References
- Ahuvia , A. ( 2001 ). Traditional, interpretive, and reception based content analyses: Improving the ability of content analysis to address issues of pragmatic and theoretical concern . Social Indicators Research , 54 , 139 – 172 .
- Altheide , D. L. ( 1996 ). Qualitative media analysis . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Bleakley , A. , Fishbein , M. , Hennessy , M. , Jordan , A. , Chernin , A. , & Stevens , R. ( 2008 ). Developing respondent based multi-media measures of exposure to sexual content . Communication Methods and Measures , 2 , 43 – 64 .
- Bleakley , A. , Hennessy , M. , Fishbein , M. , & Jordan , A. ( 2008 ). It works both ways: The relationship between media sexual content and adolescent sexual behavior . Media Psychology , 11 , 443 – 461 .
- Borzekowski , D. (1996). Embedded anti-alcohol messages on commercial television: What teenagers perceive. Journal of Adolescent Health , 19, 345–352.
- Brown , J. D. , & Newcomer , S. F. ( 1991 ). Television viewing and adolescents' sexual behavior . Journal of Homosexuality , 21 , 77 – 91 .
- Brown , J. D. , & Schulze , L. ( 1990 ). The effects of race, gender, and fandom on audience interpretations of Madonna's music videos . Journal of Communication , 4 , 88 – 102 .
- Collins , R. , Elliott , M. , Berry , S. , Kanouse , D. , Kunkel , D. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior . Pediatrics , 114 , e280 – e289 .
- Dambrot , F. H. , Reep , D. C. , & Bell , D. ( 1988 ). Television sex roles in the 1980's: Do viewers' sex and sex role orientation change the picture? . Sex Roles , 19 , 387 – 401 .
- Dervin , B. , & Frenette , M. ( 2000 ). Sense-making methodology: Communicating communicatively with campaign audiences . In R. E. Rice & C. K. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (pp. 69 – 87 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Fishbein , M. ( 2000 ). The role of theory in HIV prevention . AIDS Care , 12 , 273 – 278 .
- Fishbein , M. , & Yzer , M. ( 2003 ). Using theory to design effective health behavior interventions . Communication Theory , 13 , 164 – 183 .
- Gandolfi , M. (Writer), & Weyman , A. D. (Director). ( 1993 ). Promises, promises [Television series episode] . In R. Arnold , T. Arnold , M. Carsey , J. Daniel , B. Helford , & T. Wener (Producers) (Eds.), Roseanne . Englewood , CO : Starz/Anchor Bay .
- Gard , C. (Writer), & Melman , J. (Director). ( 1991 ). It had to be you [Television series episode] . In A. Borowitz , Q. Jones , & K. Wendle (Producers) (Eds.), The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . Burbank , CA : Warner Brothers .
- Gray , D. , Amos , A. , & Currie , C. ( 1996 ). Exploring young people's perceptions of smoking images in youth magazines . Health Education Research , 11 , 215 – 230 .
- Hampton , B. (Writer), & Feigenbaum , J. J. (Director). ( 2001 ). Sweeps [Television series episode] . In A. Spelling & E. D. Vincent (Producers) (Eds.), 7th Heaven . Hollywood , CA : Paramount .
- Internet Movie Database . ( 2009a ). Everwood . Retrieved January 23, 2009, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318883/
- Internet Movie Database . ( 2009b ). The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air . Retrieved January 23, 2009, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098800/
- Internet Movie Database . ( 2009c ). 7th Heaven . Retrieved January 23, 2009, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115083/
- Internet Movie Database . ( 2009d ). Roseanne . Retrieved January 23, 2009, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094540/
- Kim , J. L. , Sorsoli , C. L. , Collins , K. , Zylbergold , B. A. , Schooler , D. , & Tolman , D. L. ( 2007 ). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television . Journal of Sex Research , 44 , 145 – 157 .
- Krippendorff , K. ( 2004 ). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Kunkel , D. , Eyal , K. , Donnerstein , E. , Farrar , K. M. , Biely , E. , & Rideout , V. ( 2007 ). Sexual socialization messages on entertainment television: Comparing content trends 1997–2002 . Media Psychology , 9 , 595 – 622 .
- Kunkel , D. , Eyal , K. , Finnerty , K. , Biely , E. , & Donnerstein , E. ( 2005 ). Sex on TV 4: A biennial report of the Kaiser Family Foundation . Menlo Park , CA : Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved May 27, 2009, from http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/Sex-on-TV-4-Full-Report.pdf
- Kunkel , D. , Biely , E. , Eyal , K. , Cope-Farrar , K. , Donnerstein , E. , & Fandrich , R. ( 2003 ). Sex on TV 3: A biennial report of the Kaiser Family Foundation . Menlo Park , CA : Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved May 27, 2009, from http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/Sex-on-TV-3-Full-Report.pdf
- Lampman , C. , Rolfe-Maloney , B. , David , E. , Yan , M. , McDermott , N. , et al. . ( 2002 ). Messages about sex in the workplace: A content analysis of primetime television . Sexuality & Culture , 6 , 3 – 21 .
- Livingstone , S. ( 1989 ). Audience reception and the analysis of program meaning . American Behavioral Scientist , 33 , 187 – 190 .
- Livingstone , S. ( 1990 ). Interpreting a television narrative: How different viewers see a story . Journal of Communication , 40 , 72 – 82 .
- Manganello , J. , & Fishbein , M. ( 2008 ). Using theory to inform content analysis . In A. Jordan , D. Kunkel , J. Manganello , & M. Fishbein (Eds.), Media messages and public health: A decisions approach to content analysis (pp. 3 – 14 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- McLean , P. E. ( 1997 ). Age ain't nothing but a number: A cross-cultural reading of popular music in the construction of sexual expression among at-risk adolescents . Popular Music and Society , 21 , 1 – 16 .
- Medley-Rath , S. R. ( 2007 ). “Am I still a virgin?”: What counts as sex in 20 years of Seventeen . Sexuality & Culture , 11 , 24 – 38 .
- Meischke , H. ( 1995 ). Implicit sexual portrayals in the movies: Interpretations of young women . Journal of Sex Research , 32 , 29 – 36 .
- Morley , D. , & Brunsdon , C. ( 1999 ). The nationwide television studies . London : Routledge .
- Neuendorf , K. A. ( 2002 ). The content analysis guidebook . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
- Pardun , C. , L'Engle , K. , & Brown , J. D. ( 2005 ). Linking exposure to outcomes: Early adolescents' consumption of sexual content in six media . Mass Communication & Society , 8 , 75 – 91 .
- Pogue , J. E. ( Writer ), & Moore , J. (Director). ( 2003 ). Unhappy holidays [Television series episode] . In G. Berlanti & R. Mimoun (Producers) (Eds.), Everwood . Burbank , CA : Warner Brothers .
- Potter , W. J. ( 2008 ). Defining and measuring key content variables . In A. Jordan , D. Kunkel , J. Manganello , & M. Fishbein (Eds.), Media messages and public health: A decisions approach to content analysis (pp. 35 – 52 .) Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- Potter , W. J. , & Tomasello , T. K. ( 2003 ). Building upon experimental design in media violence research: The importance of including receiver interpretations . Journal of Communication , 53 , 315 – 328 .
- Radway , J. A. ( 1984 ). Interpretive communities and variable literacies: The functions of romance reading . Daedalus , 113 ( 3 ), 49 – 73 .
- Riffe , D. , Lacy , S. , & Fico , F. G. ( 1998 ). Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- Silverman-Watkins , L. , & Sprafkin , J. ( 1983 ). Adolescents' comprehension of televised sexual innuendos . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 4 , 359 – 369 .
- Sprafkin , J. , Silverman , L. , & Rubenstein , E. ( 1980 ). Reactions to sex on TV: An exploratory study . Public Opinion Quarterly , 44 , 303 – 315 .
- Strouse , J. , & Buerkel-Rothfuss , N. ( 1987 ). Media exposure and the sexual attitudes and behaviors of college students . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 13 , 43 – 51 .
- Ward , L. ( 1995 ). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 24 , 595 – 615 .
- Ward , L. , Gorvine , B. , & Cytron , A. ( 2001 ). Would that really happen? Adolescents' perceptions of sexuality according to prime-time television . In J. D. Brown , J. Steele , & W.-C. K (Eds.), Sexual teens, sexual media: Investigating media's influence on adolescent sexuality (pp. 95 – 124 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
- Ward , L. M. ( 2003 ). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research . Developmental Review , 23 , 347 – 388 .
- Jennifer A. Manganello, Vani R. Henderson, Nicole Trentacoste, and Suzanne Martin were with the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania at the time of the study.