A Systematic Review of Black American Same-Sex Couples Research: Laying the Groundwork for Culturally-Specific Research and Interventions

References

• Akbar, N. (2003). Akbar papers in African psychology. Mind Productions & Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Applewhite, S., & Littlefield, M. (2015). The role of resilience and anti-resilience behaviors in the romantic lives of Black same gender loving (SGL) men. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 2(2), 1–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2016.0005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armengol, J. M. (2012). In the dark room: Homosexuality and/as Blackness in James Baldwin’s Giovanni’s room. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 37(3), 671–693. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1086/662699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azibo, D. (1996). African psychology in historical perspective & related commentary. Africa World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, M., & Trudy. (2018). On misogynoir: Citation, erasure, and plagiarism. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 762–768. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black Men’s Xchange. (2012). What is same gender loving? https://web.archive.org/web/20131015005535/http://bmxnational.org/faqs/what-is-same-gender-loving/
   Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2008). When Black+ lesbian+ woman≠ Black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 312–325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9400-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities:Intersectionality—an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267–1273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L., del Río-González, A. M., Holt, S. L., Pérez, C., Massie, J. S., Mandell, J. E., & Boone, C. A. (2017). Intersectional epistemologies of ignorance: How behavioral and social science research shapes what we know, think we know, and don’t know about US Black men’s sexualities. Journal of Sex Research, 54(4–5), 577–603. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1295300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres, B. A., Hickey, K. T., Heitkemper, E. M., & Hughes, T. L. (2019). An intersectional approach to examine sleep duration in sexual minority adults in the United States: Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Sleep Health, 5(6), 621–629. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres, B. A., Veldhuis, C. B., & Hughes, T. L. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in cardiometabolic risk in a community sample of sexual minority women. Health Equity, 3(1), 350–359. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2019.0024
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calabrese, S. K., Meyer, I. H., Overstreet, N. M., Haile, R., & Hansen, N. B. (2015). Exploring discrimination and mental health disparities faced by Black sexual minority women using a minority stress framework. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314560730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. K., Gómez, A. M., Dworkin, S., Wilson, P. A., Grisham, K. K., McReynolds, J., … Hoff, C. (2014). Health, trust, or “just understood”: Explicit and implicit condom decision-making processes among black, white, and interracial same-sex male couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(4), 697–706. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0146-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle, B., Wendel, M., Kerr, J., Brooms, D., & Rollins, A. (2019). Public health’s approach to systemic racism: A systematic literature review. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 6(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-018-0494-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, October). HIV and African American gay and bisexual men. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/bmsm.html
   Google Scholar
• Cerezo, A., Cummings, M., Holmes, M., & Williams, C. (2020). Identity as resistance: Identity formation at the intersection of race, gender identity, and sexual orientation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684319875977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. K., Wilson, B. D. M., & Mallory, C. (2021). Black LGBT adults in the US: LGBT well-being at the intersection of race. Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/black-lgbt-adults-in-the-us/
   Google Scholar
• Cochran, S. D., Björkenstam, C., & Mays, V. M. (2016). Sexual orientation and all-cause mortality among US adults aged 18 to 59 years, 2001–2011. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 918–920. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H. (2009). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and politics of empowerment. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, P. H., & Bilge, S. (2016). Intersectionality. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1(8), 139–167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1052&context=uclf
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (2017). On intersectionality: Essential writings. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dang, A., & Frazer, M. S. (2005). Black same-sex couple households in the 2000 U.S. census: Implications in the debate over same-sex marriage. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 29(1), 521–530. http://www.lgbtracialequity.org/publications/2000blacksamesexhouseholds_ngltf.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Del Rio, C. & Alonso-Villar, O. (2019). Occupational achievement of same-sex couples in the United States by gender and race. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 58(4), 704–731. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/irel.12246
   Google Scholar
• Devakumar, D., Selvarajah, S., Shammon, G., Muraya, K., Lasoye, S., Corona, S., Paradies, Y., Abubakar, I., & Achieume, E. T. (2020). Racism, the public health crisis we can no longer ignore. The Lancet, 395(10242), E112–E113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31371-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, C., & Turner, E. (2017). How Black boys turn blue: The effects of masculine ideology on same-gender loving men. Psychology Benefits Society. https://psychologybenefits.org/2017/04/20/the-effects-of-masculine-ideology-on-same-gender-loving-black-men/
   Google Scholar
• Dressler, W. W., Oths, K. S., & Gravlee, C. C. (2005). Race and ethnicity in public health research: Models to explain health disparities. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34(1), 231–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Bois, S. N., Guy, A. A., & Legate, N. (2018). Testing the partnership-health association among African American men who have sex with men. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 4(4), 33–51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2018.0010
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, W. J. (2016). Measuring relationship satisfaction: Is it possible for Black gay male couples to be satisfied in a relationship? Deviant Behavior, 37(8), 931–951. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1156983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English, D., Carter, J. A., Forbes, N., Bowleg, L., Malebranche, D. J., Talan, A. J., & Rendina, H. J. (2020). Intersectional discrimination, positive feelings, and health indicators among Black sexual minority men. Health Psychology, 39(3), 220–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, J. D., & Fisher, W. A. (2009). The information-motivation-behavioral skills model. In R. J. DiClemente, R. A. Crosby, & M. C. Kegler (Eds.), Emerging theories in health promotion practice and research: Strategies for improving public health (2nd ed., pp. 40–70). Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Follins, L., & Lassiter, J. M. (2017). Black LGBT health in the United States: The intersection of race, gender, and sexual orientation. Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, J. J., & Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black lives matter: A commentary on racism and public health. American Journal of Public Health, 105(8), e27–e30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302706
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginther, D. K., Schaffer, W. T., Schnell, J., Masimore, B., Liu, F., Haak, L. L., & Kington, R. (2011). Race, ethnicity, and NIH research awards. Science, 333(6045), 1015–1019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1196783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Given, L. M. (Ed.). (2008). The Sage encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Glass, V. Q. (2014). “We are with family”: Black lesbian couples negotiate rituals with extended families. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(1–2), 79–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2014.857242
   Google Scholar
• Glass, V. Q., & Few‐Demo, A. L. (2013). Complexities of informal social support arrangements for Black lesbian couples. Family Relations, 62(5), 714–726. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12036
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales, G., & Ortiz, K. (2015). Health insurance disparities among racial/ethnic minorities in same-sex relationships: An intersectional approach. American Journal of Public Health, 105(6), 1106–1113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, L., Aronson, R., Nichols, T., Stephens, C., & Rhodes, S. (2011). Factors influencing depression and anxiety among black sexual minority men [Special issue]. Depression Research and Treatment, Article ID 587984. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/587984
   Google Scholar
• Greene, N., Malone, J., Adams, M. A., Dean, L., & Poteat, T. (2021). “This is some mess right here”: Exploring interactions between Black sexual minority women and health care providers for breast cancer screening and care. Cancer, 127(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Saleh, L. D., Lassiter, J. M., & Parsons, J. (2015). Challenging race-based stereotypes about gay and bisexual men’s sexual behavior and perceived penis size and size satisfaction. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12(3), 224–235. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-015-0190-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley, E. L. (2018). Current trends in same-sex couples in the United States: How race and gender affect education, income levels, and urban living (Publication No. 425) [Honor’s thesis and capstones, University of New Hampshire]. https://scholars.unh.edu/honors/425
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, A. M. (2007). When multiplication doesn't equal quick addition: Examining intersectionality as a research paradigm. Perspectives on Politics, 5(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592707070065
   Google Scholar
• Hardeman, R. R., Murphy, K. A., Karbeah, J., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2018). Naming institutionalized racism in the public health literature: A systematic literature review. Public Health Reports, 133(3), 240–249. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918760574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemphill, E. (Ed.). (2007). Brother to brother: New writings by Black gay men. RedBone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herrick, A. L., Stall, R., Goldhammer, H., Egan, J. E., & Mayer, K. H. (2014). Resilience as a research framework and as a cornerstone of prevention research for gay and bisexual men: Theory and evidence. AIDS and Behavior 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0384-x
   Google Scholar
• Hicken, M. T., Kravitz-Wirtz, N., Durkee, M., & Jackson, J. S. (2018). Racial inequalities in health: Framing future research. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 11–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppe, T. A., Litovitz, A., Willis, K. A., Meseroll, R. A., Perkins, M. J., Hutchins, B. I., Davis, A. F., Lauer, M. S., Valantine, H. A., Anderson, J. M., & Santangelo, G. M. (2019). Topic choice contributes to the lower rate of NIH awards to African-American/black scientists. Science Advances, 5(10), eaaw7238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw7238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastanis, A., & Gates, G. J. (2013). LGBT African-Americans and African-American same-sex couples. Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/02s6s8t4
   Google Scholar
• Konkel, L. (2015). Racial and ethnic disparities in research studies: The challenge of creating more diverse cohorts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 123(12), A297–A302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.123-A297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassiter, J. M. (2017). Black bisexual women’s health in the United States: A systematic literature review. In L. Follins & J. M. Lassiter (Eds.), Black LGBT health in the United States: The intersection of race, gender, and sexual orientation (pp. 25–37). Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lassiter, J. M., Follins, D., Smallwood, S., Wilton, L., Alexander, A., & Wall, S. (2020). Black US sexual and gender minority mental health. In E. Rothblum (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of sexual and gender minority health (pp. 175–185). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067991.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Lassiter, J. M., Brewer, R., & Wilton, L. (2020). Toward a culturally specific spirituality for Black sexual minority men. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(6–7), 482–513. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420948993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassiter, J. M., & Mims, I. (2021). “The awesomeness and the vastness of who you really are:” A culturally distinct framework for understanding the link between spirituality and health for Black sexual minority men. Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01297-4
   Google Scholar
• Lauer, M. (2019, October 10). Delving further into the funding gap between White and Black researchers. Open Mike. https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2019/10/10/delving-further-into-the-funding-gap-between-white-and-black-researchers/
   Google Scholar
• LGBT Demographic Data Interactive. (2019, January). The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/visualization/lgbt-stats/?topic=SS&characteristic=african-american#demographic
   Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), e1–e34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorde, A. (2020). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Penguin Classics.
   Google Scholar
• Loving, T. J., & Slatcher, R. B. (2013). Romantic relationships and health. In J. A. Simpson & L. Campbell (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of close relationships (pp. 617–637). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maat, S. R. E. K. (2010). Words of Wisdom for building to eternity: An interview with African-centered psychologist Linda James Myers. Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(8), 194–204. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A306596729/AONE?u=anon~f793ee3e&sid=googleScholar&xid=442db4c1
   Google Scholar
• Malone, J., Snguon, S., Dean, L. T., Adams, M. A., & Poteat, T. (2019). Breast cancer screening and care among Black sexual minority women: A scoping review of the literature from 1990 to 2017. Journal of Women’s Health, 28(12), 1650–1660. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mays, V. M., Cochran, S. D., & Rhue, S. (1993). The impact of perceived discrimination on the intimate relationships of black lesbians. Journal of homosexuality, 25(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v25n04_01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, R., Marini, I., & Pope, M. (2003). Racial identity and relationship satisfaction in African American gay men. The Family Journal, 11(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/106648070223846
   Google Scholar
• Molina, Y., Lehavot, K., Beadnell, B., & Simoni, J. (2014). Racial disparities in health behaviors and conditions among lesbian and bisexual women: The role of internalized stigma. LGBT Health, 1(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, M. R. (2008). Gendered Power Relations among Women: A Study of Household Decision Making in Black, Lesbian Stepfamilies. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 335–356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Movement Advancement Project, Family Equality Council, Center for American Progress. (2012, January). LGBT families of color: Facts at a glance. https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/lgbt-families-of-color-facts-at-a-glance.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Myers, L. J. (1993). Understanding an Afrocentric world view: Introduction to an optimal psychology (2nd ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, L. J., Anderson, M., Lodge, T., Speight, S., & Queener, J. (2018). Optimal theory’s contributions to understanding and surmounting global challenges to humanity. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(8), 747–771. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418813240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, L. J., & Speight, S. L. (2010). Reframing mental health and psychological well-being among persons of African descent: Africana/Black psychology meeting the challenges of fractured social and cultural realities. Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(8), 66–82. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Reframing-Mental-Health-and-Psychological-among-of-Myers-Speight/b731b662bcafc00c8db8b2e909270b63bc7a7508
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, L. E., Wilton, L., Zhang, N., Regan, R., Thach, C. T., Dyer, T. V., Kushwaha, S., Sanders, E. C., Ndoye, O., & Mayer, K. H., & HPTN 061 Study Team. (2017). Childhood exposure to religions with high prevalence of members who discourage homosexuality is associated with adult HIV risk behaviors and HIV infection in Black men who have sex with men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(5), 1309–1321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315626264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale, M., Jones, S. C. T., & Smith, S. D. (2019). Black American couples’ perceptions of the significance of race and racial conversations in therapy: A qualitative study. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 6(2), 37–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2019.0020
   Google Scholar
• Nobles, W. W. (2006). Seeking the sakhu: Foundational writings for an African psychology. Third World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parent, M. C., DeBlaere, C., & Moradi, B. (2013). Approaches to research on intersectionality: Perspectives on gender, LGBT, and racial/ethnic identities. Sex roles, 68(11), 639–645. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0283-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parham, T. A., Ajamu, A., & White, J. L. (2016). Psychology of Blacks: Centering our perspectives in the African consciousness (4th ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Poteat, T., & Lassiter, J. M. (2019). Positive religious coping predicts self-reported HIV medication adherence at baseline and twelve-month follow-up among Black Americans living with HIV in the Southeastern United States. AIDS care. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587363
   Google Scholar
• Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 377–391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saylor, C. (2004). The circle of health: A health definition model. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 22(2), 98–115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010104264775
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, E. S., DeVore, E. N., Spengler, P. M., & Lee, N. A. (2020). What does “couple” mean in couple therapy outcome research? A systematic review of the implicit and explicit, inclusion and exclusion of gender and sexual minority individuals and identities. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 46(2), 240–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, S., & Tuana, N. (2007). Race and epistemologies of ignorance. SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, J., Campbell, C., Conroy, A., Tabrisky, A., Kegeles, S., & Dworkin, S. (2018). Couple-level dynamics and multilevel challenges among Black men who have sex with men: A framework of dyadic HIV care. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 32(11), 459–467. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J. Y., Campbell, C. K., Tabrisky, A. P., Siedle-Khan, R., & Conroy, A. A. (2018). A conceptual model of dyadic coordination in HIV care engagement among couples of black men who have sex with men: A qualitative dyadic analysis. AIDS and Behavior, 22(8), 2584–2592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2070-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, J. Y., Pollack, L., Rebchook, G., Peterson, J., Huebner, D., Eke, A., … Kegeles, S. (2018). The role of the primary romantic relationship in HIV care engagement outcomes among young HIV-positive black men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 22(3), 774–790. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1601-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, P., Liu, H., & Umberson, D. (2017). Family relationships and well-being. Innovations in Aging, 1(3), igx025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinh, M. H., Agénor, M., Austin, S. B., & Jackson, C. L. (2017). Health and healthcare disparities among US women and men at the intersection of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity: A nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 964. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4937-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng, C., PettyJohn, M. E., Huerta, P., Miler, D. L., Agundez, J. C., Fang, M., & Wittenborn, A. K. (2021). Representation of diverse populations in couple and family therapy intervention studies: A systematic review of race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, age, and income in the United States from 2014 to 2019. Family Processes, 60(2), 424–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umberson, D., & Karas Montez, J. (2010). Social relationships and health: A flashpoint for health policy. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1_suppl), S54–S66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146510383501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsing, F. C. (1991). The Isis papers: The keys to the colors. CW Publsihing.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, H. (2016). Introduction to Afrocentric decolonizing kweer theory and epistemology of the erotic. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 2(4), 1–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2016.0013
   Google Scholar
• Wu, E., El-Bassel, N., McVinney, L. D., Hess, L., Fopeano, M. V., Hwang, H. G., … Mansergh, G. (2015). The association between substance use and intimate partner violence within Black male same-sex relationships. Journal of interpersonal violence, 30(5), 762–781. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514536277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, R. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2005). The trouble with “MSM” and “WSW”: Erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1144–1149. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar