Survival Sex Trading in Los Angeles County, California, USA

References

• Baggaley, R. F., White, R. G., & Boily, M. C. (2010). HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: Systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 1048–1063. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, A., & Figueroa, J. P. (2016). A framework for sexual decision-making among female sex workers in Jamaica. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 911–921. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0449-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelsen, J., & Vuotto, S. (2013). Homelessness, survival sex and human trafficking: As experienced by the youth of Covenant House New York. Retrieved from New York https://humantraffickinghotline.org
   Google Scholar
• Bobashev, G. V., Zule, W. A., Osilla, K. C., Kline, T. L., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2009). Transactional sex among men and women in the south at high risk for HIV and other STIs. Journal of Urban Health, 86, 32–47. doi:10.1007/s11524-009-9368-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, R. E., Kwiatkowski, C. F., & Chitwood, D. D. (2000). Sex related HIV risk behaviors: Differential risks among injection drug users, crack smokers, and injection drug users who smoke crack. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 219–226. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00094-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, E. L. P., Geter, A., Lima, A. C., Sutton, M. Y., & Hubbard McCree, D. (2018). Effectively addressing human immunodeficiency virus disparities affecting US black women. Health Equity, 2, 329–333. doi:10.1089/heq.2018.0038
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Neal, D., & Freemon, M. (2004). Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30, 799–821. doi:10.1081/ada-200037546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccamo, A., Kachur, R., & Williams, S. P. (2017). Narrative review: Sexually transmitted diseases and homeless youth-What do we know about sexually transmitted disease prevalence and risk? Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 44, 466–476. doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling-Guyer, S., Johnson, M. E., Fisher, D. G., & Needle, R. (1994). Reliability of drug users’ self-reported HIV risk behaviors and validity of self-reported recent drug use. Assessment, 1, 383–392. doi:10.1177/107319119400100407
   Google Scholar
• Duff, P., Tyndall, M. W., Buxton, J., Zhang, R., Kerr, T., & Shannon, K. (2013). Sex-for-crack exchanges: Associations with risky sexual and drug use niches in an urban Canadian city. Harm Reduction Journal, 10, 29. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-10-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlin, B. R., Irwin, K. L., Faruque, S., McCoy, C. B., Word, C., Serrano, Y., … Holmberg, S. D. (1994). Intersecting epidemics–Crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults. Multicenter crack cocaine and HIV Infection study team. New England Journal of Medicine, 331, 1422–1427. doi:10.1056/nejm199411243312106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. M., Halpern, C. T., & Wechsberg, W. M. (2006). Correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among women who use crack cocaine. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 420–429. doi:10.1521/aeap.2006.18.5.420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. W., Fisher, D. G., & Reynolds, G. L. (2007). Male-to-female transgender and transsexual clients of HIV service programs in Los Angeles County, California. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1030–1033. doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.097717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, A. C., & Reisch, J. S. (2006). Implementing a multiple comparison test for proportions in a 2xc crosstabulation in SAS. Paper presented at the Thirty-first Annual SAS Users Group International Conference, San Francisco, CA. Retrieved from https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi31/toc.html#st
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. G., Reynolds, G. L., Jaffe, A., & Johnson, M. E. (2007). Reliability, sensitivity and specificity of self-report of HIV test results. AIDS Care, 19, 692–696. doi:10.1080/09540120601087004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, D. G., Wishart, D., Reynolds, G. L., Edwards, J. W., Kochems, L. M., & Janson, M. A. (2010). HIV services utilization in Los Angeles County, California. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 440–447. doi:10.1007/s10461-008-9500-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golder, S., & Logan, T. K. (2007). Correlates and predictors of women’s sex trading over time among a sample of out-of-treatment drugs abusers. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 628–640. doi:10.1007/s10461-006-9158-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, R. P., Picos, A. P., & de la Iglesia Gutierrez, M. (2018). “Surviving the violence, humiliation, and loneliness means getting high”; Violence, lonelines, and health of female sex workers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–22. doi:10.1177/0886260518789904
   Google Scholar
• Greene, J. M., Ennett, S. T., & Ringwalt, C. L. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1406–1409. doi:10.2105/ajph.89.9.1406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwadz, M. V., Gostnell, K., Smolenski, C., Willis, B., Nish, D., Nolan, T. C., … Ritchie, A. S. (2009). The initiation of homeless youth into the street economy. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 357–377. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halcón, L. L., & Lifson, A. R. (2004). Prevalence and predictors of sexual risks among homeless youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 71–80. doi:10.1023/A:1027338514930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, K. L., Hu, X., Lansky, A., Mermin, J., & Hall, H. I. (2017). Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 27, 238–243. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J. A., Klein, H., Eber, M., & Crosby, H. (2000). Frequency and intensity of crack use as predictors of women’s involvement in HIV-related sexual risk behaviors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 58, 227–236. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00095-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., Jr., & Lemeshow, S. (1980). A goodness-of-fit test for the multiple logistic regression model. Communications in Statistics, A10, 1043–1069. doi:10.1080/03610928008827941
   Google Scholar
• Hosmer, D. W., Jr., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & sons.
   Google Scholar
• Janson, M. A., Ogata, P. C., & Ayala, A. (2004). Continued risk-taking among men who have sex with men living with HIV/AIDS in Los Angeles County. Paper presented at the The 132nd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://apha.confex.com/apha/132am/techprogram/paper_81249.htm
   Google Scholar
• Logan, T. K., Cole, J., & Leukefeld, C. (2003). Gender differences in the context of sex exchange among individuals with a history of crack use. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 448–464. doi:10.1521/aeap.15.6.448.24041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan, T. K., & Leukefeld, C. (2000). HIV risk behavior among bisexual and heterosexual drug users. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32, 239–248. doi:10.1080/02791072.2000.10400446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLachlan, E., Neema, S., Luyirika, E., Ssali, F., Juncker, M., Rwabukwali, C., … Duncan, T. (2009). Women, economic hardship and the path of survival: HIV/AIDS risk behavior among women receiving HIV/AIDS treatment in Uganda. AIDS Care, 21, 355–367. doi:10.1080/09540120802184121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallory, C., & Stern, P. N. (2000). Awakening as a change process among women at risk for HIV who engage in survival sex. Qualitative Health Research, 10, 581–594. doi:10.1177/104973200129118660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchand, K., Oviedo-Joekes, E., Guh, D., Marsh, D. C., Brissette, S., & Schechter, M. T. (2012). Sex work involvement among women with long-term opioid injection drug dependence who enter opioid agonist treatment. Harm Reduction Journal, 9, 1–7. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-9-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, B. D. L., Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Zhang, R., & Wood, E. (2010). Survival sex work and increased HIV risk among sexual minority street-involved youth. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 53, 661–664. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181c300d7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. I., & Knox, J. (1997). Loneliness and sexual risk behavior in gay men. Psychological Reports, 81, 815–825. doi:10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, L., Hearst, M. O., & Widome, R. (2010). Meaningful differences: Comparison of adult women who first traded sex as a juvenile versus as an adult. Violence Against Women, 16, 1252–1269. doi:10.1177/1077801210386771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zaremka (Ed.), Frontiers in econometrics (pp. 105–142). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, K., Worth, H., & Rawstorne, P. (2018). Usage of the terms prostitution, sex work, transactional sex, and survival sex: Their utility in HIV prevention research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 1517–1527. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1140-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needle, R., Fisher, D. G., Weatherby, N., Chitwood, D., Brown, B., Cesari, H., … Braunstein, M. (1995). Reliability of self-reported HIV risk behaviors of drug users. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 9, 242–250. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.9.4.242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Leary, A., DiNenno, E., Honeycutt, A., Allaire, B., Neuwahl, S., Hicks, K., & Sansom, S. (2017). Contribution of anal sex to HIV prevalence among heterosexuals: A modeling analysis. AIDS and Behavior, 21(10), 2895–2903. doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1635-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picos, A. P., Gonzalez, R. P., & de la Iglesia Gutierrez, M. (2018). Exploring causes and consequences of sex workers’ psychological health: Implications for health care policy. A study conducted in Spain. Health Care for Women International, 1–15. doi:10.1080/07399332.2018.1452928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purser, G. L., Mowbray, O. P., & O’Shields, J. (2017). The relationship between length and number of homeless episodes and engagement in survival sex. Journal of Social Service Research, 43, 262–269. doi:10.1080/01488376.2017.1282393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, G. L., Fisher, D. G., Napper, L. E., Fremming, B. W., & Jansen, M. A. (2010). Heterosexual anal sex reported by women receiving HIV prevention services in Los Angeles County. Women’s Health Issues, 20, 414–419. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2010.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Allinott, S., Chettiar, J., Shoveller, J., & Tyndall, M. W. (2008). Social and structural violence and power relations in mitigating HIV risk of drug-using women in survival sex work. Social Science and Medicine, 66, 911–921. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Bright, V., Gibson, K., & Tyndall, M. W. (2008). Drug sharing with clients as a risk marker for increased violence and sexual and drug-related harms among survival sex workers. AIDS Care, 20, 228–234. doi:10.1080/09540120701561270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sickmund, M., & Puzzanchera, C. (2014). Juvenile offenders and victims: 2014 national report. Retrieved from Pittsburgh, PA https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/nr2014/downloads/nr2014.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stella. (2013). Language matters: Talking about sex work. In Infosheet (pp. 1–4). Montreal, QC.
   Google Scholar
• Stoltz, J.-A. M., Shannon, K., Kerr, T., Zhang, R., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E. (2007). Associations between childhood maltreatment and sex work in a cohort of drug-using youth. Social Science and Medicine, 65, 1214–1221. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stransky, M., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). How many juveniles are involved in prostitution in the U.S.? Fact Sheet. Retrieved from www.unh.edu/ccrc/prostitution/juvenile_Prostitution_factsheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Surratt, H. L., & Inciardi, J. A. (2004). HIV risk, seropositivity and predictors of infection among homeless and non-homeless women sex workers in Miami, Florida, USA. AIDS Care, 16, 594–604. doi:10.1080/09540120410001716397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surratt, H. L., Inciardi, J. A., Weaver, J. C., & Falú, V. M. (2005). Emerging linkages between substance abuse and HIV infection in St Croix, US Virgin Islands. AIDS Care, 17, S26–S35. doi:10.1080/09540120500121151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tross, S., Hanner, J., Hu, M.-C., Pavlicova, M., Campbell, A., & Nunes, E. V. (2009). Substance use and high risk sexual behaviors among women in psychosocial outpatient and methadone maintenance treatment programs. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35, 368–374. doi:10.1080/00952990903108256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, K. A., Hoyt, D. R., Whitbeck, L. B., & Cauce, A. M. (2001a). The effects of a high-risk environment on the sexual victimization of homeless and runaway youth. Violence and Victims, 16, 441–455. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.16.4.441
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyler, K. A., Hoyt, D. R., Whitbeck, L. B., & Cauce, A. M. (2001b). The impact of childhood sexual abuse on later sexual victimization among runaway youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11, 151–176. doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls, N. E., & Bell, S. (2011). Correlates of engaging in survival sex among homeless youth and young adults. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 423–436. doi:10.1080/00224499.2010.501916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls, N. E., Potter, C., & Van Leeuwen, J. (2009). Where risks and protective factors operate differently: Homeless sexual minority youth and suicide attempts. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 26, 235–257. doi:10.1007/s10560-009-0172-2
   Google Scholar
• Warf, C. W., Clark, L. F., Desai, M., Rabinovitz, S. J., Agahi, G., Calvo, R., & Hoffmann, J. (2013). Coming of age on the streets: Survival sex among homeless young women in Hollywood. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1205–1213. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsberg, W. M., Lam, W. K. K., Zule, W., Hall, G., Middlesteadt, R., & Edwards, J. (2003). Violence, homelessness, and HIV risk among crack-using African-American women. Substance Use and Misuse, 38, 669–700. doi:10.1081/JA-120017389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitbeck, L. B., Chen, X., Hoyt, D. R., Tyler, K. A., & Johnson, K. D. (2004). Mental disorder, subsistence strategies, and victimization among gay, lesbian, and bisexual homeless and runaway adolescents. Journal of Sex Research, 41, 329–342. doi:10.1080/00224490409552240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte, J. (2006). Sexual assertiveness in low-income African American women: Unwanted sex, survival, and HIV risk. Journal of Community Health Nursing, 23, 235–244. doi:10.1207/s15327655jchn2304_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar