Publication Cover
The Journal of Psychology
Interdisciplinary and Applied
Volume 155, 2021 - Issue 1
1,640
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Social Cognition Training for Enhancing Affective and Cognitive Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and a Meta-Analysis

Pages 26-58 | Received 30 May 2020, Accepted 31 Aug 2020, Published online: 13 Oct 2020

References

  • Alashram, A. R., Annino, G., Padua, E., Romagnoli, C., & Mercuri, N. B. (2019). Cognitive rehabilitation post traumatic brain injury: A systematic review for emerging use of virtual reality technology. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 66, 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.04.026
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Arean, P. A. (2012). Personalizing behavioral interventions: The case of late-life depression. Neuropsychiatry, 2(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.2217/npy.12.15
  • Ashman, R., Banks, K., Philip, R. C., Walley, R., & Stanfield, A. C. (2017). A pilot randomised controlled trial of a group based social skills intervention for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 43-44, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.08.001
  • Barbato, M., Liu, L., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Cornblatt, B. A., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., Woods, S. W., Bearden, C. E., Mathalon, D. H., Heinssen, R., & Addington, J. (2015). Theory of mind, emotion recognition and social perception in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: Findings from the NAPLS-2 cohort. Schizophrenia Research. Cognition, 2(3), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2015.04.004
  • Barlati, S., Deste, G., De Peri, L., Ariu, C., & Vita, A. (2013). Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Current status and future perspectives. Schizophrenia Research and Treatment, 2013, 156084. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/156084
  • Baron‐Cohen, S. (1989). The autistic child's theory of mind: A case of specific developmental delay. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30(2), 285–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00241.x
  • Baron‐Cohen, S., Jolliffe, T., Mortimore, C., & Robertson, M. (1997). Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(7), 813–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Leslie, A. M., & Frith, U. (1985). Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”. Cognition, 21(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
  • Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” Test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963001006643
  • Bechi, M., Spangaro, M., Bosia, M., Zanoletti, A., Fresi, F., Buonocore, M., Cocchi, F., Guglielmino, C., Smeraldi, E., & Cavallaro, R. (2013). Theory of Mind intervention for outpatients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(3), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2012.762751
  • Bechi, M., Bosia, M., Spangaro, M., Buonocore, M., Cocchi, F., Pigoni, A., Piantanida, M., Guglielmino, C., Bianchi, L., Smeraldi, E., & Cavallaro, R. (2015). Combined social cognitive and neurocognitive rehabilitation strategies in schizophrenia: Neuropsychological and psychopathological influences on Theory of Mind improvement. Psychological Medicine, 45(15), 3147–3157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001129
  • Bechi, M., Riccaboni, R., Ali, S., Fresi, F., Buonocore, M., Bosia, M., Cocchi, F., Smeraldi, E., & Cavallaro, R. (2012). Theory of mind and emotion processing training for patients with schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. Psychiatry Research, 198(3), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.02.004
  • Billeke, P., & Aboitiz, F. (2013). Social cognition in schizophrenia: From social stimuli processing to social engagement. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00004
  • Blair, R. J., & Cipolotti, L. (2000). Impaired social response reversal: A case of acquired sociopathy. Brain, 123(6), 1122–1141. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.6.1122
  • Bliksted, V., Frith, C., Videbech, P., Fagerlund, B., Emborg, C., Simonsen, A., Roepstorff, A., & Campbell-Meiklejohn, D. (2019). Hyper- and hypomentalizing in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: fMRI and behavioral studies. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(2), 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby027
  • Bora, E., Yücel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2009). Theory of mind impairment: A distinct trait-marker for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 120(4), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01414.x
  • Brüne, M. (2003). Theory of mind and the role of IQ in chronic disorganized schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 60(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00162-7
  • Brüne, M. (2005). “Theory of mind” in schizophrenia: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi002
  • Brüne, M., Abdel-Hamid, M., Lehmkämper, C., & Sonntag, C. (2007). Mental state attribution, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology: What predicts poor social competence in schizophrenia best? Schizophrenia Research, 92(1–3), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.006
  • Candida, M., Campos, C., Monteiro, B., Rocha, N. B. F., Paes, F., Nardi, A. E., & Machado, S. (2016). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia: An overview on efficacy, recent trends and neurobiological findings. MedicalExpress (São Paulo, online), 3(5), M160501. https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2016.05.01
  • Castelli, I., Baglio, F., Blasi, V., Alberoni, M., Falini, A., Liverta-Sempio, O., Nemni, R., & Marchetti, A. (2010). Effects of aging on mindreading ability through the eyes: An fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 48(9), 2586–2594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.005
  • Cavallini, E., Bianco, F., Bottiroli, S., Rosi, A., Vecchi, T., & Lecce, S. (2015). Training for generalization in Theory of Mind: A study with older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1123. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01123
  • Chan, J. Y., Ng, S. S., Lo, A. W., Chan, F. S., Leung, T. K., Kwok, J. W., Chow, L. W. L., Tam, V. M. C., & Yiu, C. Y. (2018). Correlation of neuro-cognition and social cognition of people with schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychology & Behavior Analysis, 4(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.15344/2455-3867/2018/139
  • Charernboon, T., & Patumanond, J. (2017). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Mental Illness, 9(1), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2017.7054
  • Chiu, C-y., Ng, S., & Au, E. W. M. (2013). Culture and social cognition. Oxford University Press. https://10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730018.013.0037
  • Chong, H. Y., Teoh, S. L., Wu, D. B. C., Kotirum, S., Chiou, C. F., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2016). Global economic burden of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 357–373. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S96649
  • Ciampi, E., Uribe-San-Martin, R., Vásquez, M., Ruiz-Tagle, A., Labbe, T., Cruz, J. P., Lillo, P., Slachevsky, A., Reyes, D., Reyes, A., & Cárcamo-Rodríguez, C. (2018). Relationship between social cognition and traditional cognitive impairment in progressive multiple sclerosis and possible implicated neuroanatomical regions. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, 20, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.01.013
  • Corcoran, R., Mercer, G., & Frith, C. D. (1995). Schizophrenia, symptomatology and social inference: Investigating “theory of mind” in people with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17(1), 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)00024-G
  • Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Brambilla, M., Gobbi, E., Ferrari, C., Binetti, G., & Cappa, S. F. (2019). Cognitive telerehabilitation in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia: A systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 25(2), 67–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X17740390
  • Couture, S. M., Penn, D. L., & Roberts, D. L. (2006). The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(Suppl 1), S44–S63. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl029
  • De Achával, D., Costanzo, E. Y., Villarreal, M., Jáuregui, I. O., Chiodi, A., Castro, M. N., Fahrer, R. D., Leiguarda, R. C., Chu, E. M., & Guinjoan, S. M. (2010). Emotion processing and theory of mind in schizophrenia patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Neuropsychologia, 48(5), 1209–1215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.019
  • Deckler, E., Hodgins, G. E., Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2018). Social cognition and neurocognition in schizophrenia and healthy controls: Intercorrelations of performance and effects of manipulations aimed at increasing task difficulty. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00356
  • DeVylder, J. E., Ben‐David, S., Kimhy, D., & Corcoran, C. M. (2013). Attributional style among youth at clinical risk for psychosis. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 7(1), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7893.2012.00347.x
  • Di Tella, S., Pagliari, C., Blasi, V., Mendozzi, L., Rovaris, M., & Baglio, F. (2020). Integrated telerehabilitation approach in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 26(7–8), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X19850381
  • Dimidjian, S., & McCauley, E. (2016). Modular, scalable, and personalized: priorities for behavioral interventions for adolescent depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 23(1), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12142
  • Dimopoulou, T., Tarazi, F. I., & Tsapakis, E. M. (2017). The clinical role of theory of mind in schizophrenia: A comprehensive review. Avid Science.
  • Dobkin, B. H., & Dorsch, A. K. (2017). The evolution of personalized behavioral intervention technology: Will it change how we measure or deliver rehabilitation? Stroke, 48(8), 2329–2334. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.016620
  • Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x
  • Dziobek, I., Fleck, S., Kalbe, E., Rogers, K., Hassenstab, J., Brand, M., Kessler, J., Woike, J. K., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2006). Introducing MASC: A movie for the assessment of social cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(5), 623–636. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0107-0
  • Eack, S. M., Hogarty, S. S., Greenwald, D. P., Litschge, M. Y., McKnight, S. A., Bangalore, S. S., Pogue-Geile, M. F., Keshavan, M. S., & Cornelius, J. R. (2015). Cognitive Enhancement Therapy in substance misusing schizophrenia: Results of an 18-month feasibility trial. Schizophrenia Research, 161(2–3), 478–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.017
  • Edel, M. A., Raaff, V., Dimaggio, G., Buchheim, A., & Brüne, M. (2017). Exploring the effectiveness of combined mentalization-based group therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy for inpatients with borderline personality disorder—A pilot study. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12123
  • Fernandez-Gonzalo, S., Turon, M., Jodar, M., Pousa, E., Rambla, C. H., García, R., & Palao, D. (2015). A new computerized cognitive and social cognition training specifically designed for patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder in early stages of illness: A pilot study. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.007
  • Fisher, M., Nahum, M., Howard, E., Rowlands, A., Brandrett, B., Kermott, A., Woolley, J., & Vinogradov, S. (2017). Supplementing intensive targeted computerized cognitive training with social cognitive exercises for people with schizophrenia: An interim report. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 40(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/prj0000244
  • Frith, C. D. (2004). Schizophrenia and theory of mind. Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700035601
  • Frith, C. D., & Corcoran, R. (1996). Exploring 'theory of mind' in people with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 26(3), 521–530. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700035601
  • Frommann, N., Streit, M., & Wölwer, W. (2003). Remediation of facial affect recognition impairments in patients with schizophrenia: A new training program. Psychiatry Research, 117(3), 281–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1781(03)00039-8
  • Gawęda, Ł., Krężołek, M., Olbryś, J., Turska, A., & Kokoszka, A. (2015). Decreasing self-reported cognitive biases and increasing clinical insight through meta-cognitive training in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 48, 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.02.002
  • Gil-Sanz, D., Fernández-Modamio, M., Bengochea-Seco, R., Arrieta-Rodríguez, M., & Pérez-Fuentes, G. (Fall 2016). Efficacy of the social cognition training program in a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses, 10(3), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.3371/1935-1232.10.3.154
  • Grant, N., Lawrence, M., Preti, A., Wykes, T., & Cella, M. (2017). Social cognition interventions for people with schizophrenia: A systematic review focussing on methodological quality and intervention modality. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.06.001
  • Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2019). Nonsocial and social cognition in schizophrenia: Current evidence and future directions. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association, 18(2), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20624
  • Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2015). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 16(10), 620–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4005
  • Greig, T. C., Bryson, G. J., & Bell, M. D. (2004). Theory of mind performance in schizophrenia: Diagnostic, symptom, and neuropsychological correlates. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000105995.67947.fc
  • Hamburg, M. A., & Collins, F. S. (2010). The path to personalized medicine. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363(4), 301–304. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1006304
  • Happé, F. G. (1994). An advanced test of theory of mind: Understanding of story characters' thoughts and feelings by able autistic, mentally handicapped, and normal children and adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 24(2), 129–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172093
  • Harrington, L., Siegert, R., & McClure, J. (2005). Theory of mind in schizophrenia: A critical review. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10(4), 249–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800444000056
  • Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
  • Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., Shokat-Fadai, K., Sergi, M. J., Wynn, J. K., & Green, M. F. (2009). Social cognitive skills training in schizophrenia: An initial efficacy study of stabilized outpatients. Schizophrenia Research, 107(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.09.006
  • H., Choi, J., Hun Kim, J., Lee, J., & Green, M. F. (2009). Social cognition training for individuals with schizophrenia: A review of targeted interventions. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 7(2), 29–38.
  • Insel, T. R. (2010). Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature, 468(7321), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09552
  • Isernia, S., Baglio, F., d'Arma, A., Groppo, E., Marchetti, A., & Massaro, D. (2019). Social mind and long-lasting disease: Focus on affective and cognitive theory of mind in multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00218
  • Isernia, S., Pagliari, C., Jonsdottir, J., Castiglioni, C., Gindri, P., Gramigna, C., Palumbo, G., Salza, M., Molteni, F., & Baglio, F, HEAD study group (2019). Efficiency and patient-reported outcome measures from clinic to home: The human empowerment aging and disability program for digital-health rehabilitation. Frontiers in Neurology, 10, 1206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.01206
  • Kalokerinos, E. K., von Hippel, W., & Henry, J. D. (2015). Social cognition and aging. In N. Pachana (Ed.), Encyclopedia of geropsychology (pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-080-3_2-1.
  • Kanie, A., Kikuchi, A., Haga, D., Tanaka, Y., Ishida, A., Yorozuya, Y., Matsuda, Y., Morimoto, T., Fukuoka, T., Takazawa, S., Hagiya, K., Ozawa, S., Iwata, K., Ikebuchi, E., Ikebuchi, T., Roberts, D. L., & Hagiya, K. (2019). The feasibility and efficacy of social cognition and interaction training for outpatients with schizophrenia in Japan: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 589. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00589
  • Kelemen, O., Máttyássy, A., & Kéri, S. (2019). Improvement of theory of mind in schizophrenia: A 15-year follow-up study. Psychology, 1(1), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych1010032
  • Köther, U., Vettorazzi, E., Veckenstedt, R., Hottenrott, B., Bohn, F., Scheu, F., Pfueller U., Roesch-Ely D. & Moritz, S. (2017). Bayesian analyses of the effect of metacognitive training on social cognition deficits and overconfidence in errors. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 8(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.054516
  • Kowalski, J., Pankowski, D., Lew-Starowicz, M., & Gawęda, Ł. (2017). Do specific metacognitive training modules lead to specific cognitive changes among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia? A single module effectiveness pilot study. Psychosis, 9(3), 254–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2017.1300186
  • Kurtz, M. M., Gagen, E., Rocha, N. B., Machado, S., & Penn, D. L. (2016). Comprehensive treatments for social cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: A critical review and effect-size analysis of controlled studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 43, 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.003
  • Kurtz, M. M., & Richardson, C. L. (2012). Social cognitive training for schizophrenia: A meta-analytic investigation of controlled research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(5), 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr036
  • Lado-Codesido, M., Perez, C. M., Mateos, R., Olivares, J. M., & Caballero, A. G. (2019). Improving emotion recognition in schizophrenia with “VOICES”: An on-line prosodic self-training. PLoS One, 14(1), e0210816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210816
  • Livingston, L. A., Carr, B., & Shah, P. (2019). Recent advances and new directions in measuring theory of mind in autistic adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(4), 1738–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3823-3
  • Maggio, M. G., Maresca, G., De Luca, R., Stagnitti, M. C., Porcari, B., Ferrera, M. C., Galletti, F., Casella, C., Manuli, A., & Calabrò, R. S. (2019). The growing use of virtual reality in cognitive rehabilitation: Fact, fake or vision? A scoping review. Journal of the National Medical Association, 111(4), 457–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2019.01.003
  • Maat, A., Fett, A. K., & Derks, E, & Group Investigators. (2012). Social cognition and quality of life in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 137(1–3), 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.017
  • McDonald, S., Flanagan, S., Rollins, J., & Kinch, J. (2003). TASIT: A new clinical tool for assessing social perception after traumatic brain injury. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 18(3), 219–238. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200305000-00001
  • McGrath, J., & Scott, J. (2006). Urban birth and risk of schizophrenia: A worrying example of epidemiology where the data are stronger than the hypotheses. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 15(4), 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1121189X00002104
  • Maher, C. G., Sherrington, C., Herbert, R. D., Moseley, A. M., & Elkins, M. (2003). Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials. Physical Therapy, 83(8), 713–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/83.8.713
  • Mancuso, F., Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., & Green, M. F. (2011). Social cognition in psychosis: Multidimensional structure, clinical correlates, and relationship with functional outcome. Schizophrenia Research, 125(2–3), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.007
  • Maroño Souto, Y., Vázquez Campo, M., Díaz Llenderrozas, F., Rodríguez Álvarez, M., Mateos, R., & García Caballero, A. (2018). Randomized clinical trial with e-MotionalTraining® 1.0 for social cognition rehabilitation in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 40. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00040
  • Mazza, M., Costagliola, C., Di Michele, V., Magliani, V., Pollice, R., Ricci, A., Di Giovanbattista, E., Roncone, R., Casacchia, M., & Galzio, R. J. (2007). Deficit of social cognition in subjects with surgically treated frontal lobe lesions and in subjects affected by schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0676-0
  • Mazza, M., Di Michele, V., Pollice, R., Casacchia, M., & Roncone, R. (2008). Pragmatic language and theory of mind deficits in people with schizophrenia and their relatives. Psychopathology, 41(4), 254–263. https://doi.org/10.1159/000128324
  • Mazza, M., Lucci, G., Pacitti, F., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Casacchia, M., & Roncone, R. (2010). Could schizophrenic subjects improve their social cognition abilities only with observation and imitation of social situations? Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 20(5), 675–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2010.486284
  • Mazza, M., Pollice, R., Pacitti, F., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Tripaldi, S., Casacchia, M., & Roncone, R. (2012). New evidence in theory of mind deficits in subjects with chronic schizophrenia and first episode: Correlation with symptoms, neurocognition and social function. Rivista di Psichiatria, 47(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1708/1139.12561
  • Montag, C., Neuhaus, K., Lehmann, A., Krüger, K., Dziobek, I., Heekeren, H. R., Heinz, A., & Gallinat, J. (2012). Subtle deficits of cognitive theory of mind in unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 262(3), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-011-0250-2
  • Moran, J. M., Jolly, E., & Mitchell, J. P. (2012). Social-cognitive deficits in normal aging. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 32(16), 5553–5561. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5511-11.2012
  • Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2007). Metacognitive training for schizophrenia patients (MCT): A pilot study on feasibility, treatment adherence, and subjective efficacy. German Journal of Psychiatry, 10(3), 69–78.
  • O'Reilly, K., Donohoe, G., O'Sullivan, D., Coyle, C., Corvin, A., O'Flynn, P., O'Donnell, M., Galligan, T., O'Connell, P., & Kennedy, H. G. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation for a national cohort of forensic patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2018-6
  • Palumbo, D., Mucci, A., Piegari, G., D'Alise, V., Mazza, A., & Galderisi, S. (2017). SoCIAL - training cognition in schizophrenia: A pilot study. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 13, 1947–1956. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S136732
  • Peña, J., Ibarretxe-Bilbao, N., Sánchez, P., Iriarte, M. B., Elizagarate, E., Garay, M. A., Gutiérrez, M., Iribarren, A. & Ojeda, N. (2016). Combining social cognitive treatment, cognitive remediation, and functional skills training in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. npj Schizophrenia, 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjschz.2016.37
  • Penaherrera, C. A., & Duarte, M. C. (2016). Schizophrenia and social cognition: A review of concepts and treatment options. Journal of Socialomics, 05(02), 2167–0358. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0358.1000150
  • Penn, D. L., Sanna, L. J., & Roberts, D. L. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An overview. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(3), 408–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn014
  • Pentaraki, A. D., Stefanis, N. C., Stahl, D., Theleritis, C., Toulopoulou, T., Roukas, D., Kaliora, S. C., Chatzimanolis, I., Smyrnis, N., Russell, T., Kravariti, E., & Murray, R. M. (2012). Theory of mind as a potential trait marker of schizophrenia: A family study. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 17(1), 64–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2011.568289
  • Peyroux, E., Prost, Z., Danset-Alexandre, C., Brenugat-Herne, L., Carteau-Martin, I., Gaudelus, B., Jantac, C., Attali, D., Amado, I., Graux, J., Houy-Durand, E., Plasse, J., & Franck, N. (2019). From “under” to “over” social cognition in schizophrenia: Is there distinct profiles of impairments according to negative and positive symptoms? Schizophrenia Research. Cognition, 15, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2018.10.001
  • Pinkham, A. E., Penn, D. L., Perkins, D. O., & Lieberman, J. (2003). Implications for the neural basis of social cognition for the study of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(5), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.5.815
  • Pino, M. C., Pettinelli, M., Clementi, D., Gianfelice, C., & Mazza, M. (2015). Improvement in cognitive and affective theory of mind with observation and imitation treatment in subjects with schizophrenia. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 12(3), 64–72.
  • Poletti, M., Enrici, I., & Adenzato, M. (2012). Cognitive and affective Theory of mind in neurodegenerative diseases: Neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and neurochemical levels. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(9), 2147–2164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.004
  • Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(4), 515–526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00076512
  • Reddy, L. F., Horan, W. P., Jahshan, C., & Green, M. F. (2014). Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: A review of recent findings. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 1(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-014-0011-8
  • Roberts, D. L., Combs, D. R., Willoughby, M., Mintz, J., Gibson, C., Rupp, B., & Penn, D. L. (2014). A randomized, controlled trial of Social Cognition and Interaction Training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12044
  • Roberts, D. L., Penn, D. L., & Combs, D. R. (2015). Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT): Group psychotherapy for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, clinician guide. Oxford University Press.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1986). Meta-analytic procedures for social science research (pp. 148). Sage Publications.
  • American Medical Research Association. (1986). Educational researcher (Vol. 15, pp. 18–20). American Medical Research Association. https://doi.org/10.2307/1175262
  • Rosi, A., Cavallini, E., Bottiroli, S., Bianco, F., & Lecce, S. (2016). Promoting theory of mind in older adults: Does age play a role? Aging & Mental Health, 20(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1049118
  • Rossetto, F., Castelli, I., Baglio, F., Massaro, D., Alberoni, M., Nemni, R., Shamay-Tsoory, S., & Marchetti, A. (2018). Cognitive and affective theory of mind in mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson’s disease: Preliminary evidence from the Italian version of the yoni task. Developmental Neuropsychology, 43(8), 764–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2018.1529175
  • Rowe, A. D., Bullock, P. R., Polkey, C. E., & Morris, R. G. (2001). “Theory of mind” impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 124(Pt 3), 600–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.3.600
  • Scherzer, P. B., Leveillé, E., Achim, A., Boisseau, E., & Stip, E. (2012). A study of theory of mind in paranoid schizophrenia: A theory or many theories? Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00432
  • Schmidt, S. J., Mueller, D. R., & Roder, V. (2011). Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(suppl 2), S41–S54. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr079
  • Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2007). Dissociable prefrontal networks for cognitive and affective theory of mind: A lesion study. Neuropsychologia, 45(13), 3054–3067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.021
  • Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: A double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 132(Pt 3), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn279
  • Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Tomer, R., Berger, B. D., Goldsher, D., & Aharon-Peretz, J. (2005). Impaired “affective theory of mind” is associated with right ventromedial prefrontal damage. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology: Official Journal of the Society for Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology, 18(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wnn.0000152228.90129.99
  • Smith, E. R., & Semin, G. R. (2004). Socially situated cognition: Cognition in its social context. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 57–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(04)36002-8
  • Tan, B. L., Lee, S. A., & Lee, J. (2018). Social cognitive interventions for people with schizophrenia: A systematic review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 115–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2016.06.013
  • Tas, C., Danaci, A. E., Cubukcuoglu, Z., & Brüne, M. (2012). Impact of family involvement on social cognition training in clinically stable outpatients with schizophrenia - A randomized pilot study. Psychiatry Research, 195(1–2), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2011.07.031
  • Taylor, R., Cella, M., Csipke, E., Heriot-Maitland, C., Gibbs, C., & Wykes, T. (2016). Tackling social cognition in schizophrenia: A randomized feasibility trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44(3), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465815000284
  • Vaskinn, A., Løvgren, A., Egeland, M. K., Feyer, F. K., Østefjells, T., Andreassen, O. A., Melle, I., & Sundet, K. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of training of affect recognition (TAR) in schizophrenia shows lasting effects for theory of mind. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(5), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-019-00997-z
  • Veltro, F., Mazza, M., Vendittelli, N., Alberti, M., Casacchia, M., & Roncone, R. (2011). A comparison of the effectiveness of problem solving training and of cognitive-emotional rehabilitation on neurocognition, social cognition and social functioning in people with schizophrenia. Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health, 7, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.2174/1745017901107010123
  • Vos, T., Abajobir, A. A., Abate, K. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulkader, R. S., Abdulle, A. M., Abebo, T. A., Abera, S. F., Aboyans, V., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Ackerman, I. N., Adamu, A. A., Adetokunboh, O., Afarideh, M., Afshin, A., Agarwal, S. K., Aggarwal, R., … Murray, C. J. L. (2017). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet, 390(10100), 1211–1259. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
  • Wang, Y., Roberts, D. L., Xu, B., Cao, R., Yan, M., & Jiang, Q. (2013). Social cognition and interaction training for patients with stable schizophrenia in Chinese community settings. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.038
  • Wölwer, W., & Frommann, N. (2011). Social-cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: Generalization of effects of the Training of Affect Recognition (TAR). Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(suppl 2), S63–S70. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbr071
  • Yang, N. Y., Zhou, D., Chung, R. C., Li, C. W., & Fong, K. N. (2013). Rehabilitation interventions for unilateral neglect after stroke: A systematic review from 1997 through 2012. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00187

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.