The Monitoring and Improvement of Surgical-Outcome Quality

References

• Albers, W. (2011). “Risk-Adjusted Control Charts for Health Care Monitoring”. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Article ID 895273, 16 pages.
   Google Scholar
• Albert, A. A.; Walter, J.A.; Arnrich, B.; Hassanein, W.; Rosendahl, U. P.; Bauer, S.; and Ennker, J. (2004). “On-Line Variable Live-Adjusted Displays with Internal and External Risk-Adjusted Mortalities, A Valuable Method for Benchmarking and Early Detection of Unfavorable Trends in Cardiac Surgery”. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 25, pp. 312–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alemi, F. and Oliver, D. (2001). “Tutorial on Risk-Adjusted p Charts”. Quality Management in Health Care 10, pp. 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alemi, F.; Rom, W.; and Eisenstein, E. (1996). “Risk-Adjusted Control Charts for Health Care Assessment”. Annals of Operations Research 67, pp. 45–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assareh, H. and Mengersen, K. (2014a). “Change Point Estimation in Monitoring Survival Times”. PLoS ONE 7 (3). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assareh, H. and Mengersen, K. (2014b). “Estimation of the Time of a Linear Trend in Monitoring Survival Time”. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 14 (1–2), pp. 15–33.
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod, D. A.; Guidinger, M. K.; Metzger, R. A.; Wiesner, R. H.; Webb, R. L.; and Merion, R. M. (2006). “Transplant Center Quality Assessment Using a Continuously Updatable, Risk-Adjusted Technique (CUSUM)”. American Journal of Transplantation 6, pp. 313–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelrod, D. A.; Kalbfleisch, J. D.; Sun, R. J.; Guidinger, M. K.; Biswas, P.; Levine, G. N.; Arrington, C. J.; and Merion, R. M. (2009). “Innovations in the Assessment of Transplant Center Performance: Implications for Quality Improvement”. American Journal of Transplantation 9 (2), pp. 959–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beiles, C. B. and Morton, A. P. (2004). “Cumulative Sum Control Charts for Assessing Performance in Arterial Surgery”. ANZ Journal of Surgery 74, pp. 146–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benneyan, J. C. (1998a). “Statistical Quality Control Methods in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Part I: Introduction and Basic Theory”. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 19, pp. 194–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benneyan, J. C. (1998b). “Statistical Quality Control Methods in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. Part II: Chart Use, Statistical Properties, and Research Issues”. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 19, pp. 265–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biau, D. J.; Resche-Rigon, M.; Godiris-Petit, G.; Nizard, R. S.; and Porcher, R. (2007). “Quality Control of Surgical and Interventional Procedures: A Review of the CUSUM”. Quality and Safety in Health Care 16, pp. 203–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilimoria, K. Y.; Cohen, M. E.; Merkow, R. P.; Wang, X.; Bentrem, D. J.; Ingraham, A. M.; Richards, K.; Hall, B. L.; and Ko, C. Y. (2010). “Comparison of Outlier Identification Methods in Hospital Surgical Quality Improvement Programs”. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 14, pp. 1600–1607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biwas, P. and Kalbfleisch, J. D. (2008). “A Risk-Adjusted CUSUM in Continuous Time Based on the Cox Model”. Statistics in Medicine 27, pp. 3382–3406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackstone, E. H. (2004). “Monitoring Surgical Performance”. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 128 (6), pp. 807–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolsin, S. and Colson, M. (2000). “The Use of the Cusum Technique in the Assessment of Trainee Competence in New Procedures”. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 12 (5), pp. 433–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottle, A. and Aylin, P. (2008). “Intelligent Information: A National System for Monitoring Clinical Performance”. Health Services Research 43, pp. 1–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, J.; Russell, E. M.; Mollison, J.; and Krukowski, Z. H. (2001). “The Measurement and Monitoring of Surgical Adverse Events”. Health Technology Assessment 5 (22).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang, T.-C. (2008). “Cumulative Sum Schemes for Surgical Performance Monitoring”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 171 (2), pp. 407–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, T.-T.; Chung, K.-P.; Hu, F.-C.; Fan, C. M.; and Yang, M.-C. (2011). “The Use of Statistical Process Control (Risk-Adjusted CUSUM, Risk-Adjusted RSPRT and CRAM with Prediction Limits) for Monitoring the Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Rescued by the EMS System”. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 17, pp. 71–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. E.; Hannan, E. L.; and Wu, C. (2010). “Predicting Risk-Adjusted Mortality for Trauma Patients: Logistic Versus Multilevel Logistic Models”. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 211 (2), pp. 224–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical Practice Improvement Centre. (2008). VLADs for Dummies. Milton, Queensland, Australia: Wiley Publishing Australia Pty Ltd. Available on request from VLAD [email protected]
   Google Scholar
• Cockings, J. G. L.; Cook, D. A.; and Iqbal, R. K. (2006). “Process Monitoring in Intensive Care with the use of Cumulative Expected Minus Observed Mortality and Risk-Adjusted p Charts”. Critical Care 10, R28. DOI: 10.1186/cc3996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. E.; Dimick, J. B.; Bilimoria, K. Y.; Ko, C. Y.; Richards, K.; and Hall, B. L. (2009). “Risk Adjustment in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program: A Comparison of Logistic Versus Hierarchical Modeling”. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 209 (6), pp. 687–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, M. E.; Ko, C. Y.; Bilimoria, K. Y.; Zhou, L.; Huffman, K.; Wang, X.; Liu, Y.; Kraemer, K.; Meng, X.; Merkow, R.; Chow, W; Matel, B.; Richards, K.; Hart, A. J.; Dimick, J. B.; and Hall, R. I. (2013). “Optimizing ACS NSQIP Modeling for Evaluation of Surgical Quality and Risk: Patient Risk Adjustment, Procedure Mix Adjustment, Shrinkage Adjustment, and Surgical Focus”. Journal of the American College of Surgery 217 (2), pp. 336–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collett, D.; Sibanda, N.; Pioli, S.; Bradley, A.; and Rudge, C. (2009). “The UK Scheme for Mandatory Continuous Monitoring of Early Transplant Outcome in All Kidney Transplant Centers”. Transplantation 88, pp. 970–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, G. S.; Jibawi, A.; and McCulloch, P. (2011). “Control Charts Methods for Monitoring Surgical Performance: A Case Study from Gastro-Oesophageal Surgery”. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 37, pp. 473–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, D. A.; Coory, M.; and Webster, R. A. (2011). “Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Charts to Compare Observed and Expected Values for Monitoring Risk-Adjusted Hospital Indicators”. BMJ Quality and Safety 20, pp. 469–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, D. A.; Duke, G.; Hart, G. K.; Pilcher, D.; and Mullany, D. (2008). “Review of the Application of Risk-Adjusted Charts to Analyze Mortality Outcomes in Critical Care.” Critical Care Resuscitation 10 (3), pp. 239–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook, D. A.; Steiner, S. H.; Cook, R. J.; Farewell, V. T.; and Morton, A. P. (2003). “Monitoring the Evolutionary Process of Quality: Risk-Adjusted Charting to Track Outcomes in Intensive Care”. Critical Care Medicine 31 (6), pp. 1676–1682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COPPS-CMS White Paper Committee. (2012). Statistical Issues in Assessing Hospital Performance. imstat.org/news/2012/03/05/1330972991833.html. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• De Leval, M. R.; Francois, K.; Bull, C.; Brawn, W. B.; and Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1994). “Analysis of a Cluster of Surgical Failures”. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 104, pp. 914–924.
   Google Scholar
• Dimick, J. B.; Chen, S. L.; Taheri, P. A.; Henderson, W. G.; Khuri, S. F.; and Campbell, Jr., D. A. (2004). “Hospital Costs Associated with Surgical Complications: A Report from the Private Sector National Surgical Improvement Program”. Journal of the American College of Surgery 202 (6), pp. 531–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health. (2010). Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS. London: Department of Health.
   Google Scholar
• Dr. Foster Intelligence (2014). “My Hospital Guide 2013”. myhospitalguide.drfosterintelligence.co.uk/#/mortality. Accessed June 2, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Donabedian, A. (1966). “Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care”. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44, pp. 166–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fogel, S. L. and Baker, C. C. (2013). “Effects of Computerized Decision Support Systems on Blood Glucose Regulation in Critically Ill Surgical Patients”. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 216 (4), pp. 828–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, F. F.; Lin, L.; and Loke, C. K. (2012). “Risk-Adjusted Cumulative Sum Charting Procedures”. In Frontiers in Statistical Quality Control, Vol. 10, Lenz, H.-J.; Wilrich, P.-T.; and Schmid, W. W., eds., pp. 207–225. Physica-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Gan, F. F. and Tan, T. (2010). “Risk-Adjusted Number-Between Failures Charting Procedures for Monitoring a Patient Care Process for Acute Myocardial Infarctions”. Health Care Management Science 13, pp. 222–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandy, A. and Kval⊘y, J. T. (2013). “Guaranteed Conditional Performance of Control Charts via Bootstrap Methods”. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 40, pp. 647–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandy, A.; Kval⊘y, J. T.; Bottle, A.; and Zhou, F. (2010). “Risk-Adjusted Monitoring of Time to Event”. Biometrika 97, pp. 375–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gombay, E.; Hussein, A. A.; and Steiner, S. H. (2011). “Monitoring Binary Outcomes Using Risk-Adjusted Charts: A Comparative Study”. Statistics in Medicine 30, pp. 2815–2826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigg, O. and Farewell, V. (2004a). “An Overview of Risk-Adjusted Charts”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 167, pp. 523–539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigg, O. and Farewell, V. (2004b). “A Risk-Adjusted Sets Method for Monitoring Adverse Medical Outcomes”. Statistics in Medicine 23, pp. 1593–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigg, O. A.; Farewell, V. T.; and Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2003). “The Use of Risk-Adjusted CUSUM and RSPRT Charts for Monitoring in Medical Contexts”. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 12, pp. 147–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigg, O. and Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2007). “Simple Risk-Adjusted Exponentially Weighted Moving Average”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 102, pp. 140–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunkemeier, G. L.; Jin, R.; and Wu, Y. (2009). “Cumulative Sum Curves and Their Prediction Limits”. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 87, pp. 361–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunkemeier, G. L.; Wu, Y. X.; and Furnary, A. P. (2003). “Cumulative Sum Techniques for Assessing Surgical Results”. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 76, pp. 663–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurevich, G. and Vexler, A. (2005). “Change Point Problems in the Model of Logistic Regression”. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 131, pp. 313–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson, T. L. (2000). “Practical Risk-Adjusted Quality Control Charts for Infection Control”. American Journal of Infection Control 28 (6), pp. 406–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, B. L.; Hamilton, B. H.; Richards, K.; Bilimoria, K. Y.; Cohen, M. E.; and Ko, C.Y. (2009). “Does Surgical Quality Improve in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program: An Evaluation of All Participating Hospitals”. Annals of Surgery 205 (3), pp. 363–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. R.; Forbes, T. L.; Steiner, S. H.; Lawlor, K.; Derose, G. and Harris, K. A. (2005). “Risk-Adjusted Analysis of Early Mortality After Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair”. Journal of Vascular Surgery 42, pp. 387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, M. K.; Lee, K. Y.; Hart, R. F.; and Robertson, J. W. (2003). “Application of Attribute Control Charts to Risk-Adjusted Data for Monitoring and Improving Health Care Performance”. Quality Management in Health Care 12 (1), pp. 5–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart, M. K.; Robertson, J. W.; Hart, R. F.; and Lee, K. Y. (2004). “Application of Variables Control Charts to Risk-Adjusted Time-Ordered Healthcare Data”. Quality Management in Health Care 13 (2), pp. 99–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He, Y.; Selck, F.; and Sharon-Lise, T. N. (2014). “On the Accuracy of Classifying Hospitals on Their Performance Measures”. Statistics in Medicine 33, pp. 1081–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ieva, F. and Paganori, A. M. (2015). “Detecting and Visualizing Outliers in Provider Profiling via Funnel Plots and Mixed Effect Models”. Health Care Management Science, to appear. DOI 10.1007/s10729-013-9264-9.
   Google Scholar
• Iezzoni, L. (2012). Risk Adjustment for Measuring Health Care Outcomes, 4th edition. Chicago, IL: Health Administration Press.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Healthcare Improvement (2014). “Surgical Site Infection”. www.ihi.org/Topics/SSI/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed June 1, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, H. E. and Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2008). “Use of False Discovery Rate When Comparing Multiple Healthcare Providers”. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 61 (3), pp. 232–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, H. E. and Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2011). “The Identification of ‘Unusual’ Health-Care Providers from a Hierarchical Model”. The American Statistician 65 (3), pp. 154–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M. A. and Steiner, S. H. (2012). “Assessing the Effect of Estimation Error on Risk-Adjusted CUSUM Chart Performance”. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 24 (2), pp. 176–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Farmer, L. A.; Woodall, W. H.; Steiner, S. H.; and Champ, C. W. (2014). “An Overview of Phase I Analysis for Process Improvement and Monitoring”. Journal of Quality Technology 46 (3), pp. 265–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalbfleisch, J. D. and Wolfe, R. A. (2013). “On Monitoring Outcomes of Medical Providers”. Statistics in Biosciences 5 (2), pp. 286–302.
   Google Scholar
• Ko, C. Y. (2009). “Measuring and Improving Surgical Quality”. Patient Safety and Quality Healthcare 6 (6), pp. 36–41.
   Google Scholar
• Leandro, G.; Rolando, N.; Gallus, G.; Rolles, K.; and Burroughs, A. K. (2005). “Monitoring Surgical and Medical Outcomes: The Bernoulli Cumulative SUM Chart. A Novel Application to Assess Clinical Interventions”. Postgraduate Medical Journal 81, pp. 647–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loke, C. K. and Gan, F. F. (2012). “Joint Monitoring Scheme for Clinical Failures and Predisposed Risks”. Quality Technology and Quantitative Management 9 (1), pp. 3–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovegrove, J.; Sherlaw-Johnson, C.; Valencia, O.; Treasure, T.; and Gallivan, S. (1999). “Monitoring the Performance of Cardiac Surgeons”. Journal of the Operational Research Society 50, pp. 684–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovegrove, J.; Valencia, O.; Treasure, T.; Sherlaw-Johnson, C.; and Gallivan, S. (1997). “Monitoring the Results of Cardiac Surgery by Variable Life-Adjusted Display”. Lancet 18, pp. 1128–1130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggard-Gibbons, M. (2013). “Use of Report Cards and Outcome Measurements to Improve Safety of Surgical Care: American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Program”. Chapter 14 in Making Healthcare Safer. II: An Updated Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Safety Practices, Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 211, Report No. 13-E001-EF, pp. 140–157. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, E. K.; Bottle, A.; Rao, C.; Darsi, A. W.; and Thanos, A. (2009). “Funnel Plots and Their Emerging Application in Surgery”. Annals of Surgery 249 (3), pp. 376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megahed, F. M.; Kensler, J. L. K.; Bedair, K.; and Woodall, W. H. (2011). “A Note on the ARL of Two-Sided Bernoulli-Based CUSUM Control Charts”. Journal of Quality Technology 43 (1), pp. 43–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, R.; Nutley, M.; Cina, C. S.; Motamedi, M.; Faris, P.; and Abuznadah, W. (2007). “Improved Survival After Introduction of an Emergency Endovascular Therapy Protocol for Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms”. Journal of Vascular Surgery 4, pp. 443–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, A. P. (2003). “The Use of Statistical Process Control Methods in Monitoring Clinical Performance–Letter to the Editor”. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 15 (4), pp. 361–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, A. P.; Clements, A. C. A.; Doidge, S. R.; Stackelroth, J.; Curtis, M.; and Whitby, M. (2008). “Surveillance of Healthcare-Acquired Infections in Queensland, Australia: Data and Lessons Learned in the First 5 Years”. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 29 (8), pp. 695–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi, S. and Reynolds, M. R., Jr. (2009). “A CUSUM Chart for Monitoring a Proportion with Autocorrelated Binary Observations”. Journal of Quality Technology 41 (4), pp. 401–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moustakides, G. V. (1986). “Optimal Stopping Times for Detecting Changes in Distribution”. The Annals of Statistics 14, pp. 1379–1387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nashef, S. A. M.; Roques, F.; Sharples, L. D.; Nilsson, J.; Smith, C.; Goldstone, A. R.; and Lockowandt, U. (2012). “EuroSCORE II”. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 41 (4), pp. 734–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2014) site.acsnsqip.org/about/business-case/. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Neuberger, J.; Madden, S.; and Collett, D. (2010). “Review of Methods for Measuring and Comparing Center Performance After Organ Transplantation”. Liver Transplantation 16, pp. 1119–1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New York State Department of Health (2001). Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in New York State 1996–1998. www.health.ny.gov/statistics/diseases/cardiovascular/heartdisease/docs/1996-1998_adult_cardiac_surgery.pdf. Accessed on May 29, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Novick, R. J.; Fox, S. A.; Stitt, L. W.; Forbes, T. L.; and Steiner, S. H. (2006). “Direct Comparison of Risk-Adjusted and Non-Risk-Adjusted CUSUM Analyses of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Outcomes”. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 132, pp. 386–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick, R. J.; Fox, S. A.; Stitt, L. W.; Swinamer, S. A.; Lehnhardt, K. R.; Rayman, R.; and Boyd, W. D. (2001). “Cumulative Sum Failure Analysis of a Policy Change from On-Pump to Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting”. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 72 (3), pp. S1016–S1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick, R. J. and Stitt, L. W. (1999). “The Learning Curve of an Academic Cardiac Surgeon: Use of the CUSUM Method”. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 14 (5), pp. 312–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyez, L. (2009). “Control Charts, Cusum Techniques and Funnel Plots. A Review of Methods for Monitoring Performance in Healthcare”. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery 9, pp. 494–499.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page, E. S. (1954). “Continuous Inspection Schemes”. Biometrika 41, pp. 100–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet, V.; Dean, D.; and Bernstein, A. D. (1989). “A Method of Uniform Stratification of Risks for Evaluating the Results of Surgery in Acquired Adult Heart Disease”. Circulation 779 (Supplement 1), pp. 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Paynabar, K.; Jin, J. H.; and Yeh, A. B. (2012). “Phase I Risk-Adjusted Control Charts for Monitoring Surgical Performance by Considering Categorical Covariates”. Journal of Quality Technology 44 (1), pp. 39–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinikettos, I. and Gandy, A. (2014). “An Omnibus CUSUM Chart for Monitoring Time to Event Data”. Lifetime Data Analysis 20, pp. 481–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poloniecki, J.; Sismanidis, C.; Bland, M.; and Jones, P. (2004). “Retrospective Cohort Study of False Alarms Associated with a Series of Heart Operations: The Case for Hospital Mortality Monitoring Groups”. British Medical Journal 328, pp. 375–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poloniecki, J.; Valencia, O.; and Littlejohns, P. (1998). “Cumulative Risk-Adjusted Mortality Chart for Detecting Changes in Death Rate: Observational Study of Heart Surgery”. British Medical Journal 316, pp. 1697–1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E. and Teisberg, E. O. (2007). “How Physicians Can Change the Future of Health Care”. Journal of the American Medical Association 297 (10), pp. 1103–1111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, M. R., Jr. and Stoumbos, Z. G. (1999). “A CUSUM Chart for Monitoring a Proportion when Inspecting Continuously”. Journal of Quality Technology 31, pp. 87–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. A.; Ganesh, J. S.; Nicholas, R.; Banner, N. R.; and Bonser, R. S. (2005). “Cumulative Risk Adjusted Monitoring of 30-Day Mortality After Cardiothoracic Transplantation: UK Experience”. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 27, pp. 1022–1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. A.; Reeves, B. C.; Caputo, M.; Ganesh, J. S.; Bonser, R. S.; and Angelini, G. D. (2004). “Control Chart Methods for Monitoring Cardiac Surgical Performance and Their Interpretation”. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 128, pp. 811–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuh, A.; Woodall, W. H.; and Camelio, J. A. (2013). “The Effect of Aggregating Data When Monitoring a Poisson Process”. Journal of Quality Technology 45 (3), pp. 260–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton, S. E. and Manktelow, B. N. (2012). “The Probability of Being Identified as an Outlier with Commonly Used Funnel Plot Control Limits for the Standardized Mortality Ratio”. BMC Medical Research Methodology 12, p. 98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sego, L. H.; Reynolds, M. R., Jr.; and Woodall, W. H. (2009). “Risk-Adjusted Monitoring of Survival Times”. Statistics in Medicine 28, pp. 1386–1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sego, L. H.; Woodall, W. H.; and Reynolds, M. R., Jr. (2008). “A Comparison of Surveillance Methods for Small Incidence Rates”. Statistics in Medicine 27 (8), pp. 1225–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, X.; Tsung, F.; Zou, C.; and Jiang, W. (2013). “Monitoring Poisson Count Data with Probability Control Limits When Sample Sizes Are Time-varying”. Naval Research Logistics 60 (8), pp. 625–636.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherlaw-Johnson, C. (2005). “A Method for Detecting Runs of Good and Bad Clinical Outcomes on Variable Life-Adjusted Display (VLAD) Charts”. Health Care Management Science 8, pp. 61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherlaw-Johnson, C.; Lovegrove, J.; Treasure, T.; and Gallivan, S. (2000). “Likely Variations in Perioperative Mortality Associated with Cardiac Surgery: When Does High Mortality Reflect Bad Practice?” Heart 84, pp. 79–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherlaw-Johnson, C.; Morton, A.; Robison, M. B.; and Hall, A. (2005). “Real-Time Monitoring of Coronary Care Mortality: A Comparison and Combination of Two Monitoring Tools”. International Journal of Cardiology 100, pp. 301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherlaw-Johnson, C.; Wilson, P.; and Gallivan, S. (2007). “The Development and Use of Tools for Monitoring the Occurrence of Surgical Wound Infections”. Journal of the Operational Research Society 58, pp. 228–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sismanidis, C.; Bland, M.; and Poloniecki, J. (2003). “Properties of the Cumulative Risk-Adjusted Mortality (CRAM) Chart, Including the Number of Deaths Before a Doubling of the Death Rate Is Detected”. Medical Decision Making 23 (3), pp. 242–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, J. J.; Salkowski, N.; Zaun, D.; Leppke, S. N.; Leighton, T.; Israni, A. K.; and Kasiske, B. L. (2014). “New Quality Monitoring Tools Provided by the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: CUSUM”. American Journal of Transplantation 14, pp. 515–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2005a). “Funnel Plots for Comparing Institutional Performance”. Statistics in Medicine 24, pp. 1185–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2005b). “Handling Over-Dispersion of Performance Indicators”. Quality and Safety in Healthcare 14, pp. 347–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spiegelhalter, D.; Grigg, O.; Kinsman, R.; and Treasure, T. (2003). “Risk-Adjusted Sequential Probability Ratio Tests: Applications to Bristol, Shipman and Adult Cardiac Surgery”. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 15, pp. 7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelhalter, D.; Sherlaw-Johnson, C.; Bardsley, M.; Blunt, I.; Wood, C.; and Grigg, O. (2012). “Statistical Methods for Healthcare Regulation: Rating, Screening and Surveillance (with Discussion)”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 175 (1), pp. 1–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, S. H. (2014). “Risk-Adjusted Monitoring of Outcomes in Health Care”. Chapter 14 in Statistics in Action: A Canadian Outlook, Lawless, J. F., ed., pp. 245–264. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Steiner, S. H.; Cook, R. J.; and Farewell, V. T. (1999). “Monitoring Paired Binary Surgical Outcomes Using Cumulative Sum Charts”. Statistics in Medicine 18, pp. 69–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, S. H.; Cook, R. J.; and Farewell, V. T. (2001). “Risk-Adjusted Monitoring of Binary Surgical Outcomes”. Medical Decision Making 21 (3), pp. 163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, S. H.; Cook, R. J.; Farewell, V. T.; and Treasure, T. (2000). “Monitoring Surgical Performance Using Risk-Adjusted Cumulative Sum Charts”. Biostatistics 1, pp. 441–452.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner, S. H. and Jones, M. (2010). “Risk-Adjusted Survival Time Monitoring with an Updating Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) Control Chart”. Statistics in Medicine 29, pp. 444–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, S. H. and MacKay, R. J. (2014). “Monitoring Risk-Adjusted Medical Outcomes Allowing for Changes over Time”. Biostatistics 15 (4), pp. 665–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, R. J. and Kalbfleisch, J. D. (2013). “A Risk-Adjusted O-E CUSUM with Monitoring Bands for Monitoring Medical Outcomes”. Biometrics 69, pp. 62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons, N. R. A.; Moorthy, K.; Almoudaris, A. M.; Bottle, A.; Aylin, P.; Vincent, C. A.; and Faiz, O. D. (2013). “Mortality in High-Risk Emergency General Surgical Admissions”. British Journal of Surgery 100, pp. 1318–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szarka, III, J. L. and Woodall, W. H. (2011). “A Review and Perspective on Surveillance of Bernoulli Processes”. Quality and Reliability Engineering International 27, pp. 735–752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, X.; Gan, F. F.; and Zhang, L. (2015). “Risk-Adjusted Cumulative Sum Charting Procedure Based on Multi-Responses”. Journal of American Statistical Association, to appear.
   Google Scholar
• Tian, W.; Sun, H.; Zhang, X.; and Woodall, W. H. (2015). “The Impact of Varying Patient Populations on the In-Control Performance of the Risk-Adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM Chart”. International Journal for Quality in Health Care 27 (1), pp. 31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure, T.; Gallivan, S.; and Sherlaw-Johnson, C. (2004). “Monitoring Cardiac Surgical Performance: A Commentary”. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 128, pp. 823–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013). “National Action Plan to Prevent Health Care-Associated Infections: Roadmap to Elimination”. www.health.gov/hai/preventhai.asp. Accessed June 6, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wald, A. (1947). Sequential Analysis. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, R. A. and Pettitt, A. N. (2007). “Stability of Approximations of Average Run Length of Risk-Adjusted CUSUM Schemes Using the Markov Approach: Comparing Two Methods of Calculating Transition Probabilities”. Communications in Statistics–Simulation and Computation 36, pp. 471–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. M.; Parry, B. R.; and Schlup, M. M. T. (1992). “Quality Control: An Application of the CUSUM”. British Medical Journal 304, pp. 1359–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkel, P. and Zhang, N. F. (2007). Statistical Development of Quality in Medicine. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Winkel, P. and Zhang, N. F. (2012). “Statistical Process Control in Clinical Medicine”, Chapter 15 in Statistical Methods in Healthcare, Faltin, F. W.; Kenett, R.; and. Ruggeri, F., eds., pp. 309–334. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Woodall, W. H. (2006). “Use of Control Charts in HealthCare and Public-Health Surveillance (with Discussion)”. Journal of Quality Technology 38 (2), pp. 89–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodall, W. H.; Adams, B. M.; and Benneyan, J. C. (2012). “The Use of Control Charts in Healthcare”, Chapter 12 in Statistical Methods in Healthcare, Faltin, F. W.; Kenett, R.; and. Ruggeri, F., eds., pp. 253–267. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Woodall, W. H. and Montgomery, D. C. (2014). “Some Current Directions in the Theory and Application of Statistical Process Monitoring”. Journal of Quality Technology 46 (1), pp. 78–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap, C.-H.; Colson, M. E.; and Watters, D. A. (2007). “Cumulative Sum Techniques for Surgeons: A Brief Review”. ANZ Journal of Surgery 77, pp. 583–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, A. B.; Huwang, L.; and Li, Y.-M. (2009). “Profile Monitoring for a Binary Response”. IIE Transactions 41 (11), pp. 931–941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen, W.-C. (2013). “Applying Variable Life Adjusted Display in Monitoring Surgical Outcomes”. Paper presented at the 2013 Hong Kong Hospital Authority Convention. www.ha.org.hk/haconvention/hac2013/proceedings/downloads/MC1.1.pdf. Accessed on June 1, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, L. and Zhou, S. (2011). “A Bayesian Approach to Risk-Adjusted Outcome Monitoring in Healthcare”. Statistics in Medicine 30, pp. 3431–3446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. and Woodall, W. H. (2015). “Dynamic Control Limits for the Risk-Adjusted Bernoulli CUSUM Chart”. Statistics in Medicine, to appear.
   Google Scholar