Separation-Individuation in Late Adolescence: An Investigation of Gender and Ethnic Differences

References

• Abe , J. S. and Zane , N. W. S. 1990 . Psychological maladjustment among Asian and White American college students: Controlling for confounds. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 37 : 437 – 444 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , S. F. and Stoltenberg , C. D. 1995 . Psychological separation of older adolescents and young adults from their parents: An investigation of gender differences. . Journal of Counseling and Development , 73 : 542 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , M. D. and Sabatelli , R. M. 1988 . Differentiation and individuation as mediators of identity and intimacy in adolescence. . Journal of Adolescent Research , 3 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Balk , D. E. 1995 . Adolescent development. , Boston : Brooks/Cole. .
   Google Scholar
• Bartz , K. W. and Levine , E. S. 1978 . Childrearing by Black parents: A description and comparison to Anglo and Chicano parents. . Journal of Marriage and Family , 40 : 708 – 719 .
   Google Scholar
• Becerra , R. M. 1988 . “ The Mexican American family. ” . In Ethnic families in America , Edited by: Mindel , C. H. , Habenstein , R. W. and Wright , R. 141 – 159 . New York : Elsevier. .
   Google Scholar
• Berman , W. H. and Sperling , M. B. 1991 . Parental attachment and emotional stress in the transition to college. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 20 : 427 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , B. L. 1991 . Central issue importance as a function of gender and ethnicity. . Current Psychology: Research and Reviews , 10 : 241 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blos , P. 1967 . The second individuation process of adolescence. . The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , 22 : 162 – 196 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blustein , D. L. , Walbridge , M. M. , Friedlander , M. L. and Palladino , D. E. 1991 . Contributions of psychological separation and parental attachment to the career development process. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 38 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd-Franklin , N. 1989 . Black families in therapy. , New York : Guilford Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , J. H. and Harvey , D. M. 1992 . Intimacy and individuation in young adults: Development of the young adult version of the Personal Authority in the Family System Questionnaire. . Journal of Family Psychology , 6 : 152 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Chodorow , N. 1989 . Feminism and psychoanalytic theory. , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Enright , R. D. , Lapsley , D. U. , Drivas , A. E. and Fehr , L. A. 1980 . Parental influences on the development of adolescent autonomy and identity. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 9 : 526 – 545 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , S. S. and Quatman , T. 1988 . Factors influencing age expectations for adolescent autonomy: A study of early adolescents and parents. . Journal of Early Adolescence , 4 : 325 – 343 .
   Google Scholar
• Fleming , W. M. and Anderson , S. A. 1986 . Individuation from the family of origin and personal adjustment in late adolescence. . Journal of Marital and Family Therapy , 12 : 311 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox-Keller , E. 1985 . Reflections on gender and science. , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , S. , Avery , C. and Laman , M. 1988 . Young adults' perceptions of their relationships with their parents: Individual differences in connectedness, competence, and emotional autonomy. . Developmental Psychology , 24 : 729 – 737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank , S. J. , Pirsch , L. A. and Wright , V. C. 1990 . Late adolescents' perceptions of their relationships with their parents: Relationships among deidealization, autonomy, relatedness, and insecurity and implications for adolescent adjustment and ego identity status. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 19 : 571 – 588 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedlander , M. L. and Siegal , S. 1990 . Separation-individuation difficulties and cognitive-behavioral indicators of eating disorders among college women. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 37 : 74 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbarino , J. , Gaa , J. P. , Swank , P. , McPherson , R. and Gratch , L. V. 1995 . The relation of individuation and psychosocial development. . Journal of Family Psychology , 9 : 311 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavazzi , S. M. and Sabatelli , R. M. 1990 . Family systems dynamics, the individuation process, and psychosocial development. . Journal of Adolescent Research , 5 : 500 – 519 .
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan , C. 1982 . In a different voice. , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Gnaulati , E. , O'Connell , A. A. and Broughton , J. M. 1998 . The influence of paternal bonding on the development of separation-individuation in late adolescence. Unpublished manuscript, California State University, Los Angeles.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , A. , Serafica , F. and McAdoo , H. 1985 . “ Ethnic families of color. ” . In Review of child development research: Vol. 7: The family. , Edited by: Parke , R. D. Chicago : University of Chicago Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Hauser , S. T. and Levine , H. A. 1993 . Relatedness and autonomy in adolescence: Links with ego development and family interactions. . Adolescent Psychiatry , 19 : 185 – 227 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hill , N. E. 1995 . The relationship between family environment and parenting style: A preliminary study of African-American families. . Journal of Black Psychology , 21 : 408 – 423 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. A. 1984 . Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 31 : 170 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman , J. A. and Weiss , B. 1987 . Family dynamics and presenting problems in college students. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 2 : 157 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirschner , S. R. 1990 . The assenting echo: Anglo-American values in contemporary psychoanalytic developmental psychology. . Social Research , 57 : 821 – 857 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapsley , D. K. , Rice , K. G. and Shadid , G. E. 1989 . Psychological separation and adjustment to college. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 36 : 286 – 294 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassiter , R. F. 1987 . “ Child rearing in Black families: Child-abusing discipline? ” . In Violence in the Black family , Edited by: Hampton , R. L. 39 – 65 . Lexington, MA : D. C. Heath. .
   Google Scholar
• Levine , J. B. , Green , C. J. and Millon , T. 1986 . The Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 50 : 123 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , J. B. and Saintonge , S. 1993 . Psychometric properties of the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence within a clinical population. . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 49 : 492 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez , F. G. , Campbell , V. L. and Watkins , C. E. 1986 . Depression, psychological separation, and college adjustment: An investigation of sex differences. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 33 : 52 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez , F. G. , Watkins , C. E. , Manus , M. and Hunton-Shoup , J. 1992 . Conflictual independence, mood regulation, and generalized self-efficacy: Test of a model of late-adolescent identity. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 39 : 375 – 381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler , M. , Pine , F. and Bergman , A. 1975 . The psychological birth of the human infant. , New York : Basic Books. .
   Google Scholar
• McClanahan , G. and Holmbeck , G. N. 1992 . Separation-individuation, family functioning and personality adjustment in college students: A construct validity study of the Separation-Individuation Test of Adolescence. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 59 : 468 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott , J. F. , Robillard , A. B. , Char , W. F. , Hsu , J. , Tseng , W. S. and Ashton , G. C. 1983 . Reexamining the concept of adolescence: Differences between adolescent boys and girls in the context of their families. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 1318 – 1322 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirande , A. 1991 . “ Ethnicity and fatherhood. ” . In Fatherhood and families in cultural context , Edited by: Bozett , F. W. and Hanson , S. M. H. 53 – 82 . New York : Springer. .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , D. 1987 . Parent-adolescent separation: The construction of adulthood by late adolescents. . Developmental Psychology , 23 : 298 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okazaki , S. 1997 . Sources of ethnic differences between Asian American and White American college students on measures of depression and social anxiety. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 106 : 52 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen , D. H. 1993 . “ Circumplex model of marital and family systems: Assessing family functioning. ” . In Normal family processes , Edited by: Walsh , F. 104 – 137 . New York : Guilford. .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , M. F. 1988 . “ Parenting in Black families with young children. ” . In Black families , Edited by: McAdoo , H. P. 228 – 241 . New York : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , M. E. and Gelder , A. J. 1984 . Family cohesiveness and adolescent autonomy in decision-making. . Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage and Family , 5 : 65 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Rice , K. G. 1992 . Separation-individuation and adjustment to college: A longitudinal study. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 39 : 203 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , K. G. , Cole , D. A. and Lapsley , D. K. 1990 . Separation-individuation, family cohesion, and adjustment to college: Measurement validation and test of a theoretical model. . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 37 : 195 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarr , S. 1989 . “ Race and gender as psychological variables: Social and ethical issues. ” . In Annual progress in child psychiatry and child development , Edited by: Chess , S. and Hertzig , M. E. 149 – 163 . New York : Brunner/Mazel. .
   Google Scholar
• Silverman , L. H. 1980 . A comprehensive report of studies using the subliminal psychodynamic activation method. . Psychological Research Bulletin , 20 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. and Krohn , M. D. 1995 . Delinquency and family life among male adolescents: The role of ethnicity. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 24 : 69 – 93 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D. G. , Wolf , L. E. and Busenberg , B. E. 1996 . Achieving faculty diversity: Debunking the myths. , Washington, DC : Association of American Colleges and Universities. .
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg , L. and Silverman , S. 1986 . The vicissitudes of autonomy in early adolescence. . Child Development , 57 : 841 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sue , D. W. and Frank , A. C. 1973 . A typological approach to the psychological study of Chinese and Japanese college males. . Journal of Social Issues , 29 : 129 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega , W. A. , Patterson , T. , Sallis , J. , Nader , P. , Atkins , C. and Abramson , I. 1986 . Cohesion and adaptability in Mexican-American and Anglo families. . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 48 : 857 – 867 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar