Has Virginity Lost Its Virtue? Relationship Stigma Associated With Being a Sexually Inexperienced Adult

References

• Abbott, E. (2000). A history of celibacy: From Athena to Elizabeth I, Leonardo da Vinci, Florence Nightingale, Gandhi, and Cher. New York, NY: Scribner.
   Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497–529. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blank, H. (2007). Virgin: The untouched history. New York, NY: Holtzbrinck.
   Google Scholar
• Bordini, G. S., & Sperb, T. M. (2013). Sexual double standard: A review of the literature between 2001 and 2010. Sexuality and Culture, 17, 686–704. doi:10.1007/s12119-012-9163-0
   Google Scholar
• Buss, D. M., Shackelford, T. K., Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Larsen, R. J. (2001). A half century of mate preferences: The cultural evolution of values. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 491–503. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00491.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Sexual activity between males and females: Vaginal sexual intercourse. Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg/key_statistics/s.htm#vaginalsexual
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Conley, T. D., Ziegler, A., & Moors, A. C. (2013). Backlash from the bedroom: Stigma mediates gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37, 392–407. doi:10.1177/0361684312467169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DePaulo, B. M., & Morris, W. L. (2006). The unrecognized stereotyping and discrimination against singles. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 251–254. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00446.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio, J. F., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In T. F. Heatherton, R. E. Kleck, M. R. Hebl, & J. G. Hull (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1–29). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, M. L., Shindel, A. W., Smith, J. F., Lue, T. F., & Walsh, T. J. (2009). Who is the 40-year-old virgin and where did he/she come from? Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6, 2154–2161. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01327.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Finer, L. B. (2007). Trends in premarital sex in the United States, 1954– 2003. Public Health Reports, 122, 73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finer, L. B., & Philbin, J. M. (2013). Sexual initiation, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among young adolescents. Pediatrics, 131, 886–891. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-3495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenberry, J. D. (2003). Adolescent sex and the rhetoric of risk. In D. Romer (Ed.), Reducing adolescent risk: Toward an integrated approach (pp. 293–300). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, J. R., & Fisher, H. E. (2016). Why we hook up: Searching for sex or looking for love? In S. Tarrant (Ed.), Gender, sex, and politics: In the streets and between the sheets in the 21st century (pp. 238–250). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, J. R., Reiber, C., Massey, S. G., & Merriwether, A. M. (2012). Sexual hookup culture: A review. Review of General Psychology, 16, 161–176. doi:10.1037/a0027911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gesselman, A. N., Garcia, J. R., & Fisher, H. E. (2015). Assessing the “right” time for marriage: Evidence from a nationally representative sample of single Americans ( Unpublished data).
   Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. (2008). Snoop: What your stuff says about you. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, P. B., & Garcia, J. R. (2013). Evolution and human sexual behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19–22. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearns, A., Whitley, E., Tannahill, C., & Ellaway, A. (2015). Loneliness, social relations, and health and well-being in deprived communities. Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 20, 332–344. doi:10.1080/13548506.2014.940354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel, M. (2012). Manhood in America: A cultural history (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laumann, E., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• McClelland, G. H. (1997). Optimal design in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 2, 3–19. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.2.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mickelson, K. D. (2001). Perceived stigma, social support, and depression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1046–1056. doi:10.1177/0146167201278011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher, W. D., Chandra, A., & Jones, J. (2005). Sexual behavior and selected health measures: Men and women 15–44 years of age, United States, 2002. Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, 362, 1–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neugarten, B. L., Moore, J. W., & Lowe, J. C. (1965). Age norms, age constraints, and adult socialization. American Journal of Sociology, 70, 710–717. doi:10.1086/223965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Place, S. S., Todd, P. M., Penke, L., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2010). Humans show mate copying after observing real mate choices. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 320–325. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, P. C., Durvasula, R., Howell, L., Ureño, O., & Rea, M. (2004). Gender, ethnicity, and the developmental timing of first sexual and romantic experiences. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32, 667–676. doi:10.2224/sbp.2004.32.7.667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, F. D., Bond, C. F., Jr., & Stokes-Zoota, J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7, 331–363. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.7.4.331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, S. A., Hill, B. J., Yarber, W. L., Graham, C. A., Crosby, R. A., & Milhausen, R. R. (2010). Misclassification bias: Diversity in conceptualisations about having “had sex.” Sexual Health, 7, 31–34. doi:10.1071/SH09068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, S. A., & Reinisch, J. M. (1999). Would you say you “had sex” if … ? Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 275–277. doi:10.1001/jama.281.3.275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97–120. doi:10.1007/BF01542219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprecher, S., & Treger, S. (2015). Virgin college students’ reasons for and reactions to their abstinence from sex: Results from a 23-year study at a Midwestern U.S. university. Journal of Sex Research, 52, 936–948. doi:10.1080/00224499.2014.983633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolman, D. L. (2006). In a different position: Conceptualizing female adolescent sexuality development within compulsory heterosexuality. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2006, 71–89. doi:10.1002/cd.163
   Google Scholar
• Tolman, D. L., & Diamond, L. M. (2014). Sexuality theory: A review, a revision, and a recommendation. In D. Tolman, L. Diamond, J. Bauermeister, W. George, J. Pfaus, & M. Ward (Eds.), APA handbook of sexuality and psychology (1st ed., pp. 3–27). Washington, DC: APA Books.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2011). Estimated median age at first marriage: 1890 to the present. Current Population Survey, March and Annual Social and Economic Supplements, 2011 and earlier. Retrieved from census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ms2.xls
   Google Scholar
• Vrangalova, Z., Bukberg, R. E., & Rieger, G. (2014). Birds of a feather? Not when it comes to sexual permissiveness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31, 93–113. doi:10.1177/0265407513487638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. S., & O’Gorman, R. (2003). Emotions and actions associated with norm-breaking events. Human Nature, 14, 277–304. doi:10.1007/s12110-003-1007-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrosch, C., & Heckhausen, J. (1999). Control processes before and after passing a developmental deadline: Activation and deactivation of intimate relationship goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 415–427. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar