Sexual Intimacy Constructions of Heterosexual Couples Living in a Low-Income, “Colored,” Farmworker Community in South Africa

References

• Abrahams, N., Jewkes, R., Laubser, R., & Hoffman, M. (2006). Intimate violence: Prevalence and risk factors for men in Cape Town, South Africa. Violence and Victims, 21(2), 247–264. Retrieved from http://www.mrc.ac.za/gender/publications.htm
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams, G., Anderson, S. L., & Adonu, J. K. (2004). The cultural grounding of closeness and intimacy. In D. J. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 321–342). London, United Kingdom: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Adhikari, M. (1994). Coloured identity and the politics of Coloured education: The origin of the Teachers’ League of South Africa. International Journal of African Historical Studies, 27, 101–126. doi:10.2307/220972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adhikari, M. (2005). Not White enough, not Black enough: Racial identity in the South African Coloured community. Cape Town, South Africa: Double Storey Books.
   Google Scholar
• Arnfred, S. (2005). “African sexuality”/sexuality in Africa: Tales and silences. In S. Arnfred (Ed.), Re-thinking sexualities in Africa (2nd ed., pp. 59–76). Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wicksell Tryckeri.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. (1995). Namibian Women’s Movement, 1980 to 1992: From anti-colonial resistance to reconstruction. Frankfurt, Germany: IKO Report for Intercultural Communication.
   Google Scholar
• Bhana, D., & Pattman, R. (2009). Researching South African youth, gender, and sexuality in the context of HIV/AIDS. Development, 52, 68–74. doi:10.1057/dev.2008.75
   Google Scholar
• Boonzaier, F., & De La Rey, C. (2003). “He’s a man, and I’m a woman”: Cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity in South African women’s narratives of violence. Violence Against Women, 9(8), 1003–1029. doi:10.1177/1077801203255133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brezsnyak, M., & Whisman, M. A. (2004). Sexual desire and relationship functioning: The effects of marital satisfaction and power. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 30, 199–217. doi:10.1080/00926230490262393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchardt, M. (2013). “Transparent sexualities”: Sexual openness, HIV disclosure, and the governmentality of sexuality in South Africa. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 15(Suppl. 4), S495–S508. doi:10.1080/13691058.2012.744850
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr, V. (2015). Social constructionism (3rd ed.). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Routledge. bk_AQCmts20b
   Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S. (2005). Relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction: A longitudinal study of individuals in long-term relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 42(2), 113–118. doi:10.1080/00224490509552264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, D., & Kulick, D. (2003). Introduction: Language and desire in theory and practice. Language and Communication, 23(2), 93–105. doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(02)00047-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Constantine, M. G., & Sue, D. W. (2006). Factors contributing to optimal human functioning in people of color in the United States. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(2), 228–244. doi:10.1177/0011000005281318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kock, A. (2002). Alcohol consumption by farm workers on a farm in Stellenbosch, South Africa: An ethnographic study ( Master’s thesis). University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Delius, P., & Glaser, C. (2005). Sex, disease, and stigma in South Africa: Historical perspectives. African Journal of AIDS Research, 4(1), 29–36. doi:10.2989/16085900509490339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodoo, F. N., Zulu, E. M., & Ezeh, A. C. (2007). Urban–rural differences in the socioeconomic deprivation–sexual behavior link in Kenya. Social Science and Medicine, 64(5), 1019–1031. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkle, K. L., Jewkes, R. K., Brown, H. C., Gray, G. E., McIntryre, J. A., & Harlow, S. D. (2004). Transactional sex among women in Soweto, South Africa: Prevalence, risk factors, and association with HIV infection. Social Science and Medicine, 59(8), 1581–1592. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., Sikkema, K. J., Skinner, D., Watt, M. H., Pieterse, D., & Pitpitan, E. V. (2012). Pregnancy, alcohol intake, and intimate partner violence among men and women attending drinking establishments in a Cape Town, South Africa township. Journal of Community Health, 37, 208–216. doi:10.1007/s10900-011-9438-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edin, K., & Reed, J. M. (2005). Why don’t they just get married? Barriers to marriage among the disadvantaged. The Future of Children, 15(2), 117–137. doi:10.1353/foc.2005.0017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbourne, E., & Ross, R. (1997). Combating spiritual and social bondage: Early missions in the Cape colony. In R. Elphick & R. Davenport (Eds.), Christianity in South Africa: A political, social, and cultural history (pp. 31–50). Cape Town, South Africa: David Phillip Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Erasmus, Z. (2001). Re-imagining Coloured identities in post-apartheid South Africa: History workshop. Johannesburg, South Africa: University of the Witwatersrand.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, E., Lindmark, G., Axemo, P., Haddad, B., & Ahlberg, B. M. (2010). Ambivalence, silence, and gender differences in church leaders’ HIV-prevention messages to young people in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: SHORT REPORT. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 12(1), 103–114. doi:10.1080/13691050903141192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlank, N. (2008). Sexuality in South Africa and South African academic writing. South African Review of Sociology, 39(1), 156–174. doi:10.1080/21528586.2008.10425083
   Google Scholar
• Falletisch, L. A. (2008). Understanding the legacy of dependency and powerlessness experienced by farm workers on wine farms in the Western Cape ( Doctoral dissertation). Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, L. C., Narciso, I., Novo, R. F., & Pereira, C. R. (2014). Predicting couple satisfaction: The role of differentiation of self, sexual desire, and intimacy in heterosexual individuals. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 29(4), 390–404. doi:10.1080/14681994.2014.957498
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flood, M. (2011). Involving men in efforts to end violence against women. Men and Masculinities, 14(3), 358–377. doi:10.1177/1097184X10363995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner, R. C. (2000). Safe sects? Dynamic religion and AIDS in South Africa. Journal of Modern African Studies, 38(1), 41–69. doi:10.1017/S0022278X99003249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gergen, K. J. (2009). An invitation to social construction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gqola, P. D. (2010). What is slavery to me? Postcolonial/slave memory in post-apartheid South Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, J., Taylor, S., & Austin, M. J. (2004). The status of low-income families in the post-welfare reform environment: Mapping the relationships between poverty and family. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks, J., & Erasmus, J. (2001). Interpreting the new religious landscape in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 109, 41–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, J. A., & Coffelt, T. A. (2012). Verbal communication about sex in marriage: Patterns of language use and its connection with relational outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 49(6), 603–612. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.619282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollway, Z. (1989). Subjectivity and method in psychology: Gender, meaning and science. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Holtman, Z., Shelmerdine, S., London, L., & Flisher, A. (2011). Suicide in a poor rural community in the Western Cape, South Africa: Experiences of five suicide attempters and their families. South African Journal of Psychology, 41(3), 300–309. doi:10.1177/008124631104100305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. (2007). The changing political economy of sex in South Africa: The significance of unemployment and inequalities to the scale of the AIDS pandemic. Social Science and Medicine, 64(3), 689–700. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jara, M. K. (2006). Monitoring compliance with the sectoral determination for farm workers in 5 Western Cape farming districts: Report of an exploratory study. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Women on Farms Project.
   Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2010). Gender and sexuality: Emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13(6). doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewkes, R., & Morrell, R. (2012). Sexuality and the limits of agency among South African teenage women: Theorising femininities and their connections to HIV risk practises. Social Science & Medicine, 74(11), 1729–1737. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Cain, D., Cherry, C., Henda, N., & Cloete, A. (2007). Sexual assault, sexual risks, and gender attitudes in a community sample of South African men. AIDS Care, 19(1), 20–27. doi:10.1080/09540120600984003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, M. R., Shefer, T., Crawford, M., Simbayi, L. C., & Kalichman, S. C. (2008). Gender attitudes, sexual power, HIV risk: A model for understanding HIV risk behaviour of South African men. AIDS Care, 20(4), 424–441. doi:10.1080/09540120701867057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klusmann, D. (2002). Sexual motivation and the duration of partnership. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 275–287. doi:10.1023/A:1015205020769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kometsi, K., & Crewe, M. (2004). (Un) real: AIDS Review 2004. Centre for the Study of Aids, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Kritzinger, A. (2002). Rural youth and “risk society”: Future perceptions and life chances of teenage girls on South African farms. Youth and Society, 33(4), 545–572. doi:10.1177/0044118X02033004003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, L. M., Shefer, T., & Oakes, A. (2015). “I could have done everything and why not?”: Young women’s complex constructions of sexual agency in the context of sexualities education in life orientation in South African schools. Perspectives in Education: Life Orientation Sexuality Education in South Africa: Gendered Norms, Justice, and Transformation, 33(2), 30–48.
   Google Scholar
• Leavitt, C. E., & Willoughby, B. J. (2015). Associations between attempts at physical intimacy and relational outcomes among cohabiting and married couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(2), 241–262. doi:10.1177/0265407514529067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclerc-Madlala, S. (2009). Cultural scripts for multiple and concurrent partnerships in Southern Africa: Why HIV prevention needs anthropology. Sexual Health, 6(2), 103–110. doi:10.1071/SH08032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch, E., & Anthony, L. (2007). Mothers and sex education: An exploratory study in a low-income semi-rural South African community. Acta Academica, 39(3), 129–15.
   Google Scholar
• Lesch, E., & Engelbrecht, S. K. (2011). Relationship satisfaction and gender differences in a South African farm-worker community. South African Review of Sociology, 42(1), 58–77. doi:10.1080/21528586.2011.563542
   Google Scholar
• Lesch, E., & Furphy, C. (2013). South African adolescents’ constructions of intimacy in romantic relationships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(6), 619–641. doi:10.1177/0743558413480835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch, E., & Kruger, L.-M. (2004). Reflections on the sexual agency of young women in one low-income rural South African community. South African Journal for Psychology, 34(3), 464–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch, E., & Kruger, L.-M. (2005). Mothers, daughters, and sexual agency in one low-income rural South African community. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 1072–1082. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch, E., & Scheffler, F. (2015). Fathers, adolescent daughters, and gender in a low-income South African community. Journal of Gender Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/09589236.2015.1051521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litzinger, S., & Gordon, K. C. (2005). Exploring relationships among communication, sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 31(5), 409–424. doi:10.1080/00926230591006719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mager, A. (2004). “White liquor hits black livers”: Meanings of excessive liquor consumption in South Africa in the second half of the twentieth century. Social Science and Medicine, 59(4), 735–751. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, M., & Taylor, N.1, (2006). Tackling HIV and AIDS with faith-based communities: Learning from attitudes on gender relations and sexual rights within local evangelical churches in Burkina Faso, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Gender and Development, 14(3), 363–374. doi:10.1080/13552070600980344
   Google Scholar
• Mathews, S., Abrahams, N., Jewkes, R., Martin, L. J., Lombaard, C., & Vetten, L. (2008). Intimate femicide-suicide in South Africa: A cross-sectional study. WHO Bulletin, 86, 552–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, P. A., Gossage, J. P., Brooke, L. E., Snell, C. L., Marais, A. S., Hendricks, L. S., … Viljoen, D. L. (2005). Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape province of South Africa: A population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1190–1199. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.037093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley, W. G. (2006). Farm workers, agricultural transformation, and land reform in Western Cape Province, South Africa. FOCUS on Geography, 49(1), 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.1949-8535.2006.tb00052.x
   Google Scholar
• Parker, L., Pettifor, A., Maman, S., Sibeko, J., & MacPhail, C. (2014). Concerns about partner infidelity are a barrier to adoption of HIV-prevention strategies among young South African couples. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 16(7), 792–805. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.905707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. (2009). Sexuality, culture, and society: Shifting paradigms in sexuality research. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 11(3), 251–266. doi:10.1080/13691050701606941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pfingu, T., Gabriel, C., & van der Waal, K. C. S. (2014). Patrolling respectability with the neighbourhood watch. In K. C. S. Van Der Waal (Eds.), Winelands, wealth, and work transformations in the Dwars River Valley (pp. 176–197). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Kwazulu-Natal press.
   Google Scholar
• Ratele, K., Shefer, T., & Clowes, L. (2012). Talking South African fathers: A critical examination of men’s constructions and experiences of fatherhood and fatherlessness. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(4), 553–563. doi:10.1177/008124631204200409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratele, K., Suffla, S., Lazarus, S., & Van Niekerk, A. (2010). Towards the development of a responsive, social science-informed, critical public health framework on male interpersonal violence. Social Change, 40(4), 415–438. doi: 10.1177/004908571004000402
   Google Scholar
• Ross, F. C. (2010). Raw life, new hope: Decency, housing, and everyday life in a post-apartheid community. Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salo, E. (2004). Respectable mothers, tough men, and good daughters: Making persons in Manenberg Township, South Africa ( Doctoral dissertation). Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer-Kurian, K. M., Wechsberg, W. M., & Luseno, W. K. (2009). Exploring the differences and similarities between Black/African and Coloured men regarding violence against women, substance abuse, and HIV risks in Cape Town, South Africa. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 10(1), 13–29. doi:10.1037/a0013267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shefer, T. (2014). Pathways to gender equitable men: Reflections on findings from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey in the light of twenty years of gender change in South Africa. Men & Masculinities, 17(5), 502–509. 10.1177/1097184X14558235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shefer, T., Crawford, M., Simbayi, L. C., & Kalichman, S. C. (2008). Gender attitudes, sexual power, HIV risk: A model for understanding HIV risk behaviour of South African men. AIDS Care, 20(4), 434–441. doi:10.1080/09540120701867057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shefer, T., & Foster, D. (2001). Discourses on women’s (hetero)sexuality and desire in a South African local context. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 3(4), 375–390. doi:10.1080/136910501753184123
   Google Scholar
• StatsSA. (2013). South African statistics 2013. Retrieved from http://beta2.statssa.gov.za/publications/SAStatistics/SAStatistics2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, H. (2009). “… Confused about being coloured”: Creolisation and coloured identity in Chris van Wyk’s Shirley, Goodness, and Mercy. In M. Adhikari (Ed.), Burdened by race: Coloured identities in Southern Africa (pp. 23–48). Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strebel, A., Crawford, M., Shefer, T., Cloete, A., Henda, N., Kaufman, M., & Kalichman, S. (2006). Social constructions of gender roles, gender-based violence, and HIV/AIDS in two communities of the Western Cape, South Africa. SAHARA: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, 3(3), 516–528. doi:10.1080/17290376.2006.9724879
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talbot, K., & Quayle, M. (2012). The perils of being a nice guy: Contextual variation in five young women’s constructions of acceptable hegemonic and alternative masculinities. Men and Masculinities, 13(2), 225–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor-Seehafer, M., & Rew, L. (2000). Risky sexual behavior among adolescent women. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 5(1), 15–25.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, A. (2011). Queer visibilities: Space, identity, and interaction in Cape Town. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• van der Heijden, I. (2014). Women as “dorp supporters”: New opportunities for female entrepreneurship. In K. C. S. van der Waal (Eds.), Winelands, wealth, and work transformations in the Dwars River Valley (pp. 155–175). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Kwazulu-Natal press.
   Google Scholar
• van der Watt, J. (2007). Images of men and masculinity within cultural context: A pastoral assessment ( Doctoral dissertation). Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• van Rooyen, T. (2014). [Relationship constructions of South African, heterosexual, Coloured, rural, HIV-infected men.] Unpublished raw data.
   Google Scholar
• Viitanen, P., & Colvin, C. J. (2015). Lessons learned: Program messaging in gender-transformative work with men and boys in South Africa. Global Health Action, 8. doi:10.3402/gha.v8.27860
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Sexual passion, intimacy, and gender. In D. J. Mashek & A. Aron (Eds.), Handbook of closeness and intimacy (pp. 321–342). London, United Kingdom: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Waldman, L. (2006). Community, family, and intimate relationships: An exploration of domestic violence in Griquatown, South Africa. Anthropology Southern Africa, 29(3–4), 84–95. doi:10.1080/23323256.2006.11499934
   Google Scholar
• Walker, L., Reid, G., & Cornell, M. (2004). Waiting to happen: HIV in South Africa [The bigger picture]. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsberg, W. M., Luseno, W. K., Karg, R. S., Young, S., Rodman, N., Myers, B., & Parry, C. D. (2008). Alcohol, cannabis, and methamphetamine use and other risk behaviours among Black and coloured South African women: A small randomized trial in the Western Cape. International Journal of Drug Policy, 19(2), 130–139. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsberg, W. M., Myers, B., Reed, E., Carney, T., Emanuel, A. N., & Browne, F. A. (2013). Substance use, gender inequity, violence, and sexual risk among couples in Cape Town. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 15(10), 1221–1236. doi:10.1080/13691058.2013.815366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh, H. C., Lorenz, F. O., Wickrama, K. A. S., Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2006). Relationships among sexual satisfaction, marital quality, and marital instability at midlife. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(2), 339–343. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar