453
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Interpersonal Decentering and Interpersonal Problems: Testing the Multi-Method Utility of Person-Situation Interactions in Thematic Apperception Tests

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 320-334 | Received 28 May 2019, Accepted 29 Mar 2021, Published online: 26 May 2021

References

  • Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1990). Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.1990.9674088
  • Anderson, K. L., & Umberson, D. (2001). Gendering violence: Masculinity and power in men's accounts of domestic violence. Gender & Society, 15(3), 358–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124301015003003
  • Annotti, L. A., & Teglasi, H. (2017). Functioning in the real world: Using storytelling to improve validity in the assessment of executive functions. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 254–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1205075
  • Atkinson, J. W. (1981). Studying personality in the context of an advanced motivational psychology. American Psychologist, 36, 117–128.
  • Bellak, L. (1993). The Thematic Apperception Test, the Children's Apperception Test, and the Senior Apperception Technique in clinical use (5th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
  • Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & Fresco, D. M. (2015). Decentering and related constructs: A critical review and metacognitive processes model. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(5), 599–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615594577
  • Bornstein, R. F. (2002). A process dissociation approach to objective-projective test score interrelationships. Journal of Personality Assessment, 78(1), 47–68.
  • Bornstein, R. F. (2011). Toward a process-focused model of test score validity: Improving psychological assessment in science and practice. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 532–544. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022402
  • Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J., & van Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological Review, 111(4), 1061–1071. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.1061
  • Bram, A. D. (2013). Psychological testing and treatment implications: We can say more. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.736907
  • Bugental, D. B. (2000). Acquisition of the algorithms of social life: A domain-based approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 187–219. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.126.2.187
  • Coleman, J., Jenkins, S. R., & Sanders, C. (2021). Moral disengagement moderates the relationship between interpersonal decentering and aggression problems in 12-year-olds: A mixed-method study. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 28, 14–26.
  • Cramer, P. (2017). Defense mechanism card pull in TAT stories. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(1), 15–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1207080
  • Dana, R. H. (1959). A proposal for the objective scoring of the TAT. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 9(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1959.9.g.27
  • Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Feffer, M. H. (1959). The cognitive implications of role-taking behavior. Journal of Personality, 27(2), 152–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1959.tb01826.x
  • Feffer, M. H., & Gourevitch, V. (1960). Cognitive aspects of role-taking in children. Journal of Personality, 28, 383–396.
  • Feffer, M. H., & Jahelka, M. (1968). Implications of the decentering concept for the structuring of projective content. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32(4), 434–441. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0026101
  • Feffer, M., Leeper, M., Dobbs, L., Jenkins, S. R., & Perez, L. (2008). Scoring manual for Feffer's interpersonal decentering. In S. R. Jenkins (ed.), Handbook of clinical scoring systems for thematic apperceptive techniques (pp. 157–180). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Gurtman, M. B. (1992). Trust, distrust, and interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 989–1002. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.989
  • Gurtman, M. B., & Lee, D. L. (2009). Sex differences in interpersonal problems: A circumplex analysis. Psychological Assessment, 21(4), 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017085
  • Henry, W. E. (1956). The analysis of fantasy: The thematic apperception technique in the study of personality. John Wiley and Sons.
  • Holt, R. R. (1978). Methods in clinical psychology. Plenum Press.
  • Horowitz, L. M. (1979). On the cognitive structure of interpersonal problems treated in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.1.5
  • Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureño, G., & Villaseñor, V. S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 885–892. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885
  • Jenkins, S. R. (2008). Teaching how to learn reliable scoring. In S. R. Jenkins (Ed.), Handbook of clinical scoring systems for thematic apperceptive techniques (pp. 39–66). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Jenkins, S. R. (2017a). The narrative arc of TATs: Introduction to the JPA special section on thematic apperceptive techniques. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1244066
  • Jenkins, S. R. (2017b). Not your same old story: New rules for thematic apperceptive techniques (TATs). Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(3), 238–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1248972
  • Jenkins, S. R., Austin, H. L., & Boals, A. (2013). Content analysis of expressive writing narratives about stressful relational events using interpersonal decentering. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 32(4), 412–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X13479188
  • Jenkins, S. R., Dobbs, L., & Leeper, M. (2015). Using the Thematic Apperception Test to assess interpersonal decentering in violent relationships. Rorschachiana, 36(2), 156–179. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000064
  • Jenkins, S. R., & Nowlin, R. B. (2018). Clients’ TAT interpersonal decentering predicts psychotherapy retention and process. Rorschachiana, 39(2), 135–156. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000108
  • Jenkins, S. R., Siefert, C. J., & Weber, K. (2020). Interpersonal decentering and person–situation interaction in the Thematic Apperception Test: Is it all in the cards? What’s the story? Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(4), 551–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1557668
  • Köllner, M. G., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2014). Meta-analytic evidence of low convergence between implicit and explicit measures of the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00826
  • Kraemer, H. C., & Thiemann, S. (1987). How many subjects? Statistical power analysis in research. SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press.
  • Lečbych, M., & Hosáková, K. (2014). Posouzení interpersonální decentrace metodou tematického apercepčního testu u hospitalizovaných osob se schizofrenií [Interpersonal decentering levels in inpatients with schizophrenia as measured by the Thematic Apperception Test]. Československá Psychologie: Časopis Pro Psychologickou Teorii A Praxi, 58(2), 98–106.
  • Levenson, H. (1995). Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: A guide to clinical practice. Basic Books.
  • Love, T. P., & Davis, J. L. (2014). The effect of status on role-taking accuracy. American Sociological Review, 79(5), 848–865.
  • Mar, R. A. (2018). Evaluating whether stories can promote social cognition: Introducing the Social Processes and Content Entrained by Narrative (SPaCEN) framework. Discourse Processes, 55(5–6), 454–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2018.1448209
  • Markey, P., Markey, C., Nave, C., & August, K. (2014). Interpersonal problems and relationship quality: An examination of gay and lesbian romantic couples. Journal of Research in Personality, 51, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.04.001
  • McClelland, D. C. (1980). Motive dispositions: The merits of operant and respondent measures. In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology. Vol. 1. Sage Publications.
  • McFarquhar, T., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2018). Changes in interpersonal problems in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression as measured by the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 226, 108–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.09.036
  • Morgan, C. D., & Murray, H. A. (1935). A method for investigating fantasies: The Thematic Apperception Test. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 34(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurpsyc.1935.02250200049005
  • Moskowitz, D. S. (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 921–933. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.921
  • Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic apperception test. Harvard University Press.
  • O’Gorman, E. T., Cobb, H. R., Galtieri, L. R., & Kurtz, J. E. (2020). Stimulus characteristics in picture story exercise cards and their effects on the social cognition and object relations scale–global rating method. Journal of Personality Assessment, 102(2), 250–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2018.1519829
  • Pang, J. S., & Schultheiss, O. C. (2005). Assessing implicit motives in U.S. college students: Effects of picture type and position, gender and ethnicity, and cross-cultural comparisons. Journal of Personality Assessment, 85, 280–294.
  • Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000271225
  • Range, L. M., & Jenkins, S. R. (2010). Who benefits from Pennebaker’s expressive writing paradigm? Research recommendations from three gender theories. Sex Roles, 63(3–4), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9749-7
  • Robie, C., Risavy, S. D., Holtrop, D., & Born, M. P. (2017). Fully contextualized, frequency-based personality measurement: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Personality, 70, 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2017.05.005
  • Rosenzweig, S., & Fleming, E. E. (1949). Apperceptive norms for the Thematic Apperception Test: II. An empirical investigation. Journal of Personality, 17(4), 483–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1949.tb01226.x
  • Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (1999). Goal imagery: Bridging the gap between implicit motives and explicit goals. Journal of Personality, 67(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00046
  • Schultheiss, O. C., Yankova, D., Dirlikov, B., & Schad, D. J. (2009). Are implicit and explicit motive measures statistically independent? A fair and balanced test using the Picture Story Exercise and a cue- and response-matched questionnaire measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484456
  • Siefert, C. J., Stein, M. B., Slavin-Mulford, J., Sinclair, S. J., Haggerty, G., & Blais, M. A. (2016). Estimating the effects of Thematic Apperception Test card content on SCORS–G ratings: Replication with a nonclinical sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(6), 598–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1167696
  • Smith, C. P., Feld, S. C., & Franz, C. E. (1992). Methodological considerations: Steps in research employing content analysis systems. In C. P. Smith (Ed.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Spangler, W. D. (1992). Validity of questionnaire and TAT measures of need for achievement: Two meta‐analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.140
  • Stein, M. B., & Slavin-Mulford, J. (2018). The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G): A comprehensive guide for clinicians and researchers. Routledge.
  • Stein, M. B., Slavin-Mulford, J., Siefert, C. J., Sinclair, S. J., Renna, M., Malone, J., Bello, I., & Blais, M. A. (2014). SCORS–G stimulus characteristics of select Thematic Apperception Test cards. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.823440
  • Stewart, A. J. (1992). Self-definition and social definition: Personal styles reflected in narrative style. In C. P. Smith, J. W. Atkinson, D. C. McClelland, & J. Veroff (Eds.), Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. 481–488). Cambridge University Press.
  • Stith, S. M., Smith, D. B., Penn, C. E., Ward, D. B., & Tritt, D. (2004). Intimate partner physical abuse perpetration and victimization risk factors: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(1), 65–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.09.001
  • Strober, M. (1979). The structuring of interpersonal relations in schizophrenic adolescents: A decentering analysis of Thematic Apperception Test stories. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7(3), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00916540
  • Teglasi, H. (2013). The scientific status of projective techniques as performance measures of personality. In D. H. Saklofske, C. R. Reynolds, & V. L. Schwean (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of child psychological assessment (pp. 113–128). Oxford University Press.
  • Twenge, J. M. (1999). Mapping gender: The multifactorial approach and the organization of gender-related attributes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(3), 485–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00377.x
  • Weber, K. M., Vance, J., Harrison, A., & Jenkins, S. R. (2018). Implicitly measured self definition and social definition relate to self-reported Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales. Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 25(1), 92–101.
  • Wright, A. G. C., Pincus, A. L., Conroy, D. E., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2009). Integrating methods to optimize circumplex description and comparison of groups. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(4), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935696
  • Zimmermann, J., & Wright, A. G. (2017). Beyond description in interpersonal construct validation: Methodological advances in the circumplex structural summary approach. Assessment, 24(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115621795

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.