Effect of Depressive Symptoms and Sex on the Relationship Between Loneliness and Cigarette Dependence: A Moderated Mediation

References

• Audrain-McGovern, J., Wileyto, E. P., Ashare, R., Cuevas, J., & Strasser, A. A. (2014). Reward and affective regulation in depression-prone smokers. Biological Psychiatry, 76(9), 689–697. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, T. B., Brandon, T. H., & Chassin, L. (2004). Motivational influences on cigarette smoking. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 463–491. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33–51. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A., Steer, R., & Brown, G. (1996). Beck depression inventory (2nd ed). Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Becoña, E. (1994). Evaluación de la conducta de fumar [Assessment of smoking behavior]. In L. J. Graña (Ed.), Conductas adictivas: teoría, evaluación y tratamiento. (pp. 403–454). Madrid, Spain: Debate.
   Google Scholar
• Becoña, E., Martínez-Vispo, C., Senra, C., López-Durán, A., Rodríguez-Cano, R., & Fernández del Río, E. (2017). Cognitive-behavioral treatment with behavioral activation for smokers with depressive symptomatology: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 134. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1301-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becoña, E., & Vázquez, F. L. (1998). The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence in a Spanish sample. Psychological Reports, 83(3_suppl), 1455–1458. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., … Tibubos, A. N. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau, N., Johnson, E. O., Hiripi, E., & Kessler, R. (2001). Nicotine dependence in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(9), 810. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley, L. C., … Berntson, G. G. (2000). Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: The MacArthur social neuroscience studies. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 35(2-3), 143–154. doi: 10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00049-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 140–151. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015). Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 238–249. doi: 10.1177/1745691615570616
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121–130. doi: 10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWall, C. N., & Pond, R. S. (2011). Loneliness and smoking: The costs of the desire to reconnect. Self and Identity, 10(3), 375–385. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2010.524404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, X., & Chen, R. (2017). Gender differences in the experience of loneliness in U.S. Chinese older adults. Journal of Women & Aging, 29(2), 115–125. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2015.1080534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyal, S. R., & Valente, T. W. (2015). A systematic review of loneliness and smoking: Small effects, big implications. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(13), 1697–1716. doi: 10.3109/10826084.2015.1027933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erzen, E., & Çikrikci, Ö. (2018). The effect of loneliness on depression: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(5), 427–435. doi: 10.1177/0020764018776349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerstrom, K. (2012). Determinants of tobacco use and renaming the FTND to the Fagerstrom test for cigarette dependence. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(1), 75–78. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntr137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerstrom, K., Russ, C., Yu, C.-R., Yunis, C., & Foulds, J. (2012). The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence as a predictor of smoking abstinence: A pooled analysis of varenicline clinical trial data. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(12), 1467–1473. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nts018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, R. D., Wall, M. M., Garey, L., Zvolensky, M. J., Dierker, L., Galea, S., … Hasin, D. S. (2017). Depression among current, former, and never smokers from 2005 to 2013: The hidden role of disparities in depression in the ongoing tobacco epidemic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173, 191–199. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibi, M., Hosseini, F., Darharaj, M., Moghadamzadeh, A., Radfar, F., & Ghaffari, Y. (2018). Attachment style, perceived loneliness, and psychological well-being in smoking and non-smoking university students. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 152(4), 226–236. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2018.1446894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 105–120. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 40(2), 218–227. doi: 10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4–40. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Little, T. D. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2nd ed). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerström, K. O. (1991). The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision of the Fagerström tolerance questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86(9), 1119–1127. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227–237. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, M., Willem Van der Does, A. J., Cuijpers, P., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2012). Association of smoking and nicotine dependence with severity and course of symptoms in patients with depressive or anxiety disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 126(1-2), 138–146. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenford, S. L., Smith, S. S., Wetter, D. W., Jorenby, D. E., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2002). Predicting relapse back to smoking: Contrasting affective and physical models of dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 216–227. doi: 10.1037//0022-006X.70.1.216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, L. C., & Steptoe, A. (2018). Social isolation, loneliness, and health behaviors at older ages: Longitudinal cohort study. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(7), 582–593. doi: 10.1093/abm/kax033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauder, W., Mummery, K., Jones, M., & Caperchione, C. (2006). A comparison of health behaviours in lonely and non-lonely populations. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 11(2), 233–245. doi: 10.1080/13548500500266607
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luo, Y., Hawkley, L. C., Waite, L. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012). Loneliness, health, and mortality in old age: A national longitudinal study. Social Science & Medicine, 74(6), 907–914. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Vispo, C., Rodríguez-Cano, R. A., López-Durán, A., Senra, C., Fernández del Río, E., & Becoña, E. (in press). Cognitive-behavioral treatment with behavioral activation for smoking cessation: Randomized controlled trial. PlosOne.
   Google Scholar
• Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(3), 219–266. doi: 10.1177/1088868310377394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., … Arseneault, L. (2019). Lonely young adults in modern Britain: Findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 49(02), 268–277. doi: 10.1017/S0033291718000788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moadel, A. B., Bernstein, S. L., Mermelstein, R. J., Arnsten, J. H., Dolce, E. H., & Shuter, J. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of a tailored group smoking cessation intervention for HIV-infected smokers. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 61(2), 208–215. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182645679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okita, K., Petersen, N., Robertson, C. L., Dean, A. C., Mandelkern, M. A., & London, E. D. (2016). Sex differences in midbrain dopamine D2-type receptor availability and association with nicotine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(12), 2913–2919. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peplau, L. A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1–18). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, K. A. (2008). Sex differences in nicotine reinforcement and reward: Influences on the persistence of tobacco smoking (pp. 143–169). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, K. A., Doyle, T., Ciccocioppo, M., Conklin, C., Sayette, M., & Caggiula, A. (2006). Sex differences in the influence of nicotine dose instructions on the reinforcing and self-reported rewarding effects of smoking. Psychopharmacology, 184(3-4), 600–607. doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0103-7 doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-0103-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, K. A., & Karelitz, J. L. (2015). Sex differences in acute relief of abstinence-induced withdrawal and negative affect due to nicotine content in cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 17(4), 443–448. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, M. E., Piasecki, T. M., Federman, E. B., Bolt, D. M., Smith, S. S., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2004). A multiple motives approach to tobacco dependence: The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM-68). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(2), 139–154. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.72.2.139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qualter, P., Vanhalst, J., Harris, R., Van Roekel, E., Lodder, G., Bangee, M., … Verhagen, M. (2015). Loneliness across the life span. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 250–264. doi: 10.1177/1745691615568999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, A., Rohrmann, S., Vandeleur, C. L., Schmid, M., Barth, J., & Eichholzer, M. (2017). Loneliness is adversely associated with physical and mental health and lifestyle factors: Results from a Swiss national survey. Plos One, 12(7), e0181442. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone?. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 146(1-2), 7–22. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.589414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Faraji, P., Faraji, R., Lang, U. E., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Brand, S., … Brand, S. (2018). Is emotional functioning related to academic achievement among university students? Results from a cross-sectional Iranian sample. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 40(3), 290–295. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz, J., & Vazquez, C. (2011). Adaptación española del Inventario para Depresión de Beck-II (BDI-II) [Spanish adaptation of the Beck Depression Inventory—II (BDI-II)]. Manual. Madrid, Spain: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30(4), 377–385. doi: 10.1037/a0022826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuter, J., Moadel, A. B., Kim, R. S., Weinberger, A. H., & Stanton, C. A. (2014). Self-efficacy to quit in HIV-infected smokers. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(11), 1527–1531. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntu136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spring, B., Pingitore, R., & McChargue, D. E. (2003). Reward value of cigarette smoking for comparably heavy smoking schizophrenic, depressed, and nonpatient smokers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(2), 316–322. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797–5801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart, 102(13), 1009–1016. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez, A. J., & García-Bóveda, J. (1994). RULS: Escala de soledad UCLA revisada. Fiabilidad y Validez de Una Versión Española. Revista de Psicología de La Salud, 6(1), 46–54. doi: 10.21134/PSSA.V6I1.1224
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger, A. H., Kashan, R. S., Shpigel, D. M., Esan, H., Taha, F., Lee, C. J., … Goodwin, R. D. (2017). Depression and cigarette smoking behavior: A critical review of population-based studies. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 43(4), 416–431. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1171327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteford, H. A., Ferrari, A. J., Degenhardt, L., Feigin, V., & Vos, T. (2015). The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: An analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Plos One, 10(2), e0116820. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadzki, M. J., Graham, J. E., & Gerin, W. (2013). Rumination and anxiety mediate the effect of loneliness on depressed mood and sleep quality in college students. Health Psychology, 32(2), 212–222. doi: 10.1037/a0029007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar