163
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Rorschach Human Movement and Psychotherapy: Relationship with the Therapist’s Emotional Responses

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 436-447 | Received 06 Jun 2022, Accepted 21 Dec 2023, Published online: 22 Jan 2024

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (4th ed., text rev.). Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890423349
  • Ando, A., Salatino, A., Giromini, L., Ricci, R., Pignolo, C., Cristofanelli, S., Ferro, L., Viglione, D. J., & Zennaro, A. (2015). Embodied simulation and ambiguous stimuli: The role of the mirror neuron system. Brain Research, 1629, 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.025
  • Ando, A., Pineda, J. A., Giromini, L., Soghoyan, G., Bohm, M., Maryanovsky, D., Zennaro, A. & QunYang, (2018). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on attribution of movement to ambiguous stimuli and EEG mu suppression. Brain Research, 1680, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.007
  • Aschieri, F., & Pascarella, G. (2021). A systematic narrative review of evaluating change in psychotherapy with the Rorschach test. Rorschachiana, 42(2), 232–257. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000142
  • Berghout, C. C., Zevalkink, J., Pieters, A. N. J., & Meyer, G. J. (2013). Rorschach-CS scores of six groups of patients: Evaluated before, after, and two years after long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Rorschachiana, 34(1), 24–55. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000039
  • Betan, E., Heim, A. K., Zittel-Conklin, C., & Westen, D. (2005). Countertransference phenomena and personality pathology in clinical practice: An empirical investigation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(5), 890–898. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.890
  • Bornstein, R. F., & Masling, J. M. (2005). Scoring the Rorschach. Seven validated systems. Routledge.
  • Bram, A. D., & Peebles, M. J. (2014). Psychological testing that matters. American Psychological Association.
  • Cacioppo, S., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2020). Introduction to social neuroscience. Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, L. F., Norcross, J. C., Vasquez, M. J. T., & Kaslow, N. J. (2013). Recognition of psychotherapy effectiveness: The APA resolution. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 50(1), 98–101. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031817
  • Charnas, J. W., Hilsenroth, M. J., Zodan, J., & Blais, M. A. (2010). Should I stay or should I go? Personality Assessment Inventory and Rorschach indices of early withdrawal from psychotherapy. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 47(4), 484–499. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021180
  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
  • Colli, A., & Ferri, M. (2015). Patient personality and therapist countertransference. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 28(1), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000119
  • Colli, A., Tanzilli, A., Dimaggio, G., & Lingiardi, V. (2014). Patient personality and therapist response: An empirical investigation. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020224
  • Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, G. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1, 16–29.
  • Damasio, A., & Carvalho, G. B. (2013). The nature of feelings: Evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(2), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403
  • Dean, K. L., Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., & Meyer, G. J. (2007). A method to optimize the response range while maintaining Rorschach Comprehensive System validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701468543
  • Decety, J. (Ed.). (2012). Empathy from bench to bedside. MIT Press.
  • Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., Shaffer, S. A., & Sexton, J. E. (2011). A meta-analysis of the relationship between the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index (EII) and psychiatric severity. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18(6), 464–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.725
  • Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carré, G., Marquéz, J. R. G., Gruber, B., Lafourcade, B., Leitão, P. J., Münkemüller, T., McClean, C., Osborne, P. E., Reineking, B., Schröder, B., Skidmore, A. K., Zurell, D., & Lautenbach, S. (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x
  • Dukelow, S. P., DeSouza, J. F. X., Culham, J. C., van den Berg, A. V., Menon, R. S., & Vilis, T. (2001). Distinguishing subregions of the human MT + complex using visual fields and pursuit eye movements. Journal of Neurophysiology, 86(4), 1991–2000. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1991
  • Exner, J. E. (1969). The Rorschach systems. Grune & Stratton.
  • Exner, J. E. (Ed.). (1995). Issues and methods in Rorschach research. Erlbaum.
  • Exner, J. E. (2003). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System: Vol. 1. Basic foundations and principles of interpretation. (4th ed.). Wiley.
  • Exner, J. E., & Andronikof-Sanglade, A. (1992). Rorschach changes following brief and short-term therapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5901_6
  • Exner, J. E., Colligan, S. C., Boll, T. J., Stischer, B., & Hillman, L. (1996). Rorschach findings concerning closed head injury patients. Assessment, 3(3), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191196003003011
  • Exner, J. E., & Erdberg, P. (2005). The Rorschach: A Comprehensive System: Vol. 2. Advanced interpretation. (3rd ed.). Wiley.
  • Fauth, J. (2006). Toward more (and better) countertransference research. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 43(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.43.1.16
  • Ferrari, P. F., Gerbella, M., Coudé, G., & Rozzi, S. (2017). Two different mirror neuron networks: The sensorimotor (hand) and limbic (face) pathways. Neuroscience, 358, 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.052
  • Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2004). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. Karnac Books.
  • Frank, G. (1993). Use of the Rorschach to predict whether a person would benefit from psychotherapy. Psychological Reports, 73(3 Pt 2), 1155–1163. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3f.1155
  • Gabbard, G. O. (2001). A contemporary psychoanalytic model of countertransference. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 983–991. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.1065
  • Gabbard, G. O. (2010). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy: A basic text. (2nd ed.). American Psychiatric Publications.
  • Gallese, V. (2003). The roots of empathy: The shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology, 36(4), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000072786
  • Gallese, V., Eagle, M. N., & Migone, P. (2007). Intentional attunement: Mirror neurons and the neural underpinnings of interpersonal relations. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55(1), 131–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/00030651070550010601
  • Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (2007). Countertransference and the therapist’s inner experience: Perils and possibilities. Erlbaum.
  • Giromini, L., Porcelli, P., Viglione, D. J., Parolin, L., & Pineda, J. A. (2010). The feeling of movement: EEG evidence for mirroring activity during the observations of static, ambiguous stimuli in the Rorschach cards. Biological Psychology, 85(2), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.008
  • Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Jr, Pineda, J. A., Porcelli, P., Hubbard, D., Zennaro, A., & Cauda, F. (2019). Human movement responses to the Rorschach and mirroring activity: An fMRI study. Assessment, 26(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117731813
  • Giromini, L., Viglione, J. D., Zennaro, A., & Cauda, F. (2017). Neural activity during production of rorschach responses: An fMRI study. Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging, 262, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.02.001
  • Goldfried, M. R. (2019). Obtaining consensus in psychotherapy: What holds us back? The American Psychologist, 74(4), 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000365
  • Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Brüne, M. (2013). Towards a neuroscience of empathy: Ontogeny, phylogeny, brain mechanisms, context and psychopathology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(8), 1537–1548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.001
  • Grønnerød, C. (2004). Rorschach assessment of changes following psychotherapy: A metanalytic review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 256–276. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8303_09
  • Heyes, C., & Catmur, C. (2022). What happened to mirror neurons? Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 17(1), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621990638
  • Hiller, J. B., Rosenthal, R., Bornstein, R. F., Berry, D. T. R., & Brunell-Neuleib, S. (1999). A comparative meta-analysis of Rorschach and MMPI validity. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 278–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.278
  • Holaday, M., Moak, J., & Shipley, M. A. (2001). Rorschach protocols from children and adolescents with Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(3), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7603_09
  • Hopwood, C. J., Yalch, M. M., & Luo, X. (2021). A commentary on “A systematic narrative review of evaluating change in psychotherapy” (Aschieri & Pascarella, 2021): More rigor is needed in research on the Rorschach and treatment change. Rorschachiana, 42(2), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1027/1192-5604/a000146
  • ISTAT [National Institute of Statistics (2020). ] Livelli di istruzione e ritorni occupazionali 2020. https://www.istat.it/it/files/2020/07/Livelli-di-istruzione-e-ritorni-occupazionali.pdf.
  • Kilner, J. M., & Lemon, R. N. (2013). What we currently know about mirror neurons. Current Biology, 23(23), R1057–R1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.10.051
  • Klopfer, B., Ainsworth, M. D., Klopfer, W. G., & Holt, R. R. (1954). Developments in the Rorschach technique: Vol. 1. Technique and theory. World Book.
  • Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
  • LaBarbera, J. D., & Cornsweet, C. (1985). Rorschach predictors of therapeutic outcome in child psychiatric inpatient service. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(2), 120–124. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4902_2
  • Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., Schwartz, G. E., & Kaszniak, A. W. (1997). Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight? Biological Psychiatry, 42(9), 834–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00050-4
  • Laverdière, O., Beaulieu-Tremblay, T., Descôteaux, J., & Simard, V. (2018). Countertransference and Psychological Assessment: Direct and Indirect Exposure. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206(6), 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000827
  • Luminet, O., Bagby, R. M., & Taylor, G. J. (Eds.) (2018). Alexithymia: Advances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108241595
  • Marek, S., Tervo-Clemmens, B., Calabro, F. J., Montez, D. F., Kay, B. P., Hatoum, A. S., Donohue, M. R., Foran, W., Miller, R. L., Hendrickson, T. J., Malone, S. M., Kandala, S., Feczko, E., Miranda-Dominguez, O., Graham, A. M., Earl, E. A., Perrone, A. J., Cordova, M., Doyle, O., … Dosenbach, N. U. F. (2022). Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals. Nature, 603(7902), 654–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04492-9
  • Mayman, M. (1977). A multidimensional view of the Rorschach movement response. In M.A. Rickers-Ovsiankina (Ed.), Rorschach psychology (2nd ed., pp. 229–250). Krieger.
  • Meehan, K. B., Ueng-McHale, J. Y., Reynoso, J. S., Harris, B. H., Wolfson, V. M., Gomes, H., & Tuber, S. B. (2008). Self-regulation and internal resources in school-aged children with ADHD symptomatology: an investigation using the Rorschach inkblot method. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 72(4), 259–282.https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2008.72.4.259
  • Meyer, G. J. (1992). The Rorschach’s factor structure: A contemporary investigation and historical review. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59(1), 117–136. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5901_10
  • Meyer, G. J., Erdberg, P., & Shaffer, T. W. (2007). Toward international normative reference data for the Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 89 Suppl 1(sup1), S201–S216. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701629342
  • Meyer, G. J., & Handler, L. (1997). The ability of the Rorschach to predict subsequent outcome: A meta-analysis of the Rorschach Prognostic Rating Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 69(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6901_1
  • Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D., & Exner, J. E. (2001). Superiority of Form% over Lambda for research on the Rorschach Comprehensive System. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7601_4
  • Meyer, G. J., Viglione, D. J., Mihura, J. L., Erard, R. E., & Erdberg, P. (2011). Rorschach Performance Assessment System: Administration, coding, interpretation and technical manual. Rorschach Performance Assessment System LLC.
  • Mihura, J. L., Meyer, G. J., Dumitrascu, N., & Bombel, G. (2013). The validity of individual Rorschach variables: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the Comprehensive System. Psychological Bulletin, 139(3), 548–605. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029406
  • Molenberghs, P., Cunnington, R., & Mattingley, J. B. (2012). Brain regions with mirror properties: A meta-analysis of 125 human fMRI studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.004
  • Muran, J. C., & Barber, J. P. (2010). The therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based guide to practice. Guilford Press.
  • Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (2019). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness. (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(11), 2600–2606. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114
  • Osher, Y., Mandel, B., Shapiro, E., & Belmaker, R. H. (2000). Rorschach markers in offspring of manic-depressive patients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 59(3), 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(99)00148-2
  • Panksepp, J. (2005). Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(1), 30–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2004.10.004
  • Pineda, J. A., Giromini, L., Porcelli, P., Parolin, L., & Viglione, D. J. (2011). Mu suppression and human movement responses to the Rorschach test. Neuroreport, 22(5), 223–226. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e328344f45c
  • Perry, W., Potterat, E., Auslander, L., Kaplan, E., & Jeste, D. (1996). A neuropsychological approach to the Rorschach in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Assessment, 3(3), 351–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191196003003014
  • Porcelli, P., Giromini, L., Parolin, L., Pineda, J. A., & Viglione, D. J. (2013). Mirroring activity in the brain and movement determinant in the Rorschach test. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(5), 444–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.775136
  • Porcelli, P., & Kleiger, J. H. (2016). The “Feeling of Movement”: Notes on the Rorschach Human Movement response. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1102146
  • Porcelli, P., & Meyer, G. J. (2002). Construct validity of Rorschach variables for alexithymia. Psychosomatics, 43(5), 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psy.43.5.360
  • Porcelli, P., & Mihura, J. L. (2010). Assessment of alexithymia with the Rorschach Comprehensive System: The Rorschach Alexithymia Scale (RAS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(2), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890903508146
  • Rizzolatti, G., Fogassi, L., & Gallese, V. (2001). Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the understanding and imitation of action. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 2(9), 661–670. https://doi.org/10.1038/35090060
  • Rorschach, H. (2021). Hermann Rorschach’s psychodiagnostics: Newly translated and annotated 100th anniversary edition. (P. J. Keddy, R. Signer, P. Erdberg & A. Schneider-Stocking, Eds.)Hogrefe Publishing. (Original work published 1921)
  • Rossberg, J. I., Karterud, S., Pedersen, G., & Friis, S. (2010). Psychiatric symptoms and countertransference feelings: An empirical investigation. Psychiatry Research, 178(1), 191–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.019
  • Safran, J. D., Muran, J. C., & Proskurov, B. (2010). Alliance, negotiation, and rupture resolution. In R.A. Levy & J.S. Ablon (Eds.), Handbood of evidence-based psychodynamic psychotherapy: Bridging the gap between science and practice (pp. 201–226). Humana Press.
  • Schafer, R. (1954). Psychoanalytic interpretation in Rorschach testing. Grune & Stratton.
  • Tansey, M. J., & Burke, W. F. (2013). Understanding countertransference: From projective identification to empathy. Taylor & Francis.
  • Tanzilli, A., Colli, A., Del Corno, F., & Lingiardi, V. (2016). Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Therapist Response Questionnaire. Personality Disorders, 7(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000146
  • Umiltà, M. A., Kohler, E., Gallese, V., Fogassi, L., Fadiga, L., Keysers, C., & Rizzolatti, G. (2001). I know what you are doing”: A neurophysiological study. Neuron, 31(1), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00337-3
  • Viglione, D. J., Perry, W., & Meyer, G. J. (2003). Refinements in the Rorschach Ego Impairment Index incorporating the Human Representational variable. Journal of Personality Assessment, 81(2), 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8102_06
  • Wampold, B. E., & Imel, Z. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work. (2nd ed.). Routledge.
  • Weiner, I. B. (2003). Principles of Rorschach interpretation. (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
  • Weiner, I. B., & Bornstein, R. F. (2009). Principles of psychotherapy: Promoting evidence-based psychodynamic practice. (3rd ed.). Wiley.
  • Weiner, I. B., & Exner, J. E. (1991). Rorschach changes in long-term and short-term psychotherapy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(3), 453–465. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5603_7
  • Westen, D., Shedler, J., Bradley, B., & DeFife, J. A. (2012). An empirically derived taxonomy for personality diagnosis: Bridging science and practice in conceptualizing personality. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11020274
  • World Medical Association. (2001). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79, 373–374. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/268312
  • Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. (2012). The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise. Nature Neuroscience, 15(5), 675–680. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3085
  • Zaki, J., Wager, T. D., Singer, T., Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2016). The anatomy of suffering: Understanding the relationship between nociceptive and empathic pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(4), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.02.003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.