Fifty Shades of Darkness: A Socio-Cognitive Information-Processing Framework Applied to Narcissism and Psychopathy

References

• Aaker, J., & Schmitt, B. (2001). Culture-dependent assimilation and differentiation of the Self: Preferences for consumption symbols in the United States and China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, F., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2010). The dark side of love and life satisfaction: Associations with intimate relationships, psychopathy and Machiavellianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(2), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association Publications. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Aslinger, E., Manuck, S., Pilkonis, P., Simms, L., & Wright, A. (2018). Narcissist or narcissistic? Evaluation of the latent structure of narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(5), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiak, P., Neumann, S. C., & Hare, D. R. (2010). Corporate psychopathy: Talking the walk. Behavioral Sciences & Law, 28(2), 174–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baskin-Sommers, A., Krusemark, E., & Ronningstam, E. (2014). Empathy in narcissistic personality disorder: From clinical and empirical perspectives. Personality Disorders, 5(3), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000061
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bateman, A. W. (1998). Thick- and thin-skinned organisations and enactment in borderline and narcissistic disorders. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79(1), 13–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, A., & Lyons, M. (2016). Sex differences between primary and secondary psychopathy, parental bonding, and attachment style. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 10(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000065
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Davis, D., & Freeman, D. (2015a). Theory of personality disorders (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Davis, D. D., & Freeman, A. (Eds.). (2015b). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15(3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentall, R., Kinderman, P., & Kaney, S. (1994). The self, attributional processes and abnormal beliefs: Towards a model of persecutory delusions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32(3), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)90131-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglan, A., & Hayes, S. C. (1996). Should the behavioral sciences become more pragmatic? The case for functional contextualism in research on human behavior. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5(1), 47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0962-1849(96)80026-6
   Google Scholar
• Body, R. C. (2017). Psychopathic leadership: A case study of a corporate psychopath CEO. Journal of Business Ethics, 145, 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2908-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Book, A., Costello, K., & Camilleri, J. (2013). Psychopathy and victim selection: The use of gait as a cue to vulnerability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(11), 2368–2383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512475315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1944). Forty-four juvenile thieves: Their character and home-life. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 25, 19–52.
   Google Scholar
• Bramson, A. (2009). Formal measures of dynamical properties: Tipping, robustness and path dependence. AAAI Fall Symposium: Complex Adaptive Systems and the Threshold Effect.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, S. (2017). Leader narcissism and outcomes in organizations: A review at multiple levels of analysis and implications for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(773), 773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brennan, K. A., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment styles and personality disorders: Their connections to each other and to parental divorce, parental death, and perceptions of parental caregiving. Journal of Personality, 66(5), 835–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brummelman, E., Thomaes, S., Nelemans, S. A., Orobio de Castro, B., & Bushman, B. J. (2015). My child is God's gift to humanity: Development and validation of the Parental Overvaluation Scale (POS). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(4), 665–679. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckels, E., Trapnell, P., & Paulhus, D. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J. (2002). Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger, and aggressive responding. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 724–731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202289002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R., & Phillips, M. C. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation, opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. J., & Elison, J. (2005). Shame coping styles and psychopathic personality traits. Journal of Personality Assessment, 84(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8401_16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, W. K. (1999). Narcissism and romantic attraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1254–1270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1254
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2002). Narcissism and commitment in romantic relationships: An investment model analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(4), 484–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202287006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2012). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118093108
   Google Scholar
• Casey, H., Rogers, R. D., Burns, T., & Yiend, J. (2013). Emotion regulation in psychopathy. Biological Psychology, 92(3), 541–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cater, T. E., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Vonk, J. (2011). Narcissism and recollections of early life experiences. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 935–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C. (2006). From filial piety to religious piety: Evangelical Christianity reconstructing Taiwanese immigrant families in the United States. International Migration Review, 40(3), 573–602. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00032.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian, E., Sellbom, M., & Wilkinson, R. B. (2017). Clarifying the associations between individual differences in general attachment styles and psychopathy. Personality Disorders, 8(4), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clempner, B. J. (2017). A game theory model for manipulation-based Machiavellianism: Moral and ethical behaviour. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 20(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Roberts, A., & Hare, R. D. (2009). Prevalence and correlates of psychopathic traits in the household population of Great Britain. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, D. M., Jackson, J. C., Walker, R. B., O’Connor, P. J., & Gardiner, E. (2017). Integrating the context-appropriate balanced attention model and reinforcement sensitivity theory: Towards a domain-general personality process model. Psychological Bulletin, 143(1), 91–106. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton, W. M., Conway, K. P., Stinson, F. S., Colliver, J. D., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(06), 677–685. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.v66n0602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, D. (1996). Psychopathic personality in different cultures: What do we know? What do we need to find out? Journal of Personality Disorders, 10(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1996.10.1.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, R. L., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2013). Recalled parental bonding, current attachment, and the triarchic conceptualisation of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craparo, G., Schimmenti, A., & Caretti, V. (2013). Traumatic experiences in childhood and psychopathy: A study on a sample of violent offenders from Italy. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 21471–21471. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, O., Chesters, M. J., & Viding, E. (2011). The psychopath's dilemma: The effects of psychopathic personality traits in one-shot games. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 804–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, R., & Krebs, J. R. (1978). Animal signals: Information or manipulation. In J. R. Krebs & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioral ecology: An evolutionary approach (pp. 282–309). Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• DeLisi, M., Angton, A., Vaughn, V. M., Trulson, R. C., Caudill, W. J., & Beaver, K. (2014). Not my fault: Blame externalization is the psychopathic feature most associated with pathological delinquency among confined delinquents. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58(12), 1415–1430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X13496543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand, G. (2016). A replication of "Using self-esteem to disaggregate psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression (2013)”. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 12(2), r1–r5. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.12.2.r001
   Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S. (2017). From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development. Psychological Review, 124(6), 689–719. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. G., Jr. (2006). Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(1), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan, V. (2009, July). The main predictors of aggression: Low A, low A, and low A? Paper presented at meeting of the International Society for the Study of Individual Differences. Iillinois.
   Google Scholar
• Ekblad, S. (1990). The children's behaviour questionnaire for completion by parents and teachers in a Chinese sample. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 31(5), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00817.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, J. D., Schroder, H. S., Patrick, C. J., & Moser, J. S. (2017). Emotional Reactivity and regulation in individuals with psychopathic traits: Evidence for a disconnect between neurophysiology and self-report. Psychophysiology, 54(10), 1574–1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falkenbach, D. M., Howe, J. R., & Falki, M. (2013). Using self-esteem to disaggregate psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 815–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah, A., Amorim, I. & Chamorro-Prezumic, T. (2009). Empathy deficits and trait emotional intelligence in psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 758–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.016
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., Richards, S., & Paulhus, D. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018
   Google Scholar
• Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854–878. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais, M. M., Kline, M., Ludmer, M., George, R., & Manson, J. H. (2013). The strategy of psychopathy: Primary psychopathic traits predict defection on low-value relationships. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 280(1757), 20122773. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geukes, K., Nestler, S., Hutteman, R., Dufner, M., Küfner, A. C. P., Egloff, B., Denissen, J. J. A., & Back, M. D. (2017). Puffed-up but shaky selves: State self-esteem level and variability in narcissists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(5), 769–786. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giammarco, A. E., & Vernon, A. P. (2014). Vengeance and the Dark Triad: The role of empathy and perspective taking in trait forgivingness. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford, E. V., & Hayes, S. C. (1999). Functional contextualism: A pragmatic philosophy for behavioral science. In W. O’Donohue & R. Kitchener (Eds.), Handbook of behaviorism (pp. 285–327). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012524190-8/50012-7
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolutionary approaches to psychopathology: The role of natural defences. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 35(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00856.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, P. (2005). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed.), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy (pp. 9–74). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203003459
   Google Scholar
• Ghim, S. C., Choi, D. H., Lim, J. J., & Lim, S. M. (2015). The relationship between covert narcissism and relational aggression in adolescents: Mediating effects of internalized shame and anger rumination. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 5(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2015.V5.469
   Google Scholar
• Gray, N. S., Weidacker, K., & Snowden, R. J. (2019). Psychopathy and impulsivity: The relationship of psychopathy to different aspects of UPPS-P impulsivity. Psychiatry Research, 272, 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, P. (2014). Why is narcissism increasing among young Americans? Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/freedom-learn/201401/why-is-narcissism-increasing-among-young-americans
   Google Scholar
• Greiner, N., & Nunno, V. J. (1994). Psychopaths at Nuremberg? A Rorschach analysis of the records of Nazi criminals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 50(3), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(199405)50:3<415::AID-JCLP2270500313>3.0.CO;2-M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gries, P., Sanders, M., Stroup, D., & Cai, H. (2015). Hollywood in China: How American popular culture shapes Chinese views of the ‘Beautiful Imperialist,’ an experimental analysis. The China Quarterly, 224, 1070–1082. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741015000831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grijalva, E., Harms, P.D., Newman, D.A., Gaddis,B.H. & Fraley, R.C. (2015). Narcissism and leadership: A meta-analytic review of linear and nonlinear relationships. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12072
   Google Scholar
• Grijalva, E., & Newman, D. A. (2015). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): Meta‐analysis and consideration of collectivist culture, Big Five personality, and narcissism's facet structure. Applied Psychology, 64(1), 93–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – revised (2nd ed.). Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Harenski, C. L., Thornton, D. M., Harenski, K. A., Decety, J., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Increased frontotemporal activation during pain observation in sexual sadism: Preliminary findings. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(3), 283–299. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Hart, C. M., & Sedikides, C. (2014). Moving Narcissus: Can narcissists be empathic? Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(9), 1079–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214535812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenbrouwers, S. S., Bulten, B. H., & Brazil, I. A. (2016). Parsing fear: A reassessment of the evidence for fear deficits in psychopathy. Psychological Bulletin, 142(6), 573–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, R. S., Bleau, G., & Drwecki, B. (2006). Parenting Narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism? Journal of Personality, 74(2), 345–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00378.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobwitz, S., & Egan, V. (2006). The dark triad and normal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(2), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaspal, R., Lopes, B., Wignall, L., & Bloxsom, C. (2021). Predicting sexual risk behavior in British and European Union university students in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Sexuality Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2020.1869129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2010). Different provocations trigger aggression in narcissists and psychopaths. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609347591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack (eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: Theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp. 249–269). Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118001868.ch15
   Google Scholar
• Kealy, D., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Rice, S. M., & Oliffe, J. L. (2017). Pathological narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours in a nationally representative sample of Canadian men. Psychiatry Research, 256, 156–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O. F., & Caligor, E. (2005). A psychoanalytic theory of personality disorders. In M. F. Lenzenweger & J. Clarkin (Eds.), Major theories of personality disorder (pp. 114–156). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Landay, K., Harms, P. D., & Credé, M. (2019). Shall we serve the dark lords? A meta-analytic review of psychopathy and leadership . The Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(1), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBreton, J., Binning, J., & Adorno, A. (2006). Subclinical psychopaths. In J. C. Thomas & D. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology. Vol. 1: Personality and everyday functioning (pp. 388–411). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lopes, B., & Yu, H. (2017). Who do you troll and why? An investigation into the relationship between the Dark Triad Personalities and online trolling behaviours towards popular and less popular Facebook profiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malesza, M. (2020). The effects of the Dark Triad traits in prisoner's dilemma game. Current Psychology, 39(3), 1055–1062. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9823-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malesza, M., & Kaczmarek, C. M. (2018). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 126, 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion & motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCain, J. L., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Narcissism and social media use: A meta-analytical review. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 7(3), 308–317. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, R., & Campbell, L. W. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality, 78(5), 1529–1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality: DSM III: Axis II. John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246–268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.102.2.246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, D., & Gilbert, P. (2001). Social rank, shame and anger in primary and secondary psychopaths. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 12(2), 330–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585180110056867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nangyeon, L. (2016). Cultural differences in emotion: Differences in emotional arousal level between East and West. Integrative Medicine Research, 5(2), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2016.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathanson, C. (2008). Exploring the dynamics of revenge [Unpublished PhD dissertation. University of British Colombia]. Canada. https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0066779
   Google Scholar
• Newman, J. P., & Baskin-Sommers, A. (2011). Early selective attention abnormalities in psychopathy: Implications for self-regulation. In M. Posner (Ed.), Cognitive neuroscience of attention (pp. 421–440). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oltmanns, T. F., & Balsis, S. (2011). Personality disorders in later life: Questions about the measurement, course, and impact of disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-090310-120435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006). Narcissism and childhood recollections: A quantitative test of psychoanalytic predictions. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(1), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205279907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, E. (1998). Individualism/collectivism, self-concept, and social behavior: False-uniqueness and the spiral of silence hypothesis [Unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University].
   Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L. (2001). Normal narcissism: Two minimalist accounts. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 228–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendergast, T. (2000). Creating the modern man: American magazines and consumer culture: 1900–1950. University of Missouri Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perenc, L., & Radochonski, M. (2014). Psychopathic traits and reactive-proactive aggression in a large community sample of Polish adolescents. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45(4), 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-013-0432-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson, B. (2013). Sub-clinical psychopathy and empathy [Unpublished Thesis submitted to achieve the Bachelor Degree in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Skövde], pp. 1–53. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A646254&dswid=8129
   Google Scholar
• Persson, B., Kajonius, J. P., & Garcia, D. (2019). Revisiting the structure of the Short Dark Triad. Assessment, 26(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117701192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, G. W., Steinmetz, S. K., & Wilson, S. M. (2003). Cultural and cross-cultural perspectives on parent-youth relations. Marriage & Family Review, 35(3-4), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v35n03_02
   Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., Fontaine, N. M. G., Vincent, G., Coid, J., & Ullrich, S. (2012). Childhood risk, offending trajectories, and psychopathy at age 48 years in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 18(4), 577–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poless, P. G., Torstveit, L., Lugo, R. G., Andreassen, M., & Sütterlin, S. (2018). Guilt and proneness to shame: Unethical behaviour in Vulnerable and Grandiose Narcissism. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 14(1), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i1.1355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, S., ten Brinke, L., Baker, A., & Wallace, B. (2011). Would I lie to you? "Leakage" in deceptive facial expressions relates to psychopathy and emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(2), 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.03.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prado, E. C., Treeby, M., & Crowe, S. (2016). Examining the relationships between sub-clinical psychopathic traits with shame, guilt, and externalising response tendencies to everyday transgressions. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(4), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2016.1167933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, T. D., Walker, W. R., Marsh, S., Hart, C., & Skowronski, J. J. (2015). Narcissism distorts the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(1), 104–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3082
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronningstam, E. (2005). Identifying and understanding narcissistic personality. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ronningstam, E. (2017). Intersect between self-esteem and regulation in narcissistic personality disorder- implications for alliance building and treatment. Borderline Personality Disorders and Emotion Dysregulation, 4(3), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-017-0054-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, P. (2007). Mediators of the association between narcissism and compulsive buying: The roles of materialism and impulse control. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 21(4), 576–581. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.21.4.576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schalkwijk, F. W., Dekker, J., Peen, J., & Stams, J. (2016). Narcissism, self-esteem, shame regulation and juvenile delinquency. Forensic Science & Criminology, 1(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.15761/FSC.1000105
   Google Scholar
• Schimmenti, A., Passanisi, A., Pace, U., Manzella, S., Di Carlo, G., & Caretti, V. (2014). The relationship between attachment and psychopathy: A study with a sample of violent offenders. Current Psychology, 33(3), 256–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9211-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, L., Dziobek, I., Vater, A., Heekeren, H. R., Bajbouj, M., Renneberg, B., Heuser, I., & Roepke, S. (2013). Gray matter abnormalities in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(10), 1363–1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., Poythress, N., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Cale, E. M. (2003). Psychopathic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications for risk assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8(5), 513–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00098-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smolewska, K., & Dion, L. K. (2005). Narcissism and adult attachment: A multivariate approach. Self and Identity, 4(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13576500444000218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, K. D., & Bernhardt, P. C. (2010). Comparing millennials to pre-1987 students and with one another. North American Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 579–602.
   Google Scholar
• Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Huang, B., Smith, S. M., Ruan, W. J., Pulay, A. J., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., & Grant, B. F. (2008). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV narcissistic personality disorder: Results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(7), 1033–1045. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v69n0701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., & Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development and validation of the Anger Rumination Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(5), 689–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00171-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in different cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96(3), 289–506. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the Dark Triad and the Big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(2), 445–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignoles, V. L., Chryssochoou, X., & Breakwell, G. M. (2000). The distinctiveness principle: Identity, meaning, and the bounds of cultural relativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(4), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0404_4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas, K. (2015). Psychopathic traits and everyday social behaviour [Unpublished PhD dissertation, University College London].
   Google Scholar
• White, A. B. (2014). Who cares when nobody is watching? Psychopathic traits and empathy in prosocial behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 116–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widiger, T. A., & Lynam, D. R. (1998). Psychopathy as a variant of common personality traits: Implications for diagnosis, etiology, and pathology. In T. Millon (Ed.), Psychopathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 171–187). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K. M., & Paulhus, D. L. (2004). Factor structure of the Self-Report Psychopathy scale (SRP II) in nonforensic samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 37(4), 765–778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2003.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink, P. M. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodmass, K., & O’Connor, B. P. (2018). What is the opposite of psychopathy? A statistical and graphical exploration of the psychopathy continuum. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 254–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youli, H., & Chang, L. (2015). A comparative study between the dark personality and the Big Five. Canadian Social Science, 11(1), 93–98. https://doi.org/10.3968/5715
   Google Scholar
• Young, J. E. (1999). Practitioner’s resource series. Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach (3rd ed.). Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, A. (1996). Ultimate life concerns, self and Chinese achievement motivation. In M. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 227–246). Oxford Press.
   Google Scholar