REFERENCES
- Brickner , M. A. , Harkins , S. G. and Ostrom , T. M. 1986 . Effects of personal involvement: Thought-provoking implication for social loafing . Journal of Person-ality and Social Psychology , 57 : 763 – 769 .
- Chapanis , A. , Gamer , W. R. and Morgan , C. T. 1949 . Applied experimental psychology. New York : Wiley. .
- Crowne , D. R. and Marlowe , D. 1960 . A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 24 : 349 – 354 .
- Fiske , D. W. and Maddi , S. R. 1961 . Functions of varied experience. Homewood , IL : Dorsey. .
- Gabrenya , W. K. Jr. , Latane , B. and Wang , Y.-E. 1983 . Social loafing in cross-cultural perspective: Chinese on Taiwan . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 14 : 368 – 384 .
- Gabrenya , W. K. Jr. , Wang , Y.-E. and Latane , B. 1985 . Social loafing on an optimizing task: Cross-cultural differences among Chinese and Americans . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology , 16 : 223 – 242 .
- Haber , R. N. and Hershenson , M. 1965 . Effects of repeated brief exposures on the growth of a percept . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 69 : 40 – 46 .
- Harcum , E. R. Behavioral paradigm for a psychological resolution of the free will issue . Journal of Mind and Behavior. , (in press)
- Harcum , E. R. and Badura , L. L. 1989 . Social loafing as a function of moderator variables of the set point for work. Manuscript submitted for publication
- Hardy , C. and Latane , B. 1986 . Social loafing on a cheering task . Social Science , 71 : 165 – 172 .
- Harkins , S. , Latane , B. and Williams , K. 1980 . Social loafing: Allocating effort or taking it easy? . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 16 : 457 – 465 .
- Jackson , J. M. and Harkins , S. G. 1985 . Equity of effort: An explanation of the social loafing effect . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 1199 – 1206 .
- Jackson , J. M. and Williams , K. D. 1985 . Social loafing on difficult tasks: Working collectively can improve performance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 49 : 937 – 942 .
- Kerr , N. L. 1983 . Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 819 – 828 .
- Kerr , N. L. and Bruun , S. E. 1983 . Dispensability of member effort and group motivation losses: Free rider effects . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 44 : 78 – 94 .
- Latane , B. , Williams , K. and Harkins , S. 1979 . Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 37 : 823 – 832 .
- Locke , E. A. 1978 . The ubiquity of the technique of goal setting in theories and approaches to employee motivation . Academy of Management Review , 3 : 594 – 601 .
- Nisbett , R. E. 1972 . Eating behavior and obesity in man and animals . Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine , 7 : 173 – 193 .
- Satinoff , E. 1964 . Behavioral thermoregulation in response to local cooling of the rat brain . American Journal of Physiology , 206 : 1389 – 1394 .
- Szymanski , K. and Harkins , S. G. 1987 . Social loafing and self–evaluation with a social standard . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 891 – 897 .
- Williams , K. , Harkins , S. and Latane , B. 1981 . Identifiability as a deterrent to social loafing: Two cheering experiments . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 40 : 303 – 311 .
- Zajonc , R. B. 1965 . Social facilitation . Science , 149 : 269 – 274 .