References
- American Psychiatric Association. 1994 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, , 4th ed. , Washington, DC : Author. .
- Andreasson , S. , Allebeck , P. and Brandt , L. 1993 . Predictors of alcoholism in young Swedish men. . American Journal of Public Health , 83 : 845 – 850 .
- Bacon , N. M. K. , Bacon , S. F. , Atkinson , J. H. , Slater , M. A. , Patterson , T. L. , Grant , I. and Garfin , S. R. 1994 . Somatization symptoms in chronic low back pain patients. . Psychosomatic Medicine , 56 : 118 – 127 .
- Beck , A. T. 1967 . Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. , New York : Harper & Row. .
- Brady , K. T. and Lydiard , R. B. 1993 . The association of alcoholism and anxiety. . Psychiatric Quarterly , 64 : 135 – 148 .
- Breslau , N. , Kilbey , M. and Andreski , P. 1993 . Nicotine dependence and major depression: New evidence from a prospective investigation. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 : 31 – 35 .
- Brown , S. A. and Schuckit , M. A. 1988 . Changes in depression among abstinent alcoholics. . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 49 : 412 – 417 .
- Burke , J. D. , Burke , K. C. and Rae , D. S. 1994 . Increased rates of drug abuse and dependence after onset of mood or anxiety disorders in adolescence. . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 45 : 451 – 455 .
- Cattell , R. B. 1988 . “ The meaning and strategic use of factor analysis. ” . In Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology, , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Nessel-Roade , J. R. and Cattell , R. B. 131 – 206 . New York : Plenum. .
- Costello , C. G. and Comrey , A. L. 1967 . Scales for measuring depression and anxiety. . The Journal of Psychology , 66 : 303 – 313 .
- Cox , B. J. , Norton , G. R. , Swinson , R. P. and Endler , N. S. 1990 . Substance abuse and panic-related anxiety: A critical review. . Behavior Research and Therapy , 28 : 385 – 393 .
- Cox , B. J. , Swinson , R. P. , Shulman , I. D. , Kuch , K. and Reichman , J. T. 1993 . Gender effects and alcohol use in panic disorder with agoraphobia. . Behavior Research and Therapy , 31 : 413 – 416 .
- Dackis , C. A. , Gold , M. S. , Pottash , A. L. C. and Sweeney , D. R. 1986 . Evaluating depression in alcoholics. . Psychiatry Research , 17 : 105 – 109 .
- Davidson , K. M. and Ritson , E. B. 1993 . The relationship between alcohol dependence and depression. . Alcohol & Alcoholism , 28 : 147 – 155 .
- Dorus , W. and Senay , E. C. 1980 . Depression, demographic dimensions, and drug abuse. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 137 : 699 – 704 .
- George , D. T. , Nutt , D. J. , Dwyer , B. A. and Linnoila , M. 1990 . Alcoholism and panic disorder: Is the comorbidity more than coincidence? . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 81 : 97 – 107 .
- George , D. T. , Zerby , A. , Noble , S. and Nutt , D. J. 1988 . Panic attacks and alcohol withdrawal: Can subjects differentiate the symptoms? . Biological Psychiatry , 24 : 240 – 243 .
- Hatsukami , D. and Pickens , R. W. 1982 . Posttreatment depression in an alcohol and drug abuse population. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 139 : 1563 – 1566 .
- Johannessen , D. J. , Cowley , D. S. , Walker , R. D. , Jensen , C. F. and Parker , L. 1989 . Prevalence, onset, and clinical recognition of panic states in hospitalized male alcoholics. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 1201 – 1203 .
- Kendler , K. S. , Heath , A. C. , Neale , M. C. , Kessler , R. C. and Eaves , L. J. 1993 . Alcoholism and major depression in women: A twin study of the causes of comorbidity. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 50 : 690 – 698 .
- Krystal , J. H. , Leaf , P. J. , Bruce , M. L. and Charney , D. S. 1992 . Effects of age and alcoholism on the prevalence of panic disorder. . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 85 : 77 – 82 .
- Kushner , M. G. , Sher , K. J. and Beitman , B. D. 1990 . The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety disorders. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 147 : 685 – 695 .
- Louie , A. K. , Lannon , R. A. and Ketter , T. A. 1989 . Treatment of cocaine-induced panic disorder. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 40 – 44 .
- Mehrabian , A. 1994a . Manual for the Alcohol and Drug Use Scales. (Available from Albert Mehrabian, 1130 Alta Mesa Road, Monterey, CA, USA 93940)
- Mehrabian , A. 1994b . Manual for the Panic and Somatization Scales. (Available from Albert Mehrabian, 1130 Alta Mesa Road, Monterey, CA, USA 93940).
- Mehrabian , A. 1995 . Framework for a comprehensive description and measurement of emotional states. . Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 121 : 339 – 361 .
- Mehrabian , A. 1995–1996 . Distinguishing depression and trait anxiety in terms of basic dimensions of temperament . Imagination, Cognition and Personality , 15 : 133 – 143 .
- Mehrabian , A. 1996a . Analysis of the Big-Five personality factors in terms of the PAD Temperament Model. . Australian Journal of Psychology , 48 : 86 – 92 .
- Mehrabian , A. 1996b . Pleasure-arousal-dominance: A general framework for describing and measuring individual differences in temperament. . Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social , 14 : 261 – 292 .
- Mehrabian , A. 1997 . Comparison of the PAD and PANAS as models for describing emotions and for differentiating anxiety from depression. . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment , 19 : 331 – 357 .
- Mehrabian , A. and Bernath , M. S. 1991 . Factorial composition of commonly used self-report depression inventories: Relationships with basic dimensions of temperament. . Journal of Research in Personality , 25 : 262 – 275 .
- Merikangas , K. R. and Gelernter , C. S. 1990 . Comorbidity for alcoholism and depression. . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 13 : 613 – 632 .
- Mueller , T. I. , Lavori , P. W. , Keller , M. B. , Swartz , A. , Warshaw , M. , Hasin , D. , Coryell , W. , Endicott , J. , Rice , J. and Akiskal , H. 1994 . Prognostic effect of the variable course of alcoholism on the 10-year course of depression. . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 701 – 706 .
- Neighbors , B. , Kempton , T. and Forehand , R. 1992 . Co-occurrence of substance abuse with conduct, anxiety, and depression disorders in juvenile delinquents. . Addictive Behaviors , 17 : 379 – 386 .
- Otto , M. W. , Pollack , M. H. , Sachs , G. S. , O'Neil , C. A. and Rosenbaum , J. F. 1992 . Alcohol dependence in panic disorder patients. . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 26 : 29 – 38 .
- Pantesco , V. F. 1989 . Brief interventions for psychophysiological symptoms in hospitalized addicted patients. . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 6 : 107 – 111 .
- Pollard , C. A. , Detrick , P. , Flynn , T. and Frank , M. 1990 . Panic attacks and related disorders in alcohol-dependent, depressed, and nonclinical samples. . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 178 : 180 – 185 .
- Rosen , M. I. and Kosten , T. 1992 . Cocaine-associated panic attacks in methadone-maintained patients. . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 18 : 57 – 62 .
- Sanderson , W. C. , DiNardo , P. A. , Rapee , R. M. and Barlow , D. H. 1990 . Syndrome comorbidity in patients diagnosed with a DSM-III-R anxiety disorder. . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 : 308 – 312 .
- Seligman , M. E. P. 1975 . Helplessness: On depression, development and death. , New York : Freeman. .
- Sigvardsson , S. , Knorring , A. , Bohman , M. and Cloninger , C. R. 1984 . An adoption study of somatoform disorders. . Archives of General Psychiatry , 41 : 853 – 859 .
- Snaith , R. P. , Bridge , G. W. K. and Hamilton , M. 1976 . The Leeds scales for the self-assessment of anxiety and depression. . British Journal of Psychiatry , 128 : 156 – 165 .
- Starcevic , V. , Uhlenhuth , E. H. , Kellner , R. and Pathak , D. 1993 . Comorbidity in panic disorder: II. Chronology of appearance and pathogenic comorbidity. . Psychiatry Research , 46 : 285 – 293 .
- Stefanis , C. N. and Kokkevi , A. 1986 . Depression and drug use. . Psychopathology , 19 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 124 – 131 .
- Weiss , R. D. , Griffin , M. L. and Mirin , S. M. 1992 . Drug abuse as self-medication for depression: An empirical study. . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 18 : 121 – 129 .