8,672
Views
267
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARSR REVIEW ARTICLES

HIV in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Review of Epidemiology, Risk and Protective Factors, and Interventions

, , , &
Pages 218-253 | Published online: 15 Mar 2011

References

  • Adam , B. D. , Sears , A. , & Schellenberg , E. G. ( 2000 ). Accounting for unsafe sex: Interviews with men who have sex with men . Journal of Sex Research , 37 , 24 – 36 .
  • Allgöwer , A. , Wardle , J. , & Steptoe , A. ( 2001 ). Depressive symptoms, social support, and personal health behaviors in young men and women . Health Psychology , 20 , 223 – 227 .
  • Allman , D. , & Myers , T. ( 1999 ). Male sex work and HIV/AIDS in Canada . In P. Aggleton (Ed.), Men who sell sex: International perspectives on male prostitution and HIV/AIDS (pp. 61 – 81 ). Philadelphia , PA : Temple University Press .
  • Amirkhanian , Y. A. , Kelly , J. A. , Kabakchieva , E. , Kirsanova , A. V. , Vassileva , S. , et al. . ( 2005 ). A randomized social network HIV prevention trial with young men who have sex with men in Russia and Bulgaria . AIDS , 19 , 1897 – 1905 .
  • Amirkhanian , Y. A. , Kelly , J. A. , Kabakchieva , E. , McAuliffe , T. L. , & Vassileva , S. ( 2003 ). Evaluation of a social network HIV prevention intervention program for young men who have sex with men in Russia and Bulgaria . AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 , 205 – 220 .
  • Arnett , J. J. ( 2000 ). Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties . American Psychologist , 55 , 469 – 480 .
  • Arnett , J. J. , & Tanner , J. L. ( 2006 ). Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century () , 1st ed. . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Arreola , S. G. , Neilands , T. B. , Pollack , L. M. , Paul , J. P. , & Catania , J. A. ( 2005 ). Higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino men who have sex with men than non-Latino men who have sex with men: Data from the Urban Men's Health Study . Child Abuse & Neglect , 29 , 285 – 290 .
  • Arreola , S. G. , Neilands , T. B. , Pollack , L. M. , Paul , J. P. , & Catania , J. A. ( 2008 ). Childhood sexual experiences and adult health sequelae among gay and bisexual men: Defining childhood sexual abuse . Journal of Sex Research , 45 , 246 – 252 .
  • Bacon , O. , Lum , P. , Hahn , J. , Evans , J. , Davidson , P. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Commercial sex work and risk of HIV infection among young drug-injecting men who have sex with men in San Francisco . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 33 , 228 – 234 .
  • Baker , S. A. , Morrison , D. M. , Gillmore , M. R. , & Schock , M. D. ( 1995 ). Sexual behaviors, substance use, and condom use in a sexually-transmitted disease clinic sample . Journal of Sex Research , 32 , 37 – 44 .
  • Bancroft , J. , Janssen , E. , Strong , D. , Carnes , L. , Vukadinovic , Z. , & Long , J. S. ( 2003 ). Sexual risk-taking in gay menThe relevance of sexual arousability, mood, and sensation seeking . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 32 , 555 – 572 .
  • Baral , S. , Sifakis , F. , Cleghorn , F. , & Beyrer , C. ( 2007 ). Elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men in low- and middle-income countries 2000–2006: A systematic review . PLoS Medicine , 4 , e339 .
  • Baron , R. M. , & Kenny , D. A. ( 1986 ). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 1173 – 1182 .
  • Bauermeister , J. A. , Johns , M. M. , Sandfort , T. G. , Eisenberg , A. , Grossman , A. H. , & D'Augelli , A. R. ( 2010 ). Relationship trajectories and psychological well-being among sexual minority youth . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 39 , 1148 – 1163 .
  • Behrman , R. E. , Kliegman , R. , & Jenson , H. B. ( 2004 ). Nelson textbook of pediatrics () , 17th ed. . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders .
  • Belza , M. J. , & the EPI–VIH Study Group s. ( 2005 ). Risk of HIV infection among male sex workers in Spain . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 81 , 85 – 88 .
  • Benotsch , E. G. , Kalichman , S. , & Cage , M. ( 2002 ). Men who have met sex partners via the Internet: Prevalence, predictors, and implications for HIV prevention . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 31 , 177 – 183 .
  • Berry , M. , Raymond , H. F. , & McFarland , W. ( 2007 ). Same race and older partner selection may explain higher HIV prevalence among Black men who have sex with men . AIDS , 21 , 2349 – 2350 .
  • Biglan , A. , Brennan , P. A. , Foster , S. L. , & Holder , H. D. ( 2004 ). Helping adolescents at risk: Prevention of multiple problem behaviors . New York , NY : Guilford .
  • Bimbi , D. S. ( 2007 ). Male prostitution: Pathology, paradigms and progress in research . Journal of Homosexuality , 53 ( 1/2 ), 7 – 35 .
  • Bimbi , D. S. , Nanin , J. E. , Parsons , J. T. , Vicioso , K. J. , Missildine , W. , & Frost , D. M. ( 2006 ). Assessing gay and bisexual men's outcome expectancies for sexual risk under the influence of alcohol and drugs . Substance Use & Misuse , 41 , 643 – 652 .
  • Bingham , T. A. , Harawa , N. T. , Johnson , D. F. , Secura , G. M. , MacKellar , D. A. , & Valleroy , L. A. ( 2003 ). The effect of partner characteristics on HIV infection among African American men who have sex with men in the Young Men's Survey, Los Angeles, 1999–2000 . AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 , 39 – 52 .
  • Blake , S. M. , Ledsky , R. , Lehman , T. , Goodenow , C. , Sawyer , R. , & Hack , T. ( 2001 ). Preventing sexual risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: The benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools . American Journal of Public Health , 91 , 940 – 946 .
  • Bolding , G. , Davis , M. , Hart , G. , Sherr , L. , & Elford , J. ( 2005 ). Gay men who look for sex on the Internet: Is there more HIV/STI risk with online partners? AIDS , 19 , 961 – 968 .
  • Bolding , G. , Davis , M. , Hart , G. , Sherr , L. , & Elford , J. ( 2007 ). Where young MSM meet their first sexual partner: The role of the Internet . AIDS and Behavior , 11 , 522 – 526 .
  • Bontempo , D. E. , & D'Augelli , A. R. ( 2002 ). Effects of at-school victimization and sexual orientation on lesbian, gay, or bisexual youths' health risk behavior . Journal of Adolescent Health , 30 , 364 – 374 .
  • Boulet , J. , & Boss , M. W. ( 1991 ). Reliability and validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory . Psychological Assessment , 3 , 433 – 437 .
  • Brahmam , G. N. , Kodavalla , V. , Rajkumar , H. , Rachakulla , H. K. , Kallam , S. , et al. . ( 2008 ). Sexual practices, HIV and sexually transmitted infections among self-identified men who have sex with men in four high HIV prevalence states of India . AIDS , 22 , S45 – S57 .
  • Bronfenbrenner , U. ( 1979 ). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
  • Bull , S. S. , McFarlane , M. , & Rietmeijer , C. ( 2001 ). HIV and sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors among men seeking sex with men on-line . American Journal of Public Health , 91 , 988 – 989 .
  • Campsmith , M. L. , Rhodes , P. H. , Hall , H. I. , & Green , T. A. ( 2010 ). Undiagnosed HIV prevalence among adults and adolescents in the United States at the end of 2006 . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 53 , 619 – 624 .
  • Carballo-Dieguez , A. , & Bauermeister , J. ( 2004 ). “Barebacking”: Intentional condomless anal sex in HIV-risk contexts. Reasons for and against it . Journal of Homosexuality , 47 , 1 – 16 .
  • Catania , J. A. , Paul , J. , Osmond , D. , Folkman , S. , Pollack , L. , et al.. (2008). Mediators of childhood sexual abuse and high-risk sex among men who have sex with men. Child Abuse & Neglect , 32, 925–940.
  • Celentano , D. D. , Valleroy , L. A. , Sifakis , F. , MacKellar , D. A. , Hylton , J. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Associations between substance use and sexual risk among very young men who have sex with men . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 33 , 265 – 271 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2008 ). Trends in HIV/AIDS diagnoses among men who have sex with men—33 states, 2001–2006 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 57 , 681 – 686 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2009a ). HIV/AIDS and young men who have sex with men . Atlanta , GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2009b ). Surveillance summaries: Sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10–24 years—United States, 2002–2007 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 58 , 1 – 59 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2009c ). Surveillance summaries: Sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10–24 years—United States, 2002–2007 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 58 , 1 – 58 .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2010a ). HIV and AIDS among gay and bisexual men . Atlanta , GA : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services .
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2010b ). HIV surveillance in adolescents and young adults. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/adolescents/index.htm
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2010c ). Prevalence and awareness of HIV infection among men who have sex with men—21 cities, United States, 2008 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 59 , 1201 – 1207 .
  • Chemnasiri , T. , Netwong , T. , Visarutratana , S. , Varangrat , A. , Li , A. , et al. . ( 2010 ). Inconsistent condom use among young men who have sex with men, male sex workers, and transgenders in Thailand . AIDS Education and Prevention , 22 ( 2 ), 100 – 109 .
  • Chesney , M. , Koblin , B. , Barresi , P. , Husnik , M. , Celum , C. , et al. . ( 2003 ). An individually tailored intervention for HIV prevention: Baseline data from the EXPLORE Study . American Journal of Public Health , 93 , 933 – 938 .
  • Chiasson , M. A. , Hirshfield , S. , Remien , R. H. , Humberstone , M. , Wong , T. , & Wolitski , R. J. ( 2007 ). A comparison of on-line and off-line sexual risk in men who have sex with men: An event-based on-line survey . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 44 , 235 – 243 .
  • Choi , K. H. , Han , C. S. , Hudes , E. S. , & Kegeles , S. ( 2002 ). Unprotected sex and associated risk factors among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 , 472 – 481 .
  • Choi , K. H. , Operario , D. , Gregorich , S. E. , McFarland , W. , MacKellar , D. , & Valleroy , L. ( 2005 ). Substance use, substance choice, and unprotected anal intercourse among young Asian American and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 17 , 418 – 429 .
  • Clatts , M. C. , Goldsamt , L. A. , & Yi , H. ( 2005a ). Club drug use among young men who have sex with men in NYC: A preliminary epidemiological profile . Substance Use & Misuse , 40 , 1317 – 1330 .
  • Clatts , M. C. , Goldsamt , L. A. , & Yi , H. ( 2005b ). Drug and sexual risk in four men who have sex with men populations: Evidence for a sustained HIV epidemic in New York City . Journal of Urban Health , 82 , 9 – 17 .
  • Clatts , M. C. , Goldsamt , L. , Yi , H. , & Gwadz , M. V. ( 2005 ). Homelessness and drug abuse among young men who have sex with men in New York City: A preliminary epidemiological trajectory . Journal of Adolescence , 28 , 201 – 214 .
  • Clerkin , E. M. , Newcomb , M. E. , & Mustanski , B. ( in press ). Unpacking the racial disparity in HIV rates: The effect of race on risky sexual behavior among Black young men who have sex with men (YMSM) . Journal of Behavioral Medicine .
  • Clutterbuck , D. J. , Gorman , D. , McMillan , A. , Lewis , R. , & Macintyre , C. C. ( 2001 ). Substance use and unsafe sex amongst homosexual men in Edinburgh . AIDS Care , 13 , 527 – 535 .
  • Cochran , S. D. , & Mays , V. M. ( 2005 ). Estimating prevalence of mental and substance-using disorders among lesbians and gay men from existing national health data . In A. M. Omoto & H. S. Kurtzman (Eds.), Sexual orientation and mental health: Examining identity and development in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people (pp. 143 – 165 ). Washington , DC : American Psychological Association .
  • Coleman , E. , Horvath , K. J. , Miner , M. , Ross , M. W. , Oakes , M. , & Rosser , B. R. S. ( 2009 ). Compulsive sexual behavior and risk for unsafe sex among internet using men who have sex with men . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 39 , 1045 – 1053 .
  • Colfax , G. , Vittinghoff , E. , Husnik , M. J. , McKirnan , D. , Buchbinder , S. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Substance use and sexual risk: A participant- and episode-level analysis among a cohort of men who have sex with men . American Journal of Epidemiology , 159 , 1002 – 1012 .
  • Cooper , M. L. ( 2002 ). Alcohol use and risky sexual behavior among college students and youth: Evaluating the evidence . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 14 , 101 – 117 .
  • Cooper , M. L. , Agocha , V. B. , & Sheldon , M. S. ( 2000 ). A motivational perspective on risky behaviors: The role of personality and affect regulatory processes . Journal of Personality , 68 , 1059 – 1088 .
  • Corbin , W. R. , & Fromme , K. ( 2002 ). Alcohol use and serial monogamy as risks for sexually transmitted diseases in young adults . Health Psychology , 21 , 229 – 236 .
  • Corliss , H. L. , Rosario , M. , Wypij , D. , Fisher , L. B. , & Austin , S. B. ( 2008 ). Sexual orientation disparities in longitudinal alcohol use patterns among adolescents: Findings from the growing up today study . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 162 , 1071 .
  • Crawford , J. M. , Rodden , P. , Kippax , S. , & Van de Ven , P. ( 2001 ). Negotiated safety and other agreements between men in relationships: Risk practice redefined . International Journal of STD and AIDS , 12 , 164 – 170 .
  • Crepaz , N. , Lyles , C. , Wolitski , R. , Passin , W. , Rama , S. , Herbst , J. , & Stall , R. ( 2006 ). Do prevention interventions reduce HIV risk behaviours among people living with HIV? A meta-analytic review of controlled trials . AIDS , 20 , 143 .
  • Crepaz , N. , & Marks , G. ( 2001 ). Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors? A meta-analytic review . Health Psychology , 20 , 291 – 299 .
  • Crepaz , N. , Marks , G. , Liau , A. , Mullins , M. M. , Aupont , L. W. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Prevalence of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-diagnosed MSM in the United States: A meta-analysis . AIDS , 23 , 1617 – 1629 .
  • Crepaz , N. , Marks , G. , Mansergh , G. , Murphy , S. , Miller , L. C. , & Appleby , P. R. ( 2000 ). Age-related risk for HIV infection in men who have sex with men: Examination of behavioral, relationship, and serostatus variables . AIDS Education and Prevention , 12 , 405 – 415 .
  • Crosby , R. , DiClemente , R. J. , Wingood , G. M. , Sionean , C. , Cobb , B. K. , & Harrington , K. ( 2000 ). Correlates of unprotected vaginal sex among African American female adolescents: Importance of relationship dynamics . Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine , 154 , 893 – 899 .
  • Crosby , R. , Salazar , L. F. , & Mettey , A. ( 2005 ). Gay men who attend sex resorts: A typology associated with high-risk sexual behaviour . International Journal of STD and AIDS , 16 , 158 – 162 .
  • Croyle , R. , & Loftus , E. (1993). Recollection in the kingdom of AIDS. In D. G. Ostrow & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), Methodological issues in AIDS and behavioral research (pp. 163–180). New York , NY : Plenum.
  • Daskalakis , D. , Silvera , R. , Bernstein , K. , Stein , D. , Hagerty , R. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Implementation of HIV testing at 2 New York City bathhouses: From pilot to clinical service . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 48 , 1609 – 1616 .
  • D'Augelli , A. R. ( 1998 ). Developmental implications of victimization of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths . In G. M. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation: Understanding prejudice against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (pp. 187 – 210 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • D'Augelli , A. R. , Grossman , A. H. , & Starks , M. T. ( 2006 ). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 21 , 1462 – 1482 .
  • D'Augelli , A. R. , Hershberger , S. L. , & Pilkington , N. W. ( 1998 ). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: Disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 68 , 361 – 371 .
  • D'Augelli , A. R. , Rendina , H. J. , Grossman , A. H. , & Sinclair , K. O. ( 2008 ). Lesbian and gay youth's aspirations for marriage and raising children . Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling , 1 , 77 – 98 .
  • David , S. , & Knight , B. G. ( 2008 ). Stress and coping among gay men: Age and ethnic differences . Psychology and Aging , 23 , 62 – 69 .
  • Davidovich , U. , de Wit , J. , Albrecht , N. , Geskus , R. , Stroebe , W. , & Coutinho , R. ( 2001 ). Increase in the share of steady partners as a source of HIV infection: A 17-year study of seroconversion among gay men . AIDS , 15 , 1303 – 1308 .
  • Dawson , J. M. , Fitzpatrick , R. M. , Reeves , G. , Boulton , M. , McLean , J. , et al. . ( 1994 ). Awareness of sexual partners' HIV status as an influence upon high-risk sexual behavior among gay men . AIDS , 8 , 837 – 841 .
  • Dingle , G. A. , & Oei , T. P. ( 1997 ). Is alcohol a cofactor of HIV and AIDS? Evidence from immunological and behavioral studies . Psychological Bulletin , 122 , 56 – 71 .
  • Dolezal , C. , Meyer-Bahlburg , H. F. L. , Remien , R. H. , & Petkova , E. ( 1997 ). Substance use during sex and sensation seeking as predictors of sexual risk behavior among HIV and HIV–gay men . AIDS and Behavior , 1 , 19 – 28 .
  • Donohew , L. , Zimmerman , R. , Cuppa , P. S. , Novakb , S. , Colonc , S. , & Abella , R. ( 2000 ). Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and risky sex: Implications for risk-taking and design of interventions . Personality & Individual Differences , 28 , 1079 – 1091 .
  • Drumright , L. N. , Little , S. J. , Strathdee , S. A. , Slymen , D. J. , Araneta , M. R. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Unprotected anal intercourse and substance use among men who have sex with men with recent HIV infection . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 43 , 344 – 350 .
  • Drumright , L. N. , Patterson , T. L. , & Strathdee , S. A. ( 2006 ). Club drugs as causal risk factors for HIV acquisition among men who have sex with men: A review . Substance Use & Misuse , 41 , 1551 – 1601 .
  • Du Bois , S. N. , Emerson , E. , & Mustanski , B. ( in press ). Condom-related problems among a racially diverse sample of young men who have sex with men . AIDS and Behavior .
  • Dudley , M. G. , Rostosky , S. S. , Korfhage , B. A. , & Zimmerman , R. S. ( 2004 ). Correlates of high-risk sexual behavior among young men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 16 , 328 – 340 .
  • Dufour , A. , Alary , M. , Otis , J. , Noel , R. , Remis , R. S. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Correlates of risky behaviors among young and older men having sexual relations with men in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Omega Study Group . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 23 , 272 – 278 .
  • Elford , J. , Bolding , G. , & Sherr , L. ( 2001 ). Seeking sex on the Internet and sexual risk behaviour among gay men using London gyms . AIDS , 15 , 1409 – 1415 .
  • Eysenck , H. J. ( 1990 ). Genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences: Three major dimensions of personality . Journal of Personality , 58 , 245 – 261 .
  • Feldman , M. B. , Ream , G. L. , Díaz , R. M. , & El-Bassel , N. ( 2008 ). Intimate partner violence and HIV sexual risk behavior among Latino gay and bisexual men: The role of siuational factors . Journal of LGBT Health Research , 3 , 75 – 87 .
  • Feldman , M. B. , Ream , G. L. , Díaz , R. M. , & El-Bassel , N. ( 2008 ). Intimate partner violence and HIV sexual risk behavior among latino gay and bisexual men: The role of situational factors . Journal of LGBT Health Research , 3 , 75 – 87 .
  • Fenton , K. A. ( 2010 ). Prevention with HIV-positive men who have sex with men: Regaining lost ground . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 86 , 2 – 4 .
  • Fenton , K. A. , & Imrie , J. ( 2005 ). Increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men in Western Europe and the United States: Why? Infectious Disease Clinics of North America , 19 , 311 – 331 .
  • Fergus , S. , & Zimmerman , M. A. ( 2005 ). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk . Annual Review of Public Health , 26 , 399 – 419 .
  • Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. , & Beautrais , A. L. ( 1999 ). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry , 56 , 876 .
  • Fernandez , M. I. , Bowen , G. S. , Varga , L. M. , Collazo , J. B. , Hernandez , N. , et al. . ( 2005 ). High rates of club drug use and risky sexual practices among Hispanic men who have sex with men in Miami, Florida . Substance Use & Misuse , 40 , 1347 – 1362 .
  • Fernandez , M. I. , Jacobs , R. J. , Warren , J. C. , Sanchez , J. , & Bowen , G. S. ( 2009 ). Drug use and Hispanic men who have sex with men in south Florida: Implications for intervention development . AIDS Education and Prevention , 21 , 45 – 60 .
  • Fields , S. D. , Malebranche , D. , & Feist-Price , S. ( 2008 ). Childhood sexual abuse in Black men who have sex with men: Results from three qualitative studies . Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 14 , 385 – 390 .
  • Fine , M. , & McClelland , S. ( 2006 ). Sexuality education and desire: Still missing after all these years . Harvard Educational Review , 76 , 297 – 338 .
  • Finlayson , T. J. ( 2007 ). Effects of stigma, sense of community, and self-esteem on the HIV sexual risk behaviors of African American and Latino men who have sex with men . Atlanta , GA : Georgia State University Press .
  • Finlinson , H. A. , Colon , H. M. , Robles , R. R. , & Soto , M. ( 2006 ). Sexual identity formation and AIDS prevention: An exploratory study of non-gay-identified Puerto Rican MSM from working class neighborhoods . AIDS and Behavior , 10 , 531 – 539 .
  • Fishbein , M. , & Ajzen , I. ( 1975 ). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research . Reading , MA : Addison-Wesley .
  • Fisher , J. D. , Fisher , W. A. , Williams , S. S. , & Malloy , T. E. ( 1994 ). Empirical tests of an Information–Motivation–Behavioral Skills model of AIDS-preventive behavior with gay men and heterosexual university students . Health Psychology , 13 , 238 – 250 .
  • Fisher , J. D. , Smith , L. R. , & Lenz , E. ( 2010 ). Secondary prevention of HIV in the United States: Past, current, and future perspectives . JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 55 , S106 – S115 .
  • Fisher , H. R. , Chen , Y. H. , Stall , R. D. , & McFarland , W. ( in press ). Adolescent experiences of discrimination, harassment, connectedness to community and comfort with sexual orientation reported by adult men who have sex with men as a predictor of adult HIV status . AIDS and Behavior .
  • Flores , S. A. , Mansergh , G. , Marks , G. , Guzman , R. , & Colfax , G. ( 2009 ). Gay identity-related factors and sexual risk among men who have sex with men in San Francisco . AIDS Education and Prevention , 21 , 91 – 103 .
  • Floyd , F. J. , & Stein , T. S. (2002). Sexual orientation identity formation among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Multiple patterns of milestone experiences. Journal of Research on Adolescence , 12, 167–191.
  • Folch , C. , Marks , G. , Esteve , A. , Zaragoza , K. , Munoz , R. , & Casabona , J. ( 2006 ). Factors associated with unprotected sexual intercourse with steady male, casual male, and female partners among men who have sex with men in Barcelona, Spain . AIDS Education and Prevention , 18 , 227 – 242 .
  • Francis , A. M. , & Mialon , H. M. ( 2010 ). Tolerance and HIV . Journal of Health Economics , 29 , 250 – 267 .
  • Frankis , J. S. , & Flowers , P. ( 2009 ). Public sexual cultures: A systematic review of qualitative research investigating men's sexual behaviors with men in public spaces . Journal of Homosexuality , 56 , 861 – 893 .
  • Franssens , D. , Hospers , H. J. , & Kok , G. ( 2010 ). First same-sex partner and the Internet . AIDS and Behavior , 14 , 1384 – 1386 .
  • Frazier , P. A. , Tix , A. P. , & Barron , K. E. ( 2004 ). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 51 , 115 – 134 .
  • French , S. A. , Story , M. , Remafedi , G. , Resnick , M. D. , & Blum , R. W. ( 1996 ). Sexual orientation and prevalence of body dissatisfaction and eating disordered behaviors: A population-based study of adolescents . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 19 , 119 – 126 .
  • Friedman , M. S. , Marshal , M. P. , Stall , R. , Cheong , J. , & Wright , E. R. ( 2008 ). Gay-related development, early abuse and adult health outcomes among gay males . AIDS and Behavior , 12 , 891 – 902 .
  • Galliher , R. V. , Rostosky , S. S. , & Hughes , H. K. ( 2004 ). School belonging, self-esteem, and depressive symptoms in adolescents: An examination of sex, sexual attraction status, and urbanicity . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 33 , 235 – 245 .
  • Garofalo , R. , & Harper , G. W. ( 2003 ). Not all adolescents are the same: Addressing the unique needs of gay and bisexual male youth . Adolescent Medicine , 14 , 595 – 611 .
  • Garofalo , R. , Herrick , A. , Mustanski , B. , & Donenberg , G. R. ( 2007 ). Tip of the iceberg: Young men who have sex with men, the Internet, and HIV risk . American Journal of Public Health , 97 , 1113 – 1117 .
  • Garofalo , R. , Mustanski , B. , & Donenberg , G. ( 2008 ). Parents know and parents matter; is it time to develop family-based HIV prevention programs for young men who have sex with men? Journal of Adolescent Health , 43 , 201 – 204 .
  • Garofalo , R. , Mustanski , B. , Johnson , A. , & Emerson , E. ( 2010 ). Exploring factors that underlie racial/ethnic disparities in HIV risk among young men who have sex with men . Journal of Urban Health , 87 , 318 – 323 .
  • Garofalo , R. , Mustanski , B. , McKirnan , D. J. , Herrick , A. , & Donenberg , D. R. ( 2007 ). Methamphetamine and young men who have sex with men: Understanding patterns and correlates of use and the association with HIV-related sexual risk . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 161 , 591 – 596 .
  • Garofalo , R. , Wolf , R. C. , Kessel , S. , Palfrey , J. , & DuRant , R. H. ( 1998 ). The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents . Pediatrics , 101 , 895 – 902 .
  • Garofalo , R. , Wolf , R. C. , Wissow , L. S. , Woods , E. R. , & Goodman , E. ( 1999 ). Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 153 , 487 – 493 .
  • Gillmore , M. , Morrison , D. , Leigh , B. C. , Hoppe , M. , Gaylord , J. , & Rainey , D. ( 2002 ). Does “high = high risk?” An event-based analysis of the relationship between substance use and unprotected anal sex among gay and bisexual men . AIDS and Behavior , 6 , 361 – 370 .
  • Goldberg , L. R. ( 1993 ). The structure of phenotypic personality traits . American Psychologist , 48 , 26 – 34 .
  • Golub , S. A. , Rosenthal , L. , Cohen , D. E. , & Mayer , K. H. ( 2008 ). Determinants of high-risk sexual behavior during post-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection . AIDS and Behavior , 12 , 852 – 859 .
  • Gorbach , P. M. , & Holmes , K. K. ( 2003 ). Transmission of STIs/HIV at the partnership level: Beyond individual-level analyses . Journal of Urban Health , 80 , 15 – 25 .
  • Grant , R. M. , Lama , J. R. , Anderson , P. L. , McMahan , V. , Liu , A. Y. , et al. . ( 2010 ). Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men . New England Journal of Medicine , 363 , 2587 – 2599 .
  • Greenwood , G. L. , White , E. W. , Page-Shafer , K. , Bein , E. , Osmond , D. H. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Correlates of heavy substance use among young gay and bisexual men: The San Francisco Young Men's Health Study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 61 , 105 – 112 .
  • Grov , C. , Bimbi , D. S. , Nanin , J. E. , & Parsons , J. T. ( 2006 ). Race, ethnicity, gender, and generational factors associated with the coming-out process among lesbian, and bisexual individuals . Journal of Sex Research , 43 , 115 – 121 .
  • Grov , C. , Bux , D. A. , Parsons , J. T. , & Morgenstern , J. ( 2009 ). Recruiting hard-to-reach drug-using men who have sex with men into an intervention study: Lessons learned and implications for applied research . Substance Use & Misuse , 44 , 1855 – 1871 .
  • Grov , C. , Kelly , B. C. , & Parsons , J. T. ( 2009 ). Polydrug use among club-going young adults recruited through time–space sampling . Substance Use & Misuse , 44 , 848 – 864 .
  • Grov , C. , Parsons , J. T. , & Bimbi , D. S. ( 2007 ). Sexual risk behavior and venues for meeting sex partners: An intercept survey of gay and bisexual men in LA and NYC . AIDS and Behavior , 11 , 915 – 926 .
  • Grov , C. , Parsons , J. T. , & Bimbi , D. S. ( 2008 ). In the shadows of a prevention campaign: Sexual risk behavior in the absence of crystal methamphetamine . AIDS Education and Prevention , 20 , 42 – 55 .
  • Guenther-Grey , C. A. , Varnell , S. , Weiser , J. I. , Mathy , R. M. , O'Donnell , L. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Trends in sexual risk-taking among urban young men who have sex with men, 1999–2002 . Journal of the National Medical Association , 97 , 38S – 43S .
  • Guzman , R. , Colfax , G. N. , Wheeler , S. , Mansergh , G. , Marks , G. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Negotiated safety relationships and sexual behavior among a diverse sample of HIV-negative men who have sex with men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 38 , 82 – 86 .
  • Halkitis , P. N. , Green , K. A. , & Mourgues , P. ( 2005 ). Longitudinal investigation of methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men in New York City: Findings from Project Bumps . Journal of Urban Health , 82 , 18 – 25 .
  • Halkitis , P. N. , Mukherjee , P. P. , & Palamar , J. J. ( 2009 ). Longitudinal modeling of methamphetamine use and sexual risk behaviors in gay and bisexual men . AIDS and Behavior , 13 , 783 – 791 .
  • Halkitis , P. N. , & Parsons , J. T. ( 2002 ). Recreational drug use and HIV-risk sexual behavior among men frequenting gay social venues . Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services , 14 , 19 – 38 .
  • Halkitis , P. N. , Parsons , J. T. , & Stirratt , M. J. ( 2001 ). A double epidemic: Crystal methamphetamine use in relation to HIV transmission among gay men . Journal of Homosexuality , 41 , 17 – 35 .
  • Halkitis , P. N. , Shrem , M. T. , & Martin , F. W. ( 2005 ). Sexual behavior patterns of methamphetamine-using gay and bisexual men . Substance Use & Misuse , 40 , 703 – 719 .
  • Hall , H. I. , Song , R. , Rhodes , P. , Prejean , J. , An , Q. , et al. . ( 2008 ). Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States . Journal of the American Medical Association , 300 , 520 – 529 .
  • Harawa , N. T. , Greenland , S. , Bingham , T. A. , Johnson , D. F. , Cochran , S. D. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Associations of race/ethnicity with HIV prevalence and HIV-related behaviors among young men who have sex with men in 7 urban centers in the United States . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 35 , 526 – 536 .
  • Harper , G. W. (2007). Sex isn't that simple: Culture and context in HIV prevention interventions for gay and bisexual male adolescents. American Psychologist , 62, 806–819.
  • Hart , T. , Peterson , J. L. , & the Community Intervention Trial for Youth Study . ( 2004 ). Predictors of risky sexual behavior among young African American men who have sex with men . American Journal of Public Health , 94 , 1122 – 1124 .
  • Hatzenbuehler , M. L. ( 2009 ). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin"? A psychological mediation framework . Psychological Bulletin , 135 , 707 – 730 .
  • Hatzenbuehler , M. L. , Corbin , W. R. , & Fromme , K. ( 2008 ). Trajectories and determinants of alcohol use among LGB young adults and their heterosexual peers: Results from a prospective study . Developmental Psychology , 44 , 81 – 90 .
  • Hatzenbuehler , M. L. , McLaughlin , K. A. , Keyes , K. M. , & Hasin , D. S. ( 2010 ). The impact of institutional discrimination on psychiatric disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: A prospective study . American Journal of Public Health , 100 , 452 – 459 .
  • Hatzenbuehler , M. L. , McLaughlin , K. A. , & Nolen-Hoeksema , S. ( 2008 ). Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 49 , 1270 – 1278 .
  • Hatzenbuehler , M. L. , Nolen-Hoeksema , S. , & Erickson , S. J. ( 2008 ). Minority stress predictors of HIV risk behavior, substance use, and depressive symptoms: Results from a prospective study of bereaved gay men . Health Psychology , 27 , 455 – 462 .
  • Hays , R. B. , Kegeles , S. M. , & Coates , T. J. ( 1990 ). High HIV risk-taking among young gay men . AIDS , 4 , 901 – 907 .
  • Hays , R. B. , Kegeles , S. M. , & Coates , T. J. ( 1997 ). Unprotected sex and HIV risk taking among young gay men in boyfriend relationships . AIDS Education and Prevention , 9 , 314 – 329 .
  • Hays , R. B. , Paul , J. , Ekstrand , M. , Kegeles , S. M. , Stall , R. , & Coates , T. J. ( 1997 ). Actual versus perceived HIV status, sexual behaviors and predictors of unprotected sex among young gay and bisexual men who identify as HIV-negative, HIV-positive, and untested . AIDS , 11 , 1495 – 1502 .
  • Hays , R. B. , Rebchook , G. M. , & Kegeles , S. M. ( 2003 ). The Mpowerment Project: Community-building with young gay and bisexual men to prevent HIV1 . American Journal of Community Psychology , 31 , 301 – 312 .
  • Herbst , J. H. , Beeker , C. , Mathew , A. , McNally , T. , Passin , W. F. , et al. . ( 2007 ). The effectiveness of individual-, group-, and community-level HIV behavioral risk-reduction interventions for adult men who have sex with men: A systematic review . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 32 , 38 – 67 .
  • Herbst , J. H. , Fielding , J. E. , Abraido-Lanza , A. , Calonge , N. , Clymer , J. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Recommendations for use of behavioral interventions to reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 32 , 36 – 37 .
  • Herek , G. M. ( 2009 ). Sexual stigma and sexual prejudice in the United States: A conceptual framework . In D. A. Hope (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities ( Vol. 54 , pp. 65 – 111 ). New York , NY : Springer .
  • Herek , G. M. , Gillis , J. R. , & Cogan , J. C. ( 1999 ). Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 67 , 945 – 951 .
  • Herek , G. M. , & Sims , C. ( 2008 ). Sexual orientation and violent victimization: Hate crimes and intimate partner violence among gay and bisexual males in the United States . In R. J. Wolitski , R. Stall , & R. Valdiserri (Eds.), Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States (pp. 35 – 71 ). New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Hernandez , M. , Nesman , T. , Mowery , D. , Acedo-Polakovich , I. D. , & Callejas , L. M. ( 2009 ). Cultural competence: A literature review and conceptual model for mental health services . Psychiatric Services , 60 , 1046 – 1050 .
  • Hershberger , S. , & D'Augelli , A. R. ( 1995 ). The impact of victimization on the mental health and suicidality of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths . Developmental Psychology , 31 , 65 – 74 .
  • Hirshfield , S. , Remien , R. H. , Humberstone , M. , Walavalkar , I. , & Chiasson , M. A. ( 2004 ). Substance use and high-risk sex among men who have sex with men: A national online study in the USA . AIDS Care , 16 , 1036 – 1047 .
  • Hittner , J. B. , & Swickert , R. ( 2006 ). Sensation seeking and alcohol use: A meta-analytic review . Addictive Behaviors , 31 , 1383 – 1401 .
  • Holmes , W. C. , Foa , E. B. , & Sammel , M. D. ( 2005 ). Men's pathways to risky sexual behavior: Role of co-occurring childhood sexual abuse, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression histories . Journal of Urban Health , 82 , 89 – 99 .
  • Horvath , K. J. , Bowen , A. M. , & Williams , M. L. ( 2006 ). Virtual and physical venues as contexts for HIV risk among rural men who have sex with men . Health Psychology , 25 , 237 – 242 .
  • Horvath , K. J. , Nygaard , K. , & Simon , S. B. R. ( 2009 ). Ascertaining partner HIV status and its association with sexual risk behavior among Internet-using men who have sex with men . AIDS and Behavior , 16 , 1376 – 1383 .
  • Horvath , K. J. , Oakes , J. M. , & Rosser , B. R. ( 2008 ). Sexual negotiation and HIV serodisclosure among men who have sex with men with their online and offline partners . Journal of Urban Health , 85 , 744 – 758 .
  • Horvath , K. J. , Rosser , B. R. , & Remafedi , G. ( 2008 ). Sexual risk taking among young Internet-using men who have sex with men . American Journal of Public Health , 98 , 1059 – 1067 .
  • Horwitz , A. V. , White , H. R. , & Howell-White , S. ( 1996 ). Becoming married and mental health: A longitudinal study of a cohort of young adults . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 58 , 895 – 907 .
  • Hoyle , R. H. , Fejfar , M. C. , & Miller , J. D. ( 2000 ). Personality and sexual risk taking: A quantitative review . Journal of Personality , 68 , 1203 – 1231 .
  • Huebner , D. M. , Rebchook , G. M. , & Kegeles , S. M. ( 2004 ). Experiences of harassment, discrimination, and physical violence among young gay and bisexual men . American Journal of Public Health , 94 , 1200 – 1203 .
  • Jaffee , H. W. , Valdiserri , R. O. , & De Cock , K. M. ( 2007 ). The reemerging HIV/AIDS epidemic in men who have sex with men . Journal of the American Medical Association , 298 , 2412 – 2414 .
  • Jessor , R. , & Jessor , S. L. ( 1977 ). Problem behavior and psychosocial development: A longitudinal study of youth . New York , NY : Academic .
  • Johnson , B. T. , Carey , M. P. , Marsh , K. L. , Levin , K. D. , & Scott-Sheldon , L. A. J. ( 2003 ). Interventions to reduce sexual risk for the human immunodeficiency virus in adolescents, 1985–2000: A research synthesis . Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine , 157 , 381 – 388 .
  • Johnson , B. T. , Redding , C. A. , DiClemente , R. J. , Mustanski , B. S. , Dodge , B. , et al. . ( 2010 ). A network–individual–resource framework for HIV prevention . AIDS and Behavior , 14 , S204 – S221 .
  • Johnson , W. D. , Diaz , R. M. , Flanders , W. D. , Goodman , M. , Hill , A. N. , et al. . ( 2008 ). Behavioral interventions to reduce risk for sexual transmission of HIV among men who have sex with men . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , 18 , 1179 – 1186 .
  • Kahn , J. G. , Kegeles , S. M. , Hays , R. , & Beltzer , N. ( 2001 ). Cost-effectiveness of the Mpowerment Project, a community-level intervention for young gay men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 27 , 482 – 491 .
  • Kalichman , S. C. ( 1999 ). Psychological and social correlates of high-risk sexual behavior among men and women living with HIV/AIDS . AIDS Care , 11 , 415 – 427 .
  • Kalichman , S. C. , Heckman , T. , & Kelly , J. A. ( 1996 ). Sensation seeking as an explanation for the association between substance use and HIV-related risky sexual behavior . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 25 , 141 – 154 .
  • Kalichman , S. C. , & Rompa , D. (1995). Sexual sensation seeking and Sexual Compulsivity Scales: Reliability, validity, and predicting HIV risk behavior. Journal of Personality Assessment , 65, 586–601.
  • Kalichman , S. C. , Tannenbaum , L. , & Nachimson , D. ( 1998 ). Personality and cognitive factors influencing substance use and sexual risk for HIV infection among gay and bisexual men . Psychology of Addictive Behaviors , 12 , 262 – 271 .
  • Kashdan , T. B. , Collins , R. L. , & Elhai , J. D. ( 2006 ). Social anxiety and positive outcome expectancies on risk-taking behaviors . Cognitive Therapy and Research , 30 , 749 – 761 .
  • Kegeles , S. M. , Hays , R. B. , & Coates , T. J. ( 1996 ). The Mpowerment Project: A community-level HIV prevention intervention for young gay men . American Journal of Public Health , 86 , 1129 – 1136 .
  • Kegeles , S. M. , Hays , R. B. , Pollack , L. M. , & Coates , T. J. ( 1999 ). Mobilizing young gay and bisexual men for HIV prevention: A two-community study . AIDS , 13 , 1753 – 1762 .
  • Kim , A. A. , Kent , C. K. , & Klausner , J. D. ( 2002 ). Increased risk of HIV and sexually transmitted disease transmission among gay or bisexual men who use Viagra, San Francisco 2000–2001 . AIDS , 16 , 1425 – 1428 .
  • Kim , A. A. , Kent , C. , McFarland , W. , & Klausner , J. D. ( 2001 ). Cruising on the Internet highway . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 28 , 89 – 93 .
  • Kipke , M. D. , Weiss , G. , Ramirez , M. , Dorey , F. , Ritt-Olson , A. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Club drug use in Los Angeles among young men who have sex with men . Substance Use & Misuse , 42 , 1723 – 1743 .
  • Kippax , S. , Noble , J. , Prestage , G. , Crawford , J. M. , Campbell , D. , et al. . ( 1997 ). Sexual negotiation in the AIDS era: Negotiated safety revisited . AIDS , 11 , 191 – 197 .
  • Koblin , B. A. , Chesney , M. A. , Husnik , M. J. , Bozeman , S. , Celum , C. L. , et al. . ( 2003 ). High-risk behaviors among men who have sex with men in 6 US cities: Baseline data from the EXPLORE Study . American Journal of Public Health , 93 , 926 – 932 .
  • Koblin , B. A. , Torian , L. , Xu , G. , Guilin , V. , Makki , H. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Violence and HIV-related risk among young men who have sex with men . AIDS Care , 18 , 961 – 967 .
  • Kong , T. S. ( 2008 ). Risk factors affecting condom use among male sex workers who serve men in China: A qualitative study . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 84 , 444 – 448 .
  • Kubicek , K. , Carpineto , J. , McDavitt , B. , Weiss , G. , Iverson , E. F. , et al. . ( 2008 ). Integrating professional and folk models of HIV risk: YMSM's perceptions of high-risk sex . AIDS Education and Prevention , 20 , 220 – 238 .
  • Lankenau , S. E. , Clatts , M. C. , Welle , D. , Goldsamt , L. A. , & Gwadz , M. V. ( 2005 ). Street careers: Homelessness, drug use, and sex work among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) . International Journal of Drug Policy , 16 , 10 – 18 .
  • Leigh , B. C. ( 2002 ). Alcohol and condom use: A meta-analysis of event-level studies . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 29 , 476 – 482 .
  • Leigh , B. C. , Vanslyke , J. G. , Hoppe , M. J. , Rainey , D. T. , Morrison , D. M. , & Gillmore , M. R. ( 2008 ). Drinking and condom use: Results from an event-based daily diary . AIDS and Behavior , 12 , 104 – 112 .
  • Lerner , R. M. , & Galambos , N. L. ( 1998 ). Adolescent development: Challenges and opportunities for research, programs, and policies . Annual Review of Psychology , 49 , 413 – 446 .
  • Liu , A. Y. , Kittredge , P. V. , Vittinghoff , E. , Raymond , H. F. , Ahrens , K. , et al. . ( 2008 ). Limited knowledge and use of HIV post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis among gay and bisexual men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 47 , 241 – 247 .
  • Liu , H. , Cai , Y. , Rhodes , A. G. , & Hong , F. ( 2009 ). Money boys, HIV risks, and the associations between norms and safer sex: A respondent-driven sampling study in Shenzhen, China . AIDS and Behavior , 13 , 652 – 662 .
  • Loftus , J. ( 2001 ). America's liberalization in attitudes toward homosexuality, 1973 to 1998 . American Sociological Review , 66 , 762 – 782 .
  • Lyles , C. M. , Kay , L. S. , Crepaz , N. , Herbst , J. H. , Passin , W. F. , et al. . ( 2007 ). Best-evidence interventions: Findings from a systematic review of HIV behavioral interventions for US populations at high risk, 2000–2004 . American Journal of Public Health , 97 , 133 – 143 .
  • Macaluso , M. , Demand , M. J. , Artz , L. M. , & Hook , E. W. , III . ( 2000 ). Partner type and condom use . AIDS , 14 , 537 – 546 .
  • MacKellar , D. A. , Valleroy , L. A. , Secura , G. M. , Behel , S. , Bingham , T. , et al. . ( 2005 ). Unrecognized HIV infection, risk behaviors, and perceptions of risk among young men who have sex with men: Opportunities for advancing HIV prevention in the third decade of HIV/AIDS . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 38 , 603 – 614 .
  • Mansergh , G. , Shouse , R. , Marks , G. , Guzman , R. , Rader , M. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Methamphetamine and sildenafil (Viagra) use are linked to unprotected receptive and insertive anal sex, respectively, in a sample of men who have sex with men . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 82 , 131 .
  • Marshal , M. P. , Friedman , M. S. , Stall , R. , King , K. M. , Miles , J. , et al. . ( 2008 ). Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: A meta-analysis and methodological review . Addiction , 103 , 546 – 556 .
  • Marshal , M. P. , Friedman , M. S. , Stall , R. , & Thompson , A. L. ( 2009 ). Individual trajectories of substance use in lesbian, gay and bisexual youth and heterosexual youth . Addiction , 104 , 974 – 981 .
  • Marsiglia , F. F. , Nieri , T. , Valdez , E. , Gurrola , M. , & Marrs , C. ( 2009 ). History of violence as a predictor of HIV risk among multiethnic, urban youth in the Southwest . Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services , 8 , 144 – 165 .
  • Mastekaasa , A. ( 1993 ). Marital status and subjective well-being—A changing relationship . Social Indicators Research , 29 , 249 – 276 .
  • McCoul , M. D. , & Haslam , N. ( 2001 ). Predicting high risk sexual behaviour in heterosexual and homosexual men: The roles of impulsivity and sensation seeking . Personality and Individual Differences , 31 , 1303 – 1310 .
  • McCown , W. ( 1991 ). Predicting failure to practice safe sex: Contributions of a three factor theory of personality to individual and group HIV-prevention education . Personality and Individual Differences , 13 , 343 – 347 .
  • McCown , W. ( 1993 ). Personality factors predicting failure to practice safer sex by HIV positive males . Personality and Individual Differences , 14 , 613 – 615 .
  • McGowan , I. ( 2010 ). Microbicides for HIV prevention: Reality or hope? Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases , 23 , 26 – 31 .
  • McKirnan , D. , Houston , E. , & Tolou-Shams , M. ( 2007 ). Is the Web the culprit? Cognitive escape and Internet sexual risk among gay and bisexual men . AIDS and Behavior , 11 , 151 – 160 .
  • McKirnan , D. , Ostrow , D. G. , & Hope , B. ( 1996 ). Sex, drugs and escape: A psychological model of HIV-risk sexual behaviours . AIDS Care , 8 , 655 – 669 .
  • McKirnan , D. , & Peterson , P. L. ( 1989 ). Psychosocial and cultural factors in alcohol and drug abuse: An analysis of a homosexual community . Addictive Behaviors , 14 , 555 – 563 .
  • McLean , J. , Boulton , M. , Brookes , M. , Lakhani , D. , Fitzpatrick , R. , et al. . ( 1994 ). Regular partners and risky behavior: Why do gay men have unprotected intercourse? AIDS Care , 6 , 331 – 341 .
  • McNall , M. , & Remafedi , G. ( 1999 ). Relationship of amphetamine and other substance use to unprotected intercourse among young men who have sex with men . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 153 , 1130 .
  • Meade , C. S. , Kershaw , T. S. , Hansen , N. B. , & Sikkema , K. J. (2009). Long-term correlates of childhood abuse among adults with severe mental illness: Adult victimization, substance abuse, and HIV sexual risk behavior. AIDS and Behavior , 13, 207–216.
  • Mettey , A. , Crosby , R. , DiClemente , R. J. , & Holtgrave , D. R. ( 2003 ). Associations between Internet sex seeking and STI associated risk behaviors among men who have sex with men . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 79 , 466 – 468 .
  • Meyer , I. H. ( 1995 ). Minority stress and mental health in gay men . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 , 38 – 56 .
  • Meyer , I. H. ( 2003 ). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 129 , 674 – 697 .
  • Meyer , I. H. , & Dean , L. ( 1995 ). Patterns of sexual behavior and risk taking among young New York City gay men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 7 , 13 – 23 .
  • Meyer , I. H. , & Dean , L. ( 1998 ). Internalized homophobia, intimacy, and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men . In G. Herek (Ed.), Stigma and sexual orientation (pp. 160 – 186 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Meyer , I. H. , & Wilson , P. A. ( 2009 ). Sampling lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 56 , 23 – 31 .
  • Millett , G. A. , Flores , S. A. , Marks , G. , Reed , J. B. , & Herbst , J. H. ( 2008 ). Circumcision status and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: A meta-analysis . Journal of the American Medical Association , 300 , 1674 – 1684 .
  • Millett , G. A. , Flores , S. A. , Peterson , J. L. , & Bakeman , R. ( 2007 ). Explaining disparities in HIV infection among Black and White men who have sex with men: A meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors . AIDS , 21 , 2083 – 2091 .
  • Mimiaga , M. J. , Noonan , E. , Donnell , D. , Safren , S. A. , Koenen , K. C. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Childhood sexual abuse is highly associated with HIV risk-taking behavior and infection among MSM in the EXPLORE Study . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 51 , 340 – 348 .
  • Miner , M. H. , Coleman , E. , Center , B. A. , Ross , M. , & Rosser , B. R. S. ( 2007 ). The compulsive sexual behavior inventory: Psychometric properties . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 36 , 579 – 587 .
  • Molitor , F. , Facer , M. , & Ruiz , J. D. ( 1999 ). Safer sex communication and unsafe sexual behavior among young men who have sex with men in California . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 28 , 335 – 343 .
  • Morales , E. , & Norcross , J. C. ( 2010 ). Evidence-based practices with ethnic minorities: Strange bedfellows no more . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 66 , 821 – 829 .
  • Moreau-Gruet , F. , Jeannin , A. , Dubois-Arber , F. , & Spencer , B. ( 2001 ). Management of the risk of HIV infection in male homosexual couples . AIDS , 15 , 1025 – 1035 .
  • Morris , M. , Zavisca , J. , & Dean , L. ( 1995 ). Social and sexual networks: Their role in the spread of HIV/AIDS among young gay men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 7 , 24 – 35 .
  • Mullens , A. B. , Staunton , S. , Debattista , J. , Hamernik , E. , & Gill , D. ( 2009 ). Sex on premises venue (SOPV) health promotion project in response to sustained increases in HIV notifications . Sexual Health , 6 , 41 – 44 .
  • Mustanski , B. S. ( 2001 ). Getting wired: Exploiting the Internet for the collection of valid sexuality data . Journal of Sex Research , 38 , 292 – 301 .
  • Mustanski , B. ( 2007a ). Are sexual partners met online associated with HIV/STI risk behaviors? Retrospective and daily diary data in conflict . AIDS Care , 19 , 822 – 827 .
  • Mustanski , B. ( 2007b ). The influence of state and trait affect on HIV risk behaviors: A daily diary study of MSM . Health Psychology , 26 , 618 – 626 .
  • Mustanski , B. ( 2008 ). Moderating effects of age on the alcohol and sexual risk taking association: An online daily diary study of men who have sex with men . AIDS and Behavior , 12 , 118 – 126 .
  • Mustanski , B. ( in press ). Ethical and regulatory issues with conducting sexuality research with LGBT adolescents: A call to action for a scientifically informed approach . Archives of Sexual Behavior .
  • Mustanski , B. , Garofalo , R. , & Emerson , E. M. ( 2010 ). Mental health disorders, psychological distress, and suicidality in a diverse sample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youths . American Journal of Public Health , 100 , 2426 – 2432 .
  • Mustanski , B. , Garofalo , R. , Herrick , A. , & Donenberg , G. ( 2007 ). Psychosocial health problems increase risk for HIV among urban young men who have sex with men: Preliminary evidence of a syndemic in need of attention . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 34 , 37 – 45 .
  • Mustanski , B. , Garofalo , R. , & Newcomb , M. ( in press ). Mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: A developmental resiliency perspective . Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services .
  • Mustanski , B. , & Hunter , J. ( in press ). Parents as agents of HIV prevention for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth . In W. Pequegnat & C. Bell (Eds.), Families and HIV/AIDS . Washington , DC .
  • Mustanski , B. , Lyons , T. , & Garcia , S. C. ( in press ). Internet use and sexual health of young men who have sex with men: A mixed-methods study . Archives of Sexual Behavior .
  • Mustanski , B. , Newcomb , M. , & Clerkin , E. ( 2010 ). Relationship characteristics and sexual risk-taking in young men who have sex with men . Health Psychology . Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Nanin , J. E. , Parsons , J. T. , Bimbi , D. S. , Grov , C. , & Brown , J. ( 2006 ). Community reactions to campaigns addressing crystal methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men in New York City . Journal of Drug Education , 36 , 285 – 303 .
  • Nettles , C. D. , Benotsch , E. G. , & Uban , K. A. ( 2009 ). Sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men using erectile dysfunction medications . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 23 , 1017 – 1023 .
  • Newcomb , M. E. , Clerkin , E. M. , & Mustanski , B. ( in press ). Sensation seeking moderates the effects of alcohol and drug use prior to sex on sexual risk in young men who have sex with men . AIDS and Behavior .
  • Newcomb , M. E. , & McGee , L. ( 1991 ). Influence of sensation seeking on general deviance and specific problem behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 61 , 614 – 628 .
  • Newcomb , M. E. , & Mustanski , B. ( 2010 ). The importance of measuring internalized homophobia/homonegativity: Reply to Ross, Rosser, and Smolenski (2010) . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 39 , 1209 – 1211 .
  • Newcomb , M. E. , & Mustanski , B. ( in press ). Moderators of the relationship between internalized homophobia and risky sexual behavior in men who have sex with men: A meta-analysis . Archives of Sexual Behavior .
  • Newman , P. A. , Chakrapani , V. , Cook , C. , Shunmugam , M. , & Kakinami , L. ( 2008 ). Correlates of paid sex among men who have sex with men in Chennai, India . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 84 , 434 – 438 .
  • Noar , S. A. , Black , H. G. , & Pierce , L. B. ( 2009 ). Efficacy of computer technology-based HIV prevention interventions: A meta-analysis . AIDS , 23 , 107 – 115 .
  • O'Connell , M. E. , Boat , T. F. , & Warner , K. E. ( 2009 ). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities . Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
  • O'Donnell , L. , Agronick , G. , San Doval , A. , Duran , R. , Myint-U , A. , & Stueve , A. ( 2002 ). Ethnic and gay community attachments and sexual risk behaviors among urban Latino young men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 , 457 – 471 .
  • O'Leary , A. , Purcell , D. , Remien , R. H. , & Gomez , C. ( 2003 ). Childhood sexual abuse and sexual transmission risk behaviour among HIV-positive men who have sex with men . AIDS Care , 15 , 17 – 26 .
  • O'Leary , A. , Wolitski , R. J. , Remien , R. H. , Woods , W. J. , Parsons , J. T. , et al.. (2005). Psychosocial correlates of transmission risk behavior among HIV-seropositive gay and bisexual men. AIDS , 19, S67–S75.
  • Ostrow , D. G. , Plankey , M. W. , Cox , C. , Li , X. , Shoptaw , S. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Specific sex drug combinations contribute to the majority of recent HIV seroconversions among MSM in the MACS . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 51 , 349 .
  • Ottosson , D. ( 2010 ). State-sponsored homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same sex activity between consenting adults . Brussels , Belgium : International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Intersex Association .
  • Pachankis , J. E. ( 2007 ). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive–affective–behavioral model . Psychological Bulletin , 133 , 328 – 345 .
  • Padilla , M. ( 2007 ). Caribbean pleasure industry: Tourism, sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
  • Padilla , M. , Castellanos , D. , Guilamo-Ramos , V. , Reyes , A. M. , Sanchez Marte , L. E. , & Soriano , M. A. ( 2008 ). Stigma, social inequality, and HIV risk disclosure among Dominican male sex workers . Soical Science & Medicine , 67 , 380 – 388 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , & Bimbi , D. S. ( 2007 ). Intentional unprotected anal intercourse among sex who have sex with men: Barebacking—From behavior to identity . AIDS and Behavior , 11 , 277 – 287 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , Bimbi , D. S. , Koken , J. A. , & Halkitis , P. N. ( 2005 ). Factors related to childhood sexual abuse among gay/bisexual male Internet escorts . Journal of Child Sexual Abuse , 14 , 1 – 23 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , Grov , C. , & Kelly , B. C. ( 2009 ). Club drug use and dependence among young adults recruited through time–space sampling . Public Health Reports , 124 , 246 – 254 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , & Halkitis , P. N. ( 2002 ). Sexual and drug-using practices of HIV-positive men who frequent public and commercial sex environments . AIDS Care , 14 , 815 – 826 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , Halkitis , P. N. , Wolitski , R. J. , Gomez , C. A. , & the Seropositive Urban Men's Study Team . ( 2003 ). Correlates of sexual risk behaviors among HIV-positive men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 , 383 – 400 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , Koken , J. A. , & Bimbi , D. S. ( 2004 ). The use of the Internet by gay and bisexual male escorts: Sex workers as sex educators . AIDS Care , 16 , 1021 – 1035 .
  • Parsons , J. T. , Koken , J. A. , & Bimbi , D. S. ( 2007 ). Looking beyond HIV: Eliciting individual and community needs of male Internet escorts . Journal of Homosexuality , 53 , 219 – 240 .
  • Paul , J. P. , Catania , J. , Pollack , L. , & Stall , R. ( 2001 ). Understanding childhood sexual abuse as a predictor of sexual risk-taking among men who have sex with men: The Urban Men's Health Study . Child Abuse & Neglect , 25 , 557 – 584 .
  • Peplau , L. A. , & Fingerhut , A. W. ( 2007 ). The close relationships of lesbians and gay men . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 , 405 – 424 .
  • Pequegnat , W. , & Szapocznik , J. ( 2000 ). Working with families in the era of HIV/AIDS . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
  • Perdue , T. , Hagan , H. , Thiede , H. , & Valleroy , L. ( 2003 ). Depression and HIV risk behavior among Seattle-area injection drug users and young men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 15 , 81 – 92 .
  • Pisani , E. , Girault , P. , Gultom , M. , Sukartini , N. , Kumalawati , J. , et al. . ( 2004 ). HIV, syphilis infection, and sexual practices among transgenders, male sex workers, and other men who have sex with men in Jakarta, Indonesia . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 80 , 536 – 540 .
  • Preston , D. B. , D'Augelli , A. R. , Kassab , C. D. , & Starks , M. T. ( 2007 ). The relationship of stigma to the sexual risk behavior of rural men who have sex with men . AIDS Education & Prevention , 19 , 218 – 230 .
  • Prochaska , J. O. , & Velicer , W. F. ( 1997 ). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change . American Journal of Health Promotion , 12 , 38 – 48 .
  • Purcell , D. W. , Johnson , C. , Lansky , A. , Prejean , J. , Stein , R. , et al. . ( 2010 , March ). Calculating HIV and syphilis rates for risk groups: Estimating the national population size of men who have sex with men. Paper presented at the National STD Prevention conference, Minneapolis, MN .
  • Purcell , D. W. , Patterson , J. D. , & Spikes , P. S. ( 2007 ). Childhood sexual abuse experienced by gay and bisexual men: Understanding the disparities and interventions to help eliminate them . In R. J. Wolitski , R. Stall , & R. O. Valdiserri (Eds.), Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States (pp. 72 – 96 ). New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Ramirez-Valles , J. ( 2002 ). The protective effects of community involvement for HIV risk behavior: A conceptual framework . Health Education Research , 17 , 389 – 403 .
  • Rebchook , G. M. , Kegeles , S. M. , Huebner , D. , & Team , T. R. ( 2006 ). Translating research into practice: The dissemination and initial implementation of an evidence-based HIV prevention program . AIDS Education and Prevention , 18 , 119 – 136 .
  • Reece , M. ( 2003 ). Sexual compulsivity and HIV serostatus disclosure among men who have sex with men . Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity , 10 , 1 – 11 .
  • Relf , M. V. ( 2001 ). Childhood sexual abuse in men who have sex with men: The current state of the science . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 12 , 20 – 29 .
  • Relf , M. V. , Huang , B. , Campbell , J. , & Catania , J. ( 2004 ). Gay identity, interpersonal violence, and HIV risk behaviors: An empirical test of theoretical relationships among a probability-based sample of urban men who have sex with men . Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care , 15 , 14 – 26 .
  • Remafedi , G. ( 1994 ). Cognitive and behavioral adaptations to HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Health , 15 , 142 – 148 .
  • Remafedi , G. ( 2002 ). Suicidality in a venue-based sample of young men who have sex with men . Journal of Adolescent Health , 31 , 305 – 310 .
  • Rietmeijer , C. A. , Wolitski , R. J. , Fishbein , M. , Corby , N. H. , & Cohn , D. L. ( 1998 ). Sex hustling, injection drug use, and non-gay identification by men who have sex with men. Associations with high-risk sexual behaviors and condom use . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 25 , 353 – 360 .
  • Rosario , M. , Hunter , J. , Maguen , S. , Gwadz , M. , & Smith , R. ( 2001 ). The coming-out process and its adaptational and health-related associations among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths: Stipulation and exploration of a model . American Journal of Community Psychology , 29 , 133 – 160 .
  • Rosario , M. , Schrimshaw , E. W. , & Hunter , J. ( 2006 ). A model of sexual risk behaviors among young gay and bisexual men: Longitudinal associations of mental health, substance abuse, sexual abuse, and the coming-out process . AIDS Education and Prevention , 18 , 444 – 460 .
  • Ross , C. E. , Mirowsky , J. , & Goldsteen , K. ( 1990 ). The impact of the family on health—The decade in review . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 52 , 1059 – 1078 .
  • Ross , M. W. , Mattison , A. M. , & Franklin , D. ( 2003 ). Club drugs and sex on drugs are associated with different motivations for gay circuit party attendance in men . Substance Use & Misuse , 38 , 1173 – 1183 .
  • Ross , M. W. , Rosser , B. R. , & Smolenski , D. ( 2010 ). The importance of measuring internalized homophobia/homonegativity . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 39 , 1207 – 1208 .
  • Rosser , B. R. , Hatfield , L. A. , Miner , M. H. , Ghiselli , M. E. , Lee , B. R. , & Welles , S. L. ( 2010 ). Effects of a behavioral intervention to reduce serodiscordant unsafe sex among HIV positive men who have sex with men: The positive connections randomized controlled trial study . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 33 , 147 – 158 .
  • Rosser , B. R. , West , W. , & Weinmeyer , R. (2008). Are gay communities dying or just in transition? Results from an international consultation examining possible structural change in gay communities. AIDS Care , 20, 588–595.
  • Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Rosario , M. , Reed , H. , & Koopman , C. ( 1995 ). Predicting patterns of sexual acts among homosexual and bisexual youths . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 , 588 – 595 .
  • Rotheram-Borus , M. , Swendeman , D. , Comulada , W. , Weiss , R. , Lee , M. , & Lightfoot , M. ( 2004 ). Prevention for substance-using HIV-positive young people: Telephone and in-person delivery . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 37 , S68 – S77 .
  • Ruiz , J. , Facer , M. , & Sun , R. K. ( 1998 ). Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection and unprotected anal intercourse among young men who have sex with men . Sexually Transmitted Diseases , 25 , 100 – 107 .
  • Russell , S. T. , & Consolacion , T. B. ( 2003 ). Adolescent romance and emotional health in the United States: Beyond binaries . Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology , 32 , 499 – 508 .
  • Russell , S. T. , Driscoll , A. K. , & Truong , N. ( 2002 ). Adolescent same-sex romantic attractions and relationships: Implications for substance use and abuse . American Journal of Public Health , 92 , 198 – 202 .
  • Ryan , C. , Huebner , D. , Diaz , R. M. , & Sanchez , J. ( 2009 ). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in White and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults . Pediatrics , 123 , 346 – 352 .
  • Salomon , E. A. , Mimiaga , M. J. , Husnik , M. J. , Welles , S. L. , Manseau , M. W. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Depressive symptoms, utilization of mental health care, substance use and sexual risk among young men who have sex with men in EXPLORE: Implications for age-specific interventions . AIDS and Behavior , 13 , 1 – 11 .
  • Sandfort , T. , & de Keizer , M. ( 2001 ). Sexual problems in gay men: An overview of empirical research . Annual Review of Sex Research , 12 , 93 – 120 .
  • Santelli , J. , Ott , M. A. , Lyon , M. , Rogers , J. , Summers , D. , & Schleifer , R. ( 2006 ). Abstinence and abstinence-only education: A review of U.S. policies and programs . Journal of Adolescent Health , 38 , 72 – 81 .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. ( 2006 ). Who's gay? Does it matter? Current Directions in Psychological Science , 15 , 40 – 44 .
  • Savin-Williams , R. C. , & Diamond , L. M. ( 2000 ). Sexual identity trajectories among sexual-minority youths: Gender comparisons . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 29 , 607 – 627 .
  • Sawires , S. R. , Dworkin , S. L. , Fiamma , A. , Peacock , D. , Szekeres , G. , & Coates , T. J. ( 2007 ). Male circumcision and HIV/AIDS: Challenges and opportunities . Lancet , 369 , 708 – 713 .
  • Seal , D. , Kelly , J. , Bloom , F. , Stevenson , L. , Coley , B. , et al. . ( 2000 ). HIV prevention with young men who have sex with men: What young men themselves say is needed . AIDS Care , 12 , 5 – 26 .
  • Semple , S. J. , Patterson , T. L. , & Grant , I. ( 2000 ). The sexual negotiation behavior of HIV-positive gay and bisexual men . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 68 , 934 – 937 .
  • Semple , S. J. , Patterson , T. L. , & Grant , I. ( 2003 ). HIV-positive gay and bisexual men: Predictors of unsafe sex . AIDS Care , 15 , 3 – 15 .
  • Senn , T. E. , Carey , M. P. , & Vanable , P. A. ( 2008 ). Childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and subsequent sexual risk behavior: Evidence from controlled studies, methodological critique, and suggestions for research . Clinical Psychology Review , 28 , 711 – 735 .
  • Sikkema , K. J. , Hansen , N. B. , Meade , C. S. , Kochman , A. , & Fox , A. M. ( 2009 ). Psychosocial predictors of sexual HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-positive adults with a sexual abuse history in childhood . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 38 , 121 – 134 .
  • Sikkema , K. J. , Watt , M. H. , Drabkin , A. S. , Meade , C. S. , Hansen , N. B. , & Pence , B. W. ( 2010 ). Mental health treatment to reduce HIV transmission risk behavior: A positive prevention model . AIDS and Behavior , 14 , 252 – 262 .
  • Singer , M. ( 1994 ). AIDS and the health crisis of the U.S. urban poor; the perspective of critical medical anthropology . Social Science & Medicine , 39 , 931 – 948 .
  • Singer , M. ( 1996 ). A dose of drugs, a touch of violence and case of AIDS: Conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic . Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology , 24 , 99 – 110 .
  • Singer , M. , Erickson , P. I. , Badiane , L. , Diaz , R. , Ortiz , D. , et al. . ( 2006 ). Syndemics, sex and the city: Understanding sexually transmitted diseases in social and cultural context . Social Science & Medicine , 63 , 2010 – 2021 .
  • Smith , M. D. , & Grov , C. ( 2011 ). In the company of men: Inside the lives of male prostitutes . Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger .
  • Solomon , T. M. , Kiang , M. V. , Halkitis , P. N. , Moeller , R. W. , & Pappas , M. K. ( 2010 ). Personality traits and mental health states of methamphetamine-dependent and methamphetamine non-using MSM . Addictive Behaviors , 35 , 161 – 163 .
  • Somerville , L. H. , Jones , R. M. , & Casey , B. J. ( 2010 ). A time of change: Behavioral and neural correlates of adolescent sensitivity to appetitive and aversive environmental cues . Brain and Cognition , 72 , 124 – 133 .
  • Spear , L. P. ( 2002 ). The adolescent brain and the college drinker: Biological basis of propensity to use and misuse alcohol . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 14 , 71 – 81 .
  • Stall , R. , Duran , L. , Wisniewski , S. R. , Friedman , M. S. , Marshal , M. P. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Running in place: Implications of HIV incidence estimates among urban men who have sex with men in the United States and other industrialized countries . AIDS and Behavior , 13 , 615 – 629 .
  • Stall , R. , Friedman , M. , & Catania , J. ( 2008 ). Interacting epidemics and gay men's health: A theory of syndemic production among urban gay men . In R. J. Wolitski , R. Stall , & R. Valdiserri (Eds.), Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States (pp. 251 – 275 ). New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Stall , R. , Mills , T. C. , Williamson , J. , Hart , T. , Greendwood , G. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Association of co-occuring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men . American Journal of Public Health , 93 , 939 – 942 .
  • Stall , R. , Paul , J. P. , Greenwood , G. , Pollack , L. M. , Bein , E. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Alcohol use, drug use and alcohol-related problems among men who have sex with men: The Urban Men's Health Study . Addiction , 96 , 1589 – 1601 .
  • Stall , R. , & Purcell , D. W. ( 2000 ). Intertwining epidemics: A review of research on substance use among men who have sex with men and its connection to the AIDS epidemic . AIDS and Behavior , 4 , 181 – 192 .
  • Steele , C. M. , & Josephs , R. A. ( 1990 ). Alcohol myopia. Its prized and dangerous effects . American Psychologist , 45 , 921 – 933 .
  • Steinberg , L. ( 2008 ). A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking . Developmental Review , 28 , 78 – 106 .
  • Strathdee , S. A. , Hogg , R. S. , Martindale , S. L. , Cornelisse , P. G. A. , Craib , K. J. P. , et al. . ( 1998 ). Determinants of sexual risk-taking among young HIV-negative gay and bisexual men . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 19 , 61 .
  • Stueve , A. , O'Donnell , L. , Duran , R. , San Doval , A. , & Geier , J. ( 2002 ). Being high and taking sexual risks: Findings from a multisite survey of urban young men who have sex with men . AIDS Education and Prevention , 14 , 482 – 495 .
  • Suarez , T. , & Miller , J. ( 2001 ). Negotiating risks in context: A perspective on unprotected anal intercourse and barebacking among men who have sex with men—Where do we go from here? Archives of Sexual Behavior , 30 , 287 – 300 .
  • Sullivan , P. S. , Hamouda , O. , Delpech , V. , Geduld , J. E. , Prejean , J. , et al. . ( 2009 ). Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996–2005 . Annals of Epidemiology , 19 , 423 – 431 .
  • Sullivan , P. S. , Salazar , L. , Buchbinder , S. , & Sanchez , T. H. (2009). Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from main sex partners among men who have sex with men in five US cities. AIDS , 23, 1153–1162.
  • Sumartojo , E. ( 2000 ). Structural factors in HIV prevention: Concepts, examples, and implications for research . AIDS , 14 , S3 – S10 .
  • Thiede , H. , Valleroy , L. A. , MacKellar , D. A. , Celentano , D. D. , Ford , W. L. , et al. . ( 2003 ). Regional patterns and correlates of substance use among young men who have sex with men in 7 US urban areas . American Journal of Public Health , 93 , 1915 – 1921 .
  • Tun , W. , de Mello , M. , Pinho , A. , Chinaglia , M. , & Diaz , J. ( 2008 ). Sexual risk behaviours and HIV seroprevalence among male sex workers who have sex with men and non-sex workers in Campinas, Brazil . Sexually Transmitted Infections , 84 , 455 – 457 .
  • Valleroy , L. A. , MacKellar , D. A. , & Karon , J. M. ( 2000 ). HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men: Young Men's Survey Study Group . Journal of the American Medical Association , 284 , 198 – 204 .
  • Vanable , P. A. , McKirnan , D. J. , Buchbinder , S. P. , Bartholow , B. N. , Douglas , J. M. , Jr. , et al. . ( 2004 ). Alcohol use and high-risk sexual behavior among men who have sex with men: The effects of consumption level and partner type . Health Psychology , 23 , 525 – 532 .
  • Vergidis , P. I. , & Falagas , M. E. ( 2009 ). Meta-analyses on behavioral interventions to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV . Infectious Disease Clinics of North America , 23 , 309 – 314 .
  • Voetsch , A. C. , Heffelfinger , J. D. , Begley , E. B. , Jafa-Bhushan , K. , & Sullivan , P. S. ( 2007 ). Knowledge and use of preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis among attendees of Minority Gay Pride events, 2005 through 2006 . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 46 , 378 – 380 .
  • Waldo , C. R. , McFarland , W. , Katz , M. H. , MacKellar , D. , & Valleroy , L. A. ( 2000 ). Very young gay and bisexual men are at risk for HIV infection: The San Francisco Bay Area Young Men's Survey II . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 24 , 168 – 174 .
  • Warren , J. C. , Fernandez , M. I. , Harper , G. W. , Hidalgo , M. A. , Jamil , O. B. , & Torres , R. S. ( 2007 ). Predictors of unprotected sex among young sexually active African American, Hispanic, and White MSM: The importance of ethnicity and culture . AIDS and Behavior , 12 , 459 – 468 .
  • Weatherburn , P. , Davies , P. M. , Hickson , F. C. , Hunt , A. J. , McManus , T. J. , & Coxon , A. P. ( 1993 ). No connection between alcohol use and unsafe sex among gay and bisexual men . AIDS , 7 , 115 – 119 .
  • Weber , A. E. , Chan , K. , George , C. , Hogg , R. S. , Remis , R. S. , et al. . ( 2001 ). Risk factors associated with HIV infection among young gay and bisexual men in canada . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 28 , 81 .
  • Welles , S. L. , Baker , A. C. , Miner , M. H. , Brennan , D. J. , Jacoby , S. , & Rosser , B. R. ( 2009 ). History of childhood sexual abuse and unsafe anal intercourse in a 6-city study of HIV-positive men who have sex with men . American Journal of Public Health , 99 , 1079 – 1086 .
  • Williams , J. K. , Wyatt , G. E. , Rivkin , I. , Ramamurthi , H. C. , Li , X. , & Liu , H. ( 2008 ). Risk reduction for HIV-positive African American and Latino men with histories of childhood sexual abuse . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 37 , 763 – 772 .
  • Wilson , H. W. , & Widom , C. S. ( 2010 ). Does physical abuse, sexual abuse, or neglect in childhood increase the likelihood of same-sex sexual relationships and cohabitation? A prospective 30-year follow-up . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 39 , 63 – 74 .
  • Wolitski , R. J. , Valdiserri , R. O. , Denning , P. H. , & Levine , W. C. ( 2001 ). Are we headed for a resurgence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men? American Journal of Public Health , 91 , 883 – 888 .
  • Wong , F. Y. , Huang , Z. J. , He , N. , Smith , B. D. , Ding , Y. , et al. . ( 2008 ). HIV risks among gay- and non-gay-identified migrant money boys in Shanghai, China . AIDS Care , 20 , 170 – 180 .
  • Young , R. M. , & Meyer , I. H. ( 2005 ). The trouble with “MSM” and “WSW”: Erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse . American Journal of Public Health , 95 , 1144 – 1149 .
  • Zea , M. C. , Reisen , C. A. , Poppen , P. J. , & Bianchi , F. T. ( 2009 ). Unprotected anal intercourse among immigrant Latino MSM: The role of characteristics of the person and the sexual encounter . AIDS and Behavior , 13 , 700 – 715 .
  • Zimmerman , M. , Ramirez-Valles , J. , Suarez , E. , de la Rosa , G. , & Castro , M. ( 1997 ). An HIV/AIDS prevention project for Mexican homosexual men: An empowerment approach . Health Education & Behavior , 24 , 177 .
  • Zuckerman , M. ( 1994 ). Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.