personality Disorder (GAPD) as an instrument for assessing the core features of personality disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20(6), 544–557. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1811
- Bolt, D. M., Hare, R. D., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2004). A multigroup item response theory analysis of the psychopathy checklist-revised. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.155
- Bonifay, W., Lane, S. P., & Reise, S. P. (2017). Three concerns with applying a bifactor model as a structure of psychopathology. Clinical Psychological Science, 5(1), 184–186.
- Cella, D., Gershon, R., Lai, J.-S., & Choi, S. (2007). The future of outcomes measurement: Item banking, tailored short-forms, and computerized adaptive assessment. Quality of Life Research, 16(S1), 133–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007-9204-6
- Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., Cook, K., Devellis, R., DeWalt, D., Fries, J. F., Gershon, R., Hahn, E. A., Lai, J. S., Pilkonis, P., Revicki, D., … Group, P. C. (2010). The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005-2008. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(11), 1179–1194. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011
- Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i06
- Chalmers, R. P. (2016). Generating adaptive and non-adaptive test interfaces for multidimensional item response theory applications [MIRT; CAT; Multidimensional CAT; R; GUI]. Journal of Statistical Software, 71(5), 38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v071.i05
- Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S., Chan, K.-Y., Drasgow, F., & Williams, B. (2001). Fitting item response theory models to two personality inventories: Issues and insights. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36(4), 523–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3604_03
- Choi, S. W., Gibbons, L. E., & Crane, P. K. (2011). lordif: An R package for detecting differential item functioning using iterative hybrid ordinal logistic regression/item response theory and Monte Carlo simulations. Journal of Statistical Software, 39(8), 1–30.
- Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Pilkonis, P. A., Hays, R. D., & Cella, D. (2010). Efficiency of static and computer adaptive short forms compared to full-length measures of depressive symptoms. Quality of Life Research, 19(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-009-9560-5
- Cierpka, M., Grande, T., Rudolf, G., von der Tann, M., & Stasch, M. (2007). The operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics system: Clinical relevance, reliability and validity. Psychopathology, 40(4), 209–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000101363
- Comtois, K. A., Cowley, D. S., Dunner, D. L., & Roy-Byrne, P. P. (1999). Relationship between borderline personality disorder and Axis I diagnosis in severity of depression and anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60(11), 752–758. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v60n1106
- Crego, C., Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2018). FFMPD scales: Comparisons with the FFM, PID-5, and CAT-PD-SF. Psychological Assessment, 30(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000495
- Dinger, U., Schauenburg, H., Hörz, S., Rentrop, M., Komo-Lang, M., Klinkerfuß, M., Köhling, J., Grande, T., & Ehrenthal, J. C. (2014a). Correction to: Self-report and observer ratings of personality functioning: A study of the OPD system. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3), 391–392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2014.883237
- Dinger, U., Schauenburg, H., Hörz, S., Rentrop, M., Komo-Lang, M., Klinkerfuß, M., Köhling, J., Grande, T., & Ehrenthal, J. C. (2014b). Self-report and observer ratings of personality functioning: A study of the OPD system. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(2), 220–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.828065
- Doering, S., Burgmer, M., Heuft, G., Menke, D., Baumer, B., Lubking, M., Feldmann, M., & Schneider, G. (2014). Assessment of personality functioning: Validity of the operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis axis IV (structure). Psychopathology, 47(3), 185–193. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000355062
- Ehrenthal, J. C., & Benecke, C. (2019). Chapter 15 - Tailored Treatment Planning for Individuals With Personality Disorders: The Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) Approach. In U. Kramer (Ed.), Case Formulation for Personality Disorders (pp. 291–314): Academic Press.
- Ehrenthal, J. C., Dinger, U., Horsch, L., Komo-Lang, M., Klinkerfuss, M., Grande, T., & Schauenburg, H. (2012). [The OPD Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQ): First results on reliability and validity]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 62(1), 25–32. (Der OPD-Strukturfragebogen (OPD-SF): Erste Ergebnisse zu Reliabilitat und Validitat.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1295481
- Ehrenthal, J. C., Dinger, U., Schauenburg, H., Horsch, L., Dahlbender, R. W., & Gierk, B. (2015). [Development of a 12-item version of the OPD-Structure Questionnaire (OPD-SQS)]. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 61(3), 262–274. (Entwicklung einer Zwolf-Item-Version des OPD-Strukturfragebogens (OPD-SFK).) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2015.61.3.262
- Eid, M., Geiser, C., Koch, T., & Heene, M. (2017). Anomalous results in G-factor models: Explanations and alternatives. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 541–562. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000083
- Ekselius, L., Lindstrom, E., von Knorring, L., Bodlund, O., & Kullgren, G. (1994). SCID II interviews and the SCID Screen questionnaire as diagnostic tools for personality disorders in DSM-III-R. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 90(2), 120–123. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7976457
- Embretson, S. E., & Reise, S. P. (2000). Item response theory for psychologists. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders, (SCID-II). American Psychiatric Press, Inc.
- Fliege, H., Becker, J., Walter, O. B., Bjorner, J. B., Klapp, B. F., & Rose, M. (2005). Development of a computer-adaptive test for depression (D-CAT). Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 14(10), 2277–2291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005-6651-9
- Food and Drug Administration. (2009). Guidance for industry. Patient-reported outcome measures: Use in medical product development to support labeling claims. Retrieved April 2, 2018, from https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidances/ucm193282.pdf
- Fowler, J. C., Madan, A., Frueh, B. C., Bradshaw, M., Flack, J., & Weinstein, B. (2019). Lessons learned while integrating patient-reported outcomes in a psychiatric hospital. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 56(1), 91–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000174
- Gazzillo, F., Lingiardi, V., Del Corno, F., Genova, F., Bornstein, R. F., Gordon, R. M., & McWilliams, N. (2015). Clinicians’ emotional responses and Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual adult personality disorders: A clinically relevant empirical investigation. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 52(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038799
- Groenvold, M., Bjorner, J. B., Klee, M. C., & Kreiner, S. (1995). Test for item bias in a quality of life questionnaire. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 48(6), 805–816. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(94)00195-V
- Hopwood, C. J., Good, E. W., & Morey, L. C. (2018). Validity of the DSM-5 levels of personality functioning scale-self report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(6), 650–659. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1420660
- Hopwood, C. J., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Widiger, T. A., Althoff, R. R., Ansell, E. B., Bach, B., Michael Bagby, R., Blais, M. A., Bornovalova, M. A., Chmielewski, M., Cicero, D. C., Conway, C., De Clercq, B., De Fruyt, F., Docherty, A. R., Eaton, N. R., Edens, J. F., … Zimmermann, J. (2018). The time has come for dimensional personality disorder diagnosis. Personality and Mental Health, 12(1), 82–86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.1408
- Hopwood, C. J., Wright, A. G., Ansell, E. B., & Pincus, A. L. (2013). The interpersonal core of personality pathology. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27(3), 270–295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2013.27.3.270
- Hörz-Sagstetter, S., Volkert, J., Rentrop, M., Benecke, C., Gremaud-Heitz, D. J., Unterrainer, H.-F., Schauenburg, H., Seidler, D., Buchheim, A., Doering, S., Feil, M. G., Clarkin, J. F., Dammann, G., & Zimmermann, J. (2020). A bifactor model of personality organization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1705463
- Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Hutsebaut, J., Feenstra, D. J., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2016). Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a brief self-report questionnaire for the assessment of the DSM-5 level of personality functioning scale: The LPFS Brief Form (LPFS-BF). Personality Disorders, 7(2), 192–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000159
- Jauk, E., & Ehrenthal, J. C. (2020). Self-reported levels of personality functioning from the operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis (OPD) system and emotional intelligence likely assess the same latent construct. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2020.1775089
- Kavish, N., Sellbom, M., & Anderson, J. L. (2019). Implications for the measurement of psychopathy in the DSM-5 using the computerized adaptive test of personality disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(5), 468–480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1475393
- Kernberg, O. F. (2018). Commentary on the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual, 2nd Edition: What does the PDM-2 add to the current diagnostic panorama? Psychoanalytic Psychology, 35(3), 294–295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pap0000208
- König, K., Dahlbender, R. W., Holzinger, A., Topitz, A., & Doering, S. (2016). [Cross-validation of three questionnaires for structural diagnosis: BPI, IPO, and OPD-SQ]. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 62(2), 177–189. (Kreuzvalidierung von drei Fragebogen zur Strukturdiagnostik: BPI, IPO und OPD-SF.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2016.62.2.177
- Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2002). The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64(2), 258–266.
- Leichsenring, F. (1999). Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory: A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA730104
- Lenzenweger, M. F., Clarkin, J. F., Kernberg, O. F., & Foelsch, P. A. (2001). The Inventory of Personality Organization: Psychometric properties, factorial composition, and criterion relations with affect, aggressive dyscontrol, psychosis proneness, and self-domains in a nonclinical sample. Psychological Assessment, 13(4), 577–591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.13.4.577
- Maples, J. L., Carter, N. T., Few, L. R., Crego, C., Gore, W. L., Samuel, D. B., Williamson, R. L., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Miller, J. D. (2015). Testing whether the DSM-5 personality disorder trait model can be measured with a reduced set of items: An item response theory investigation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 1195–1210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000120
- Morey, L. C. (2017). Development and initial evaluation of a self-report form of the DSM-5 Level of Personality Functioning Scale. Psychological Assessment, 29(10), 1302–1308. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000450
- Mulder, R. T. (2002). Personality pathology and treatment outcome in major depression: A review. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(3), 359–371. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.359
- Muthén, L. K., & B. O. Muthén. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
- Nagelkerke, N. J. D. (1991). A note on a general definition of the coefficient of determination. Biometrika, 78(3), 691–692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/78.3.691
- Nelson, S. M., Huprich, S. K., Meehan, K. B., Siefert, C., Haggerty, G., Sexton, J., Dauphin, V. B., Macaluso, M., Zackula, R., Baade, L., & Jackson, J. (2018). Convergent and discriminant validity and utility of the DSM-5 Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire (DLOPFQ): Associations with medical health care provider ratings and measures of physical health. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(6), 671–679. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1492415
- Obbarius, A., Obbarius, N., Fischer, F., Liegl, G., & Rose, M. (2019). [Evaluation of factor structure and construct validity of the 12-item short version of the OPD structure questionnaire (OPD-SQS) in psychosomatic patients]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 69(1), 38–48. (Evaluation der Faktorenstruktur und Konstruktvaliditat der 12-Item Kurzversion des OPD-Strukturfragebogens (OPD-SFK) an psychosomatischen Patienten.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-125394
- Olajide, K., Munjiza, J., Moran, P., O’Connell, L., Newton-Howes, G., Bassett, P., Akintomide, G., Ng, N., Tyrer, P., Mulder, R., & Crawford, M. J. (2018). Development and psychometric properties of the Standardized Assessment of Severity of Personality Disorder (SASPD). Journal of Personality Disorders, 32(1), 44–56. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_285
- OPD Task Force. (2008). Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis OPD–2: Manual of diagnosis and treatment planning. Hogrefe & Huber.
- Papuga, M. O., Dasilva, C., McIntyre, A., Mitten, D., Kates, S., & Baumhauer, J. (2018). Large-scale clinical implementation of PROMIS computer adaptive testing with direct incorporation into the electronic medical record. Health Systems, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41306-016-0016-1
- Parker, G., Hadzi‐Pavlovic, D., Both, L., Kumar, S., Wilhelm, K., & Olley, A. (2004). Measuring disordered personality functioning: To love and to work reprised. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 110(3), 230–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00312.x
- Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Nichol, P. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2007). A bifactor approach to modeling the structure of the psychopathy checklist-revised. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(2), 118–141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.2.118
- Pilkonis, P. A., Choi, S. W., Reise, S. P., Stover, A. M., Riley, W. T., & Cella, D. (2011). Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®): Depression, anxiety, and anger. Assessment, 18(3), 263–283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191111411667
- Porter, I., Gonçalves-Bradley, D., Ricci-Cabello, I., Gibbons, C., Gangannagaripalli, J., Fitzpatrick, R., Black, N., Greenhalgh, J., & Valderas, J. M. (2016). Framework and guidance for implementing patient-reported outcomes in clinical practice: Evidence, challenges and opportunities. Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research, 5(5), 507–519. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2217/cer-2015-0014
- R Development Core Team. (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
- Raîche, G., Walls, T. A., Magis, D., Riopel, M., & Blais, J.-G. (2013). Non-graphical solutions for Cattell’s scree test. Methodology, 9(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000051
- Reeve, B. B., & Fayers, P. (2005). Applying item response theory modeling for evaluating questionnaire item and scale properties. In P. Fayers & R. D. Hays (Eds.), Assessing quality of life in clinical trials: Methods of practice (2nd ed., pp. 55–73). Oxford University Press.
- Reeve, B. B., Hays, R. D., Bjorner, J. B., Cook, K. F., Crane, P. K., Teresi, J. A., Thissen, D., Revicki, D. A., Weiss, D. J., Hambleton, R. K., Liu, H., Gershon, R., Reise, S. P., Lai, J.-S., & Cella, D. (2007). Psychometric evaluation and calibration of health-related quality of life item banks: Plans for the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Medical Care, 45(5 Suppl 1), S22–S31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.mlr.0000250483.85507.04
- Reise, S. P. (2012). Invited paper: The rediscovery of bifactor measurement models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 47(5), 667–696. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2012.715555
- Reise, S. P., Morizot, J., & Hays, R. D. (2007). The role of the bifactor model in resolving dimensionality issues in health outcomes measures. Quality of Life Research, 16(S1), 19–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007-9183-7
- Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
- Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika Monograph Psychometrika, 34(S1), 1–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03372160
- Schoeneich, F., Rose, M., Danzer, G., Thier, P., Weber, C., & Klapp, B. F. (2000). [Narcissism inventory-90 (NI-90). Empirically-based reduction and identification of items sensitive for change-a questionnaire particularly suited for measuring self-regulatory parameters]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 50(9–10), 396–405. (Narzissmusinventar-90 (NI-90). Empiriegeleitete Itemreduktion und Identifikation veranderungssensitiver Items des Narzissmusinventars zur Messung selbstregulativer Parameter.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-9095
- Schroeders, U., Wilhelm, O., & Olaru, G. (2016). Meta-heuristics in short scale construction: Ant colony optimization and genetic algorithm. PLoS One, 11(11), e0167110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167110
- Sharp, C., Wright, A. G., Fowler, J. C., Frueh, B. C., Allen, J. G., Oldham, J., & Clark, L. A. (2015). The structure of personality pathology: Both general (‘g’) and specific (‘s’) factors? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124(2), 387–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000033
- Simms, L. J., Goldberg, L. R., Roberts, J. E., Watson, D., Welte, J., & Rotterman, J. H. (2011). Computerized adaptive assessment of personality disorder: Introducing the CAT-PD project. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(4), 380–389. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2011.577475
- Smith, A. B., Hanbury, A., & Retzler, J. (2019). Item banking and computer-adaptive testing in clinical trials: Standing in sight of the PROMISed land. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 13, 005. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2018.11.005
- Spitzer, C., Michels-Lucht, F., Siebel, U., & Freyberger, H. J. (2002). [The axis “structure” of the operationalized psychodynamic diagnostics (OPD): Its relationship with sociodemographic, clinical and psychopathological features as well as categorical diagnoses]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 52(9–10), 392–397. (Die Strukturachse der operationalisierten psychodynamischen Diagnostik (OPD): Zusammenhange mit soziodemographischen, klinischen und psychopathologischen Merkmalen sowie kategorialen Diagnosen.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-34290
- Spitzer, C., Michels-Lucht, F., Siebel, U., & Freyberger, H. J. (2004). [The relationship between OPD features of personality structure and symptom-related and interpersonal outcome of inpatient psychotherapy]. Zeitschrift Fur Psychosomatische Medizin Und Psychotherapie, 50(1), 70–85. (Zum Zusammenhang zwischen OPD-Merkmalen der Personlichkeitsstruktur und symptombezogenen sowie interpersonalen Behandlungsergebnissen stationarer Psychotherapie.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13109/zptm.2004.50.1.70
- Stocking, M. L., & Lord, F. M. (1983). Developing a common metric in item response theory. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/014662168300700208
- Trull, T. J., & Durrett, C. A. (2005). Categorical and dimensional models of personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 355–380. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144009
- Trull, T. J., & Widiger, T. A. (2015). Personality disorders and personality. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, M. L. Cooper, & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology®. APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Vol. 4. Personality processes and individual differences (pp. 601–618). American Psychological Association.
- Tyrer, P., Reed, G. M., & Crawford, M. J. (2015). Classification, assessment, prevalence, and effect of personality disorder. The Lancet, 385(9969), 717–726. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61995-4
- Verheul, R., Andrea, H., Berghout, C. C., Dolan, C., Busschbach, J. J., van der Kroft, P. J., Bateman, A. W., & Fonagy, P. (2008). Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP-118): Development, factor structure, reliability, and validity. Psychological Assessment, 20(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.23
- Vispoel, W. P., Morris, C. A., & Clough, S. J. (2019). Interchangeability of results from computerized and traditional administration of the BIDR: Convenience can match reality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 101(3), 237–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2017.1406361
- Walter, O. B., Becker, J., Bjorner, J. B., Fliege, H., Klapp, B. F., & Rose, M. (2007). Development and evaluation of a computer adaptive test for ‘anxiety’ (Anxiety-CAT). Quality of Life Research, 16(S1), 143–155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007-9191-7
- Wright, A. G., & Simms, L. J. (2014). On the structure of personality disorder traits: Conjoint analyses of the CAT-PD, PID-5, and NEO-PI-3 trait models. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 5(1), 43–54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000037
- Yen, W. M. (1993). Scaling performance assessments: Strategies for managing local item dependence. Journal of Educational Measurement, 30(3), 187–213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1993.tb00423.x
- Zettl, M., Taubner, S., Hutsebaut, J., & Volkert, J. (2019). [Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the semi-structured interview for personality functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1)]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 69(12), 499–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1010-6887
- Zimmermann, J., Benecke, C., Bender, D. S., Skodol, A. E., Schauenburg, H., Cierpka, M., & Leising, D. (2014). Assessing DSM-5 level of personality functioning from videotaped clinical interviews: A pilot study with untrained and clinically inexperienced students. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(4), 397–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.852563
- Zimmermann, J., Dahlbender, R. W., Herbold, W., Krasnow, K., Turrion, C. M., Zika, M., & Spitzer, C. (2015). [The OPD structure questionnaire captures the general features of personality disorder]. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 65(2), 81–83. (Der OPD-Strukturfragebogen erfasst die allgemeinen Merkmale einer Personlichkeitsstorung.) https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1395626
- Zimmermann, J., Ehrenthal, J. C., Cierpka, M., Schauenburg, H., Doering, S., & Benecke, C. (2012). Assessing the level of structural integration using operationalized psychodynamic diagnosis (OPD): Implications for DSM-5. Journal of Personality Assessment, 94(5), 522–532. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.700664
- Zimmermann, J., Müller, S., Bach, B., Hutsebaut, J., Hummelen, B., & Fischer, F. (2020). A common metric for self-reported severity of personality disorder. Psychopathology, 53(3), 168–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1159/000507377