References
- Allen, M. S. (2018). Change in adolescent mental health between age 12 and 14 predicts sexual activity and sexual orientation at age 14. Mental Health & Prevention, 10, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2018.02.002
- Allen, M. S., & Walter, E. E. (2018a). Linking big five personality traits to sexuality and sexual health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(10), 1081–1110. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000157
- *Allen, M. S., & Desille, A. E. (2017). Personality and sexuality in older adults. Psychology & Health, 32(7), 843–859. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1307373
- *Allen, M. S., & Walter, E. E. (2018b). Personality stability and change between age 12 and 14 predicts relationships, sexual activity, and same-sex sexual attraction at age 14. Journal of Research in Personality, 74, 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2018.02.009
- Allik, J., Church, A. T., Ortiz, F. A., Rossier, J., Hřebíčková, M., De Fruyt, F., Realo, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2017). Mean profiles of the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 48(3), 402–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117692100
- Bailey, J. M. (2020). The minority stress model deserves reconsideration, not just extension. Archives of Sexual Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01606-9
- Bailey, J. M., Vasey, P. L., Diamond, L. M., Breedlove, S. M., Vilain, E., & Epprecht, M. (2016). Sexual orientation, controversy, and science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(2), 45–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616637616
- Bailey, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.1.43
- Balsam, K. F., & Mohr, J. J. (2007). Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.306
- *Barnes, G. E., Malamuth, N. M., & Check, J. V. P. (1984). Personality and sexuality. Personality and Individual Differences, 5(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(84)90048-5
- Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., & Lucas, R. E. (2018). Life events and personality trait change. Journal of Personality, 86(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12286
- *Bogaert, A. F., Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2018). Personality and sexual orientation: Extension to asexuality and the HEXACO model. Journal of Sex Research, 55(8), 951–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1287844
- Bogaert, A. F., & Skorska, M. N. (2020). A short review of biological research on the development of sexual orientation. Hormones and Behavior, 119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104659
- Bogg, T., & Roberts, B. W. (2004). Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: A meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality. Psychological Bulletin, 130(6), 887–919. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887
- Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to meta-analysis. Wiley.
- Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. R. (2014). Comprehensive meta-analysis version 3.0 [computer software]. National Institutes of Health.
- *Bozkurt, A., Isikli, H., Demir, F., Ozmenler, K. N., Gulcat, Z., Karlidere, T., & Aydin, H. (2006). Body image and personality traits of male-to-female transsexuals and homosexuals. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(8), 927–937. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.8.927
- *Bourdage, J. S., Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., & Perry, A. (2007). Big five and HEXACO model personality correlates of sexuality. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1506–1516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.008
- Carvalho, J., Lemos, D., & Nobre, P. J. (2017). Psychological features and sexual beliefs characterizing self-labeled asexual individuals. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(6), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2016.1208696
- Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
- Caspi, A., Roberts, B. W., & Shiner, R. L. (2005). Personality development: Stability and change. Annual Review of Psychology, 56(1), 453–484. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141913
- Cass, V. C. (1979). Homosexuality identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4(3), 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v04n03_01
- Cass, V. C. (1984). Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model. Journal of Sex Research, 20(2), 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498409551214
- *Clemens, C., Atkin, D., & Krishnan, A. (2015). The influence of biological and personality traits on gratifications obtained through online dating websites. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.058
- Connor-Smith, J. K., & Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: A meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1080–1107. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1080
- Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (2017). The NEO inventories as instruments of psychological theory. In T. A. Widiger (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the five factor model (pp. 11–37). Oxford University Press.
- Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2019). Personality across the life span. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 423–448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103244
- Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
- Damian, R. I., Spengler, M., Sutu, A., & Roberts, B. W. (2019). Sixteen going on sixty-six: A longitudinal study of personality stability and change across 50 years. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 674–695. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000210
- De Bolle, M., De Fruyt, F., McCrae, R. R., Löckenhoff, C. E., Costa, P. T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., … Terracciano, A. (2015). The emergence of sex differences in personality traits in early adolescence: A cross-sectional, cross-cultural study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(1), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038497
- De Moor, M. H., Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., Krueger, R. F., De Geus, E. J., Toshiko, T., … Amin, N. (2012). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for personality. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(3), 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.128
- Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five-factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41(1), 417–440. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.002221
- Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
- Evans, R. B. (1970). Sixteen personality factor questionnaire scores of homosexual men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 34(2), 212–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029029
- Ganna, A., Verweij, K. J., Nivard, M. G., Maier, R., Wedow, R., Busch, A. S., … Lundström, S. (2019). Large-scale GWAS reveals insights into the genetic architecture of same-sex sexual behavior. Science, 365(6456). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7693
- Gignac, G. E., & Szodorai, E. T. (2016). Effect size guidelines for individual differences researchers. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.069
- Goldberg, S. K., Rothblum, E. D., Russell, S. T., & Meyer, I. H. (2020). Exploring the Q in LGBTQ: Demographic characteristic and sexuality of queer people in a U.S. representative sample of sexual minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000359
- *Greaves, L. M., Barlow, F. K., Huang, Y., Stronge, S., & Sibley, C. G. (2017). Personality across sexual identity and gender in a national probability sample in New Zealand. Sex Roles, 77(9–10), 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0752-0
- Haseldon, L., Joloza, T., & Household, L. M. (2009). Measuring sexual identity: A guide for researchers. Office for National Statistics.
- Higgins, J. P., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ, 327(7414), 557–560. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557
- Hopkins, J. H. (1969). The lesbian personality. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 115(529), 1433–1436. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.115.529.1433
- *Ifrah, K., Shenkman, G., & Shmotkin, D. (2018). How does sexual orientation relate to openness to experience in adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 131, 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.04.030
- Jannini, E. A., Blanchard, R., Camperio‐Ciani, A., & Bancroft, J. (2010). Male homosexuality: Nature or culture? The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7(10), 3245–3253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.02024.x
- Kite, M. E., & Deaux, K. (1987). Gender belief systems: Homosexuality and the implicit inversion theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 11(1), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00776.x
- Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010). Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(5), 768–821. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020327
- Lakens, D. (2017). Equivalence tests: A practical primer for t tests, correlations, and meta-analyses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617697177
- Lakens, D., Scheel, A. M., & Isager, P. M. (2018). Equivalence testing for psychological research: A tutorial. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 259–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918770963
- Legate, N., Ryan, R. M., & Weinstein, N. (2012). Is coming out always a “good thing”? Exploring the relations of autonomy support, outness, and wellness for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.2005.10559831
- Lippa, R. A. (2005). Sexual orientation and personality. Annual Review of Sex Research, 16(1), 119–153.
- Lippa, R. A. (2008). Sex differences and sexual orientation differences in personality: Findings from the BBC internet survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(1), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9267-z
- Losoncz, I. (2009). Personality traits in HILDA. Australian Social Policy, 8, 169–198. https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=200908263;res=IELAPA
- McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five‐factor model and its applications. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00970.x
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med, 6(7).
- Nagel, M., Jansen, P. R., Stringer, S., Watanabe, K., de Leeuw, C. A., Bryois, J., … White, T. (2018). Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for neuroticism in 449,484 individuals identifies novel genetic loci and pathways. Nature Genetics, 50(7), 920–927. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0151-7
- *Peixoto, M. M., & Nobre, P. (2016). Personality traits, sexual problems, and sexual orientation: An empirical study. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 42(3), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2014.985352
- Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 322–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014996
- Rendina, H. J., Carter, J. A., Wahl, L., Millar, B. M., & Parsons, J. T. (2019). Trajectories of sexual identity development and psychological well-being for highly sexually active gay and bisexual men: A latent growth curve analysis. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 6(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000308
- Rieger, G., Linsenmeier, J. A., Gygax, L., & Bailey, J. M. (2008). Sexual orientation and childhood gender nonconformity: Evidence from home videos. Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 46–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.1.46
- Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1
- Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2011). Different patterns of sexual identity development over time: Implications for the psychological adjustment of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths. Journal of Sex Research, 48(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490903331067
- Sanders, A. R., Beecham, G. W., Guo, S., Dawood, K., Rieger, G., Badner, J. A., … Gejman, P. V. (2017). Genome-wide association study of male sexual orientation. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 16950. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15736-4
- Sanders, A. R., Martin, E. R., Beecham, G. W., Guo, S., Dawood, K., Rieger, G., … Duan, J. (2015). Genome-wide scan demonstrates significant linkage for male sexual orientation. Psychological Medicine, 45(7), 1379–1388. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002451
- Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-markers: A brief version of Goldberg’s unipolar big-five markers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63(3), 506–516. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
- Savin-Williams, R. C. (2016). Sexual orientation: Categories or continuum? Commentary on Bailey et al. (2016). Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 17(2), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616637618
- Schmitt, D. P. (2007). Sexual strategies across sexual orientations: How personality traits and culture relate to sociosexuality among gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and heterosexuals. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 18(2–3), 183–214. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n02_06
- Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can’t a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in big five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.94.1.168
- *Schmitt, D. P., & Buss, D. M. (2000). Sexual dimensions of person description: Beyond or subsumed by the big five? Journal of Research in Personality, 34(2), 141–177. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2267
- Schuirmann, D. J. (1987). A comparison of the two one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15(6), 657–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01068419
- Schwaba, T., Robins, R. W., Grijalva, E., & Bleidorn, W. (2019). Does openness to experience matter in love and work? Domain, facet, and developmental evidence from a 24‐year longitudinal study. Journal of Personality, 87(5), 1074–1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12458
- Semlyen, J., King, M., Varney, J., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: Combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), Article 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z
- *Smith, C. V., Neziek, J. B., Webster, G. D., & Paddock, E. L. (2007). Relationships between daily sexual interactions and domain-specific and general models of personality traits. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(4), 497–515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507079236
- Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next big five inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
- Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.138
- Walton, M. T., Lykins, A. D., & Bhullar, N. (2016). Beyond heterosexual, bisexual, and homosexual: A diversity in sexual identity expression. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(7), 1591–1597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0778-3
- *Wells, B. W., & Schofield, C. B. (1972). Personality characteristics of homosexual men suffering from sexually transmitted diseases. The British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 48(1), 75–78. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.48.1.75
- *Wang, J., Dey, M., Soldati, L., Weiss, M. G., Gmel, G., & Mohler-Kuo, M. (2014). Psychiatric disorders, suicidality, and personality among young men by sexual orientation. European Psychiatry, 29(8), 514–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2014.05.001
- Wilson, M. L. (1982). Neuroticism and extraversion of female homosexuals. Psychological Reports, 51(2), 559–562. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.559
- Wooden, M., Freidin, S., & Watson, N. (2002). The household, income and labour dynamics in Australia (HILDA)survey: Wave 1. The Australian Economic Review, 35(3), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00252
- Young, E. S., Simpson, J. A., Griskevicius, V., Huelsnitz, C. O., & Fleck, C. (2019). Childhood attachment and adult personality: A life history perspective. Self and Identity, 18(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1353540
- *Zheng, L., Goldberg, L. R., Zheng, Y., Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., & Liu, L. (2008). Reliability and concurrent validation of the IPIP big-five factor markers in China: Consistencies in factor structure between internet-obtained heterosexual and homosexual samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.07.009
- *Zietsch, B. P., Verweij, K. J., Bailey, J. M., Wright, M. J., & Martin, N. G. (2011). Sexual orientation and psychiatric vulnerability: A twin study of neuroticism and psychoticism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(1), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9508-4
- Zoeterman, S. E., & Wright, A. J. (2014). The role of openness to experience and sexual identity formation in LGB individuals: Implications for mental health. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(2), 334–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2013.839919