References
- Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. Jossey-Bass.
- Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.
- Altemeyer, R. A. (1994). Reducing prejudice in right-wing authoritarians. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 131–148). Erlbaum.
- Altemeyer, B., & Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(2), 113–133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0202_5
- Bell, A., Fairbrother, M., & Jones, K. (2019). Fixed and random effects models: Making an informed choice. Quality & Quantity, 53(2), 1051–1074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0802-x
- Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K.-K., & Chemonges-Nielson, Z. (2004b). Combining social axioms with values in predicting social behaviours. European Journal of Personality, 18(3), 177–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/per.509
- Bond, M. H., Leung, K., Au, A., Tong, K.-K., de Carrasquel, S. R., Murakami, F., Yamaguchi, S., Bierbrauer, G., Singelis, T. M., Broer, M., Boen, F., Lambert, S. M., Ferreira, M. C., Noels, K. A., van Bavel, J., Safdar, S., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Solcova, I., … Lewis, J. R. (2004a). Culture-level dimensions of social axioms and their correlates across 41 cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(5), 548–570. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022104268388
- Bonikowski, B. (2017). Ethno-nationalist populism and the mobilization of collective resentment. The British Journal of Sociology, 68, S181–S213. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12325
- Bou Malham, P., & Saucier, G. (2014). Measurement invariance of social axioms in 23 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 45(7), 1046–1060. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114534771
- Bouchard, T. D.Jr. (2009). Authoritarianism, religiousness and conservatism: Is “obedience to authority” the explanation for their clustering, universality and evolution? In E. Voland, W. Schiefenhövel (Eds.), The biological evolution of religious mind and behaviour (pp. 165–180). Springer.
- Canetti-Nisim, D. (2004). The effect of religiosity on endorsement of democratic values: The mediating influence of authoritarianism. Political Behavior, 26(4), 377–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-004-0901-3
- Cha, T. (2016). The return of Jacksonianism: The international implications of the Trump phenomenon. The Washington Quarterly, 39(4), 83–97. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2016.1261562
- Cianetti, L., Dawson, J., & Hanley, S. (2018). Rethinking “democratic backsliding” in Central and Eastern Europe–looking beyond Hungary and Poland. East European Politics, 34(3), 243–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21599165.2018.1491401
- Cohrs, J. C., Moschner, B., Maes, J., & Kielmann, S. (2005). The motivational bases of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: Relations to values and attitudes in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(10), 1425–1434. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205275614
- Conway, L. G.III, Houck, S. C., Gornick, L. J., & Repke, M. A. (2018). Finding the Loch Ness monster: Left-wing authoritarianism in the United States. Political Psychology, 39(5), 1049–1067. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12470
- Costello, T. H., Bowes, S. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2020). Escape from Freedom”: Authoritarianism-related traits, political ideology, personality, and belief in free will/determinism. Journal of Research in Personality, 86, 103957. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103957
- Costello, T. H., Bowes, S. M., Stevens, S. T., Waldman, I. D., Tasimi, A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2022). Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 122(1), 135–170.
- Duncan, M. L., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2012). Attitudes toward same‐sex marriage: An essentialist approach. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12(1), 377–399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2012.01290.x
- Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 41–113.
- Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684–696. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205284282
- Duckitt, J., Wagner, C., Du Plessis, I., & Birum, I. (2002). The psychological bases of ideology and prejudice: Testing a dual process model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(1), 75–93.
- Economics Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2021, January). Democracy Index 2020. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/democracy-index-2020.pdf?mkt_tok=NzUzLVJJUS00MzgAAAGCUq_b6UCWPhpYyefHS-_yVCoc4S-xAgUDSylqPAmQU4W3-n8FQU9nn5R5SsLnwBJ8iukPwHrzZtCIUGBvxF0NNR6yghGeoerde-CgiGzWxIutFw
- Elgenius, G., & Rydgren, J. (2019). Frames of nostalgia and belonging: The resurgence of ethno-nationalism in Sweden. European Societies, 21(4), 583–602. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2018.1494297
- Fasce, A., & Avendaño, D. (2020). Opening the can of worms: A comprehensive examination of authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 163, 110057. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110057
- Fasoli, A. D., Saunders, A., & Andrade, I. (2018). What is moral sanctity? Sanctity in the moral worldviews of US political liberals. The Social Science Journal, 55(4), 473–486. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.03.002
- Foa, R. S., & Mounk, Y. (2017). The signs of deconsolidation. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0000
- Golec de Zavala, A., Guerra, R., & Simao, C. (2017). The relationship between the Brexit vote and individual predictors of prejudice: Collective narcissism, right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2023–2014. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02023
- Hall, D. L., Matz, D. C., & Wood, W. (2010). Why don’t we practice what we preach? A meta-analytic review of religious racism. Personality and social psychology review, 14(1), 126–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352179
- Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…. Communication Methods and Measures, 14(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
- Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Kteily, N., Sheehy-Skeffington, J., Pratto, F., Henkel, K. E., Foels, R., & Stewart, A. L. (2015). The nature of social dominance orientation: Theorizing and measuring preferences for intergroup inequality using the new SDO7 scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1003–1028.
- Homolar, A., & Scholz, R. (2019). The power of Trump-speak: Populist crisis narratives and ontological security. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 32(3), 344–364. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2019.1575796
- Hout, M. (2012). Social and economic returns to college education in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 38(1), 379–400. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102503
- Hui, C.-M., & Hui, H.-H N. (2009). The mileage from social axioms: Learning from the past and looking forward. In K. Leung & M. H. Bond (Eds.), Psychological aspects of social axioms (pp. 13–30). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09810-4_2
- Iurino, K., & Saucier, G. (2020). Testing measurement invariance of the Moral Foundations Questionnaire across 27 countries. Assessment, 27(2), 365–372.
- Jami, W. A., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2021). The Social Axioms of Populism: Investigating the Relationship Between Culture and Populist Attitudes. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 9(2), 438–455. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.7295
- Jay, S., Batruch, A., Jetten, J., McGarty, C., & Muldoon, O. T. (2019). Economic inequality and the rise of far-right populism: A social psychological analysis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 418–428. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2409
- Jensen, L. A. (1997). Culture wars: American moral divisions across the adult lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 4(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02510084
- Jost, J. T. (2006). The end of the end of ideology. The American Psychologist, 61(7), 651–670. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.651
- Jost, J. T., Hawkins, C. B., Nosek, B. A., Hennes, E. P., Stern, C., Gosling, S. D., & Graham, J. (2014). Belief in a just God (and a just society): A system justification perspective on religious ideology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 34(1), 56–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033220
- Judd, C. M., & Krosnick, J. A. (1989). The structural bases of consistency among political attitudes: Effects of expertise and attitude importance. In A. R. Pratkanis, S. J. Breckler, & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 99–128). Erlbaum.
- Juego, B. (2018). Authoritarian neoliberalism: Its ideological antecedents and policy manifestations from Carl Schmitt’s political economy of governance. Administrative Culture, 19(1), 105–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32994/ac.v19i1.209
- Kalmoe, N. P. (2020). Uses and abuses of ideology in political psychology. Political Psychology, 41(4), 771–793. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12650
- Kaufman, R. R., & Haggard, S. (2019). Democratic decline in the United States: What can we learn from middle-income backsliding? Perspectives on Politics, 17(02), 417–432. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592718003377
- Kemmelmeier, M., Burnstein, E., Krumov, K., Genkova, P., Kanagawa, C., Hirshberg, M. S. & Noels, K. A. (2003). Individualism, collectivism, and authoritarianism in seven societies. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(3), 304–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103034003005
- Keung, D. K. Y., & Bond, M. H. (2002). Dimensions of political attitudes and their relations with beliefs and values in Hong Kong. Journal of Psychology in Chinese Societies, 3, 133–154.
- Lambert, A. J., Burroughs, T., & Nguyen, T. (1999). Perceptions of risk and the buffering hypothesis: The role of just world beliefs and right-wing authoritarianism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(6), 643–656. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299025006001
- Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (2008). Psycho-logic and eco-logic: Insights from social axiom dimensions. In F. van de Vijver, D. van Hemert, & Y. P. Poortinga (Eds.), Individuals and cultures in multilevel analysis (pp. 197–219). Erlbaum.
- Leung, K., Bond, M. H., de Carrasquel, S. R., Muñoz, C., Hernández, M., Murakami, F., Yamaguchi, S., Bierbrauer, G., & Singelis, T. M. (2002). Social axioms: The search for universal dimensions of general beliefs about how the world functions. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033003005
- Levitsky, S., & Loxton, J. (2013). Populism and competitive authoritarianism in the Andes. Democratization, 20(1), 107–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2013.738864
- Lipsitz, L. (1965). Working-class authoritarianism: A re-evaluation. American Sociological Review, 30(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2091777
- MacWilliams, M. C. (2016). Who decides when the party doesn’t? Authoritarian voters and the rise of Donald Trump. PS: Political Science & Politics, 49(4), 716–721.
- Madeira, A. F., Costa-Lopes, R., Dovidio, J. F., Freitas, G., & Mascarenhas, M. F. (2019). Primes and consequences: A systematic review of meritocracy in intergroup relations. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2007. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02007
- Marchlewska, M., Cichocka, A., Panayiotou, O., Castellanos, K., & Batayneh, J. (2018). Populism as identity politics: Perceived in-group disadvantage, collective narcissism, and support for populism. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617732393
- Maxwell, S. R. (2019). Perceived threat of crime, authoritarianism, and the rise of a populist president in the Philippines. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 43(3), 207–218. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2018.1558084
- Montiel, C. J., & Boller, A. (2017). Political emotions during democratic transitions in the Global South. In M. Seedat, S. Suffla, & D. J. Christie (Eds.), Enlarging the scope of peace psychology (pp. 255–267). Springer International.
- Mudde, C. (2010). The populist radical right: A pathological normalcy. West European Politics, 33(6), 1167–1186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.508901
- Napier, J. L., & Jost, J. T. (2008a). Why are conservatives happier than liberals? Psychological Science, 19(6), 565–572. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02124.x
- Napier, J. L., & Jost, J. T. (2008b). The “antidemocratic personality” Revisited: A cross-national investigation of working-class authoritarianism. Journal of Social Issues, 64(3), 595–617. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00579.x
- Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Cultural backlash: Trump, Brexit, and authoritarian populism. Cambridge University Press.
- Nowlin, M. C., & Rabovsky, T. M. (2020). A cultural theory of partisanship and policy attitudes. Social Science Quarterly, 101(2), 878–892. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12750
- Pettigrew, T. F. (2017). Social psychological perspectives on Trump supporters. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i1.750
- Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Stallworth, L. M., & Malle, B. F. (1994). Social dominance orientation: A personality variable predicting social and political attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(4), 741–763. [Database] https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.4.741
- Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1992). When small effects are important. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 160–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.160
- Rensmann, L. (2017). The noisy counter-revolution: Understanding the cultural conditions and dynamics of populist politics in Europe in the digital age. Politics and Governance, 5(4), 123–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v5i4.1123
- Saucier, G. (2000). Isms and the Structure of Social Attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 366–385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.366
- Saucier, G. (2013). Isms dimensions: Toward a more comprehensive and integrative model of belief-system components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(5), 921–939. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031968
- Saucier, G. (2014). Ethnonationalism: Concept and measurement (Unpublished Manuscript). University of Oregon.
- Saucier, G., Akers, L. G., Shen-Miller, S., Kneževié, G., & Stankov, L. (2009). Patterns of thinking in militant extremism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(3), 256–271. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01123.x
- Saucier, G., Kenner, J., Iurino, K., Bou Malham, P., Chen, Z., Thalmayer, A. G., Kemmelmeier, M., Tov, W., Boutti, R., Metaferia, H., Çankaya, B., Mastor, K. A., Hsu, K.-Y., Wu, R., Maniruzzaman, M., Rugira, J., Tsaousis, I., Sosnyuk, O., Regmi Adhikary, J., … Altschul, C. (2015). Cross-cultural differences in a global “survey of world views. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114551791
- Schlenker, B. R., Chambers, J. R., & Le, B. M. (2012). Conservatives are happier than liberals, but why? Political ideology, personality, and life satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality, 46(2), 127–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.009
- Schwartz, C., Simon, M., Hudson, D., & Hudson, J. (2020). A populist paradox? How brexit softened anti-immigration attitudes. British Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 1160–1180.
- Sibley, C. G., & Duckitt, J. (2010). The personality bases of ideology: A one-year longitudinal study. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(5), 540–559.
- Smith, A. D. (2001). Nationalism: Theory, ideology, history. Polity.
- Son Hing, L. S., Bobocel, D. R., Zanna, M. P., Garcia, D. M., Gee, S. S., & Orazietti, K. (2011). The merit of meritocracy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 433–450.
- Staerklé, C., & Green, E. G. (2018). Right-wing populism as a social representation: A comparison across four European countries. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 28(6), 430–445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2369
- Stankov, L. (2017). Conservative syndrome: Individual and cross-cultural differences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(6), 950–960. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117709984
- Straus, M. A. (2009). The national context effect: An empirical test of the validity of cross-national research using unrepresentative samples. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(3), 183–205. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397109335770
- Tansel, C. B. (2018). Authoritarian neoliberalism and democratic backsliding in Turkey: Beyond the narratives of progress. South European Society and Politics, 23(2), 197–217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1479945
- Thompson, J. (2021). What it means to be a “true American”: Ethnonationalism and voting in the 2016 US presidential election. Nations and Nationalism, 27(1), 279–297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12638
- Uyheng, J., & Montiel, C. J. (2020). Cognitive polyphasia in a global south populist democracy: Mapping social representations of Duterte’s regime in the Philippines. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 8(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i1.1119
- Van Hiel, A., Duriez, B., & Kossowska, M. (2006). The presence of left-wing authoritarianism in western Europe and its relationship with conservative ideology. Political Psychology, 27(5), 769–793. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00532.x
- Vijay, D., & Nair, V. G. (2021). In the name of merit: Ethical violence and inequality at a business school. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–23. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-021-04824-1