1,116
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ANNUAL REVIEW OF SEX RESEARCH SPECIAL ISSUE

Sexual Modesty in Sexual Expression and Experience: A Scoping Review, 2000 - 2021

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abeyasekera, A. L., & Marecek, J. (2019). Embodied shame and gendered demeanours in young women in Sri Lanka. Feminism & Psychology, 29(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518803976
  • Abrams, D., Weick, M., Thomas, D., Colbe, H., & Franklin, K. M. (2011). On-line ostracism affects children differently from adolescents and adults. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1348/026151010X494089
  • Adeyemi-Adelanwa, O., Barton-Gooden, A., Dawkins, P., & Lindo, J. L. (2016). Attitudes of patients towards being cared for by male nurses in a Jamaican hospital. Applied Nursing Research, 29, 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.06.015
  • Al-Absi, M. (2018). The concept of nudity and modesty in Arab-Islamic culture. European Journal of Science and Theology, 14(4), 25–34. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/71/3_Al-Absi.pdf
  • Allen, A. L. (2006). Disrobed: The Constitution of modesty. Villanova Law Review, 51(4), 841. https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/vlr/vol51/iss4/5.Accessed12/05/2021
  • Allsop, D. B., Leavitt, C. E., Clarke, R. W., Driggs, S. M., Gurr, J. B., Marks, L. D., & Dollahite, D. C. (2021). Perspectives from highly religious families on boundaries and rules about sex. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(3), 1576–1599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01171-9
  • Alqufly, A. E., Alharbi, B. M., Alhatlany, K. K., & Alhajjaj, F. S. (2019). Muslim female gender preference in delaying the medical care at emergency department in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 8(5), 1658. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_141_19
  • Andrews, C. S. (2011). Defining and exploring modesty in Jewish American women. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(4), 818–834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9435-7
  • Antoun, R. T. (1968). On the modesty of women in Arab Muslim villages: A study in the accommodation of traditions. American Anthropologist, 70(4), 671–697. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1968.70.4.02a00010
  • Arefi, S., Khalili, G., Iranmanesh, H., Farifteh, F., Hosseini, A., Fatemi, H. M., & Lawrenz, B. (2018). Is the ovarian reserve influenced by vitamin D deficiency and the dress code in an infertile Iranian population? Journal of Ovarian Research, 11(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-018-0435-7
  • Arousell, J., & Carlbom, A. (2016). Culture and religious beliefs in relation to reproductive health. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 32, 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.011
  • Ashton, J., & Warren-Forward, H. (2019). Males in mammography–A narrative review of the literature. Radiography, 25(4), 392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.05.001
  • Avance, R. (2010). Worthy “Gods” and “Goddesses”: The meaning of modesty in the normalization of Latter-day Saint gender roles. Journal of Religion & Society, 12, 1–20. http://hdl.handle.net/10504/64594
  • Balfe, M., Brugha, R., O’Donovan, D., O’Connell, E., & Vaughan, D. (2010). Triggers of self-conscious emotions in the sexually transmitted infection testing process. BMC Research Notes, 3(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-229
  • Bamforth, N. (2012). Sexuality and citizenship in contemporary constitutional argument. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 10(2), 477–492. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/mor065
  • Bancroft, J., Graham, C. A., Janssen, E., & Sanders, S. A. (2009). The dual control model: Current status and future directions. Journal of Sex Research, 46(2–3), 121–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902747222
  • Bansil, P., Wittet, S., Lim, J. L., Winkler, J. L., Paul, P., & Jeronimo, J. (2014). Acceptability of self-collection sampling for HPV-DNA testing in low-resource settings: A mixed methods approach. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 596. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-596
  • Barmaki, R. (2021). Sex, honor, murder: A psychology of “honor killing.” Deviant Behavior, 42(4), 473–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2019.1695456
  • Barnhill, A. (2012). Modesty as a feminist sexual virtue. In S. L. Crasnow & A. M. Superson (Eds.), Out from the shadows: Analytical feminist contributions to traditional philosophy (pp. 115–137). Oxford University Press.
  • Barrense-Dias, Y., Berchtold, A., Surís, J.-C., & Akre, C. (2017). Sexting and the definition issue. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(5), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.009
  • Barton, B., & Hardesty, C. L. (2010). Spirituality and stripping: Exotic dancers narrate the body ekstasis. Symbolic Interaction, 33(2), 280–296. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2010.33.2.280
  • Bates, R. A., & LaBrecque, B. (2020). The sociology of shaming. Journal of Public and Professional Sociology, 12(1). https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jpps/vol12/iss1/3
  • Bauermeister, J. A., Yeagley, E., Meanley, S., & Pingel, E. S. (2014). Sexting among young men who have sex with men: Results from a national survey. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 606–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.013
  • Baulch, E., & Pramiyanti, A. (2018). Hijabers on Instagram: Using visual social media to construct the ideal Muslim woman. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 2056305118800308. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118800308
  • Beckmeyer, J. J., Herbenick, D., Fu, T.-C., Dodge, B., Reece, M., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2019). Characteristics of adolescent sexting: Results from the 2015 national survey of sexual health and behavior. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45(8), 767–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1613463
  • Bell, J. (2009). Why embarrassment inhibits the acquisition and use of condoms: A qualitative approach to understanding risky sexual behaviour. Journal of Adolescence, 32(2), 379–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.01.002
  • Ben Mocha, Y. (2020). Why do human and non-human species conceal mating? The cooperation maintenance hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287, 20201330. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.1330
  • Bennett, T. (2020). State of undress: Law, carnival and mass public nudity events. Griffith Law Review, 29(2), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10383441.2020.1774971
  • Bersamin, M. M., Zamboanga, B. L., Schwartz, S. J., Donnellan, M. B., Hudson, M., Weisskirch, R. S., Kim, S. Y., Agocha, V. B., Whitbourne, S. K., & Caraway, S. J. (2014). Risky business: Is there an association between casual sex and mental health among emerging adults? Journal of Sex Research, 51(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.772088
  • Bhise, V., Modi, V., Kalavar, A., Espadas, D., Hanser, L., Gould, M., El-Serag, H. B., & Singh, H. (2016). Patient-reported attributions for missed colonoscopy appointments in two large healthcare systems. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 61(7), 1853–1861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-016-4096-3
  • Bianchi, D., Morelli, M., Baiocco, R., & Chirumbolo, A. (2019). Individual differences and developmental trends in sexting motivations. Current Psychology, 40(9), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00398-4
  • Bindesbøl Holm Johansen, K., Pedersen, B. M., & Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, T. (2019). Visual gossiping: Non-consensual ‘nude’ sharing among young people in Denmark. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 21(9), 1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1534140
  • Blakesley, K. C. (2009). “A style of our own”: Modesty and Mormon women, 1951-2008. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 42(2), 20–53. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/10.5406/dialjmormthou.42.2.0020
  • Block, S. (2011). Shouldering the burden of redemption: How the ““fashion”” of wearing capes developed in ultra-orthodox society. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies & Gender Issues, (22), 32–55. https://doi.org/10.2979/nashim.22.32
  • Boso, L. A. (2009). A (trans) gender-inclusive equal protection analysis of public female toplessness. Tulane Journal of Law & Sexuality, 18, 143–162. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1376882
  • Boulanouar, A. W. (2006). The notion of modesty in Muslim women’s clothing: An Islamic point of view. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 8(2), 134. https://www.nzasia.org.nz/uploads/1/3/2/1/132180707/9boulanouar2b.pdf
  • Bouvier, G. (2016). Discourse in clothing: The social semiotics of modesty and chic in hijab fashion. Gender & Language, 10(3), 364–385. https://doi.org/10.1558/genl.v10i3.32034
  • Bryant, A. N. (2006). Assessing the gender climate of an evangelical student subculture in the United States. Gender and Education, 18(6), 613–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540250600980170
  • Buitelaar, M. W. (2002). Negotiating the rules of chaste behaviour: Re-interpretations of the symbolic complex of virginity by young women of Moroccan descent in The Netherlands. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(3), 462–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870020036701b
  • Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S. E., & Thompson, J. (2011). Objectification theory: An introduction. In R. M. Calogero, S. E. Tantleff-Dunn & J. K. Thompson (Eds.), Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions (pp. 3–21). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12304-001
  • Cavender, R. (2012, December 30). Costly signaling and the economics of sexual modesty. Retrieved May 12, 2021, from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2503738
  • Chapman, M. (2018). Modesty, liberty, equality: Negotiations of gendered principles of piety among Muslim women who cover. Feminism & Psychology, 28(4), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518789714
  • Christianson, M., Teiler, Å., & Eriksson, C. (2021). “A woman’s honor tumbles down on all of us in the family, but a man’s honor is only his”: Young women’s experiences of patriarchal chastity norms. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 16(1), 1862480. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1862480
  • Clancy, E. M., Klettke, B., & Hallford, D. J. (2019). The dark side of sexting–Factors predicting the dissemination of sexts. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 266–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.11.023
  • Clark, C. A., & Wiederman, M. W. (2000). Gender and reactions to a hypothetical relationship partner’s masturbation and use of sexually explicit media. Journal of Sex Research, 37(2), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490009552030
  • Conley, T. D., Ziegler, A., & Moors, A. C. (2013). Backlash from the bedroom: Stigma mediates gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(3), 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684312467169
  • Consedine, N. S., Krivoshekova, Y. S., & Harris, C. R. (2007). Bodily embarrassment and judgment concern as separable factors in the measurement of medical embarrassment: Psychometric development and links to treatment-seeking outcomes. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12(3), 439–462. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910706x118747
  • Consedine, N. S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2007). The role of discrete emotions in health outcomes: A critical review. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12(2), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2007.09.001
  • Cover, R. (2003). The naked subject: Nudity, context and sexualization in contemporary culture. Body & Society, 9(3), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X030093004
  • Crawford, T. V., Rawlins, J., McGrowder, D. A., & Adams, R. L. (2011). The church’s response to sexual reproductive health issues among youths: Jamaica’s experience. Journal of Religion and Health, 50(1), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-010-9365-4
  • Cuffee, J. J., Hallfors, D. D., & Waller, M. W. (2007). Racial and gender differences in adolescent sexual attitudes and longitudinal associations with coital debut. Journal of Adolecent Health, 41(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.02.012
  • Davin, L., Thistlethwaite, J., Bartle, E., & Russell, K. (2019). Touch in health professional practice: A review. The Clinical Teacher, 16(6), 559–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13089
  • Dijk, C., De Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2009). The remedial value of blushing in the context of transgressions and mishaps. Emotion, 9(2), 287. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015081
  • Döring, N., & Mohseni, M. R. (2018). Are online sexual activities and sexting good for adults’ sexual well-being? Results from a national online survey. International Journal of Sexual Health, 30(3), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2018.1491921
  • Douds, K. W., & Hout, M. (2020). Microaggressions in the United States. Sociological Science, 7(22), 528–543. https://doi.org/10.15195/v7.a22
  • Draper, A. (2021). The history of the term pudendum: Opening the discussion on anatomical sex inequality. Clinical Anatomy, 34(2), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23659
  • Drouin, M., & Tobin, E. (2014). Unwanted but consensual sexting among young adults: Relations with attachment and sexual motivations. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 412–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.11.001
  • Drummond, P. D., & Lim, H. K. (2000). The significance of blushing for fair-and dark-skinned people. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(6), 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00259-7
  • Dubé, C. E., Fuller, B. K., Rosen, R. K., Fagan, M., & O’Donnell, J. (2005). Men’s experiences of physical exams and cancer screening tests: A qualitative study. Preventive Medicine, 40(6), 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.10.021
  • Dubé, S., Lavoie, F., Blais, M., & Hébert, M. (2017). Consequences of casual sex relationships and experiences on adolescents’ psychological well-being: A prospective study. Journal of Sex Research, 54(8), 1006–1017. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-3-229
  • Dubov, A., Galbo, P., Altice, F. L., & Fraenkel, L. (2018). Stigma and shame experiences by MSM who take PrEP for HIV prevention: A qualitative study. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(6), 1843–1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00259-7
  • Duman, N. B. (2012). The attitudes and opinions of women in Turkey about the male nurses who worked at the maternity and childbirth service. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(19), 19. http://www.ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_19_October_2012/11.pdf
  • Eileraas, K. (2014). Sex(t)ing revolution, femenizing the public square: Aliaa Magda Elmahdy, nude protest, and transnational feminist body politics. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 40(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1086/677073
  • Eisenberg, M. E., Ackard, D. M., Resnick, M. D., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2009). Casual sex and psychological health among young adults: Is having “friends with benefits” emotionally damaging? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 41(4), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1363/4123109
  • Elliot, A. J., Greitemeyer, T., & Pazda, A. D. (2013). Women’s use of red clothing as a sexual signal in intersexual interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 599–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.10.001
  • Ellis, H. (1910). The evolution of modesty: The phenomena of sexual periodicity, Auto-erotism (Vol. 1). FA Davis Company.
  • Epstein, R. M., & Borrell I Carrió, F. (2001). Pudor, honor, and autoridad: The evolving patient–physician relationship in Spain. Patient Education and Counseling, 45(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(01)00143-4
  • Fahs, B. (2010). Daddy’s little girls: On the perils of chastity clubs, purity balls, and ritualized abstinence. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 31(3), 116–142. https://doi.org/10.5250/fronjwomestud.31.3.0116
  • Farvid, P., Braun, V., & Rowney, C. (2017). ‘No girl wants to be called a slut!’: Women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(5), 544–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1150818
  • Fernando, M. L. (2014). Intimacy surveilled: Religion, sex, and secular cunning. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 39(3), 685–708. https://doi.org/10.1086/674207
  • Fiddes, P., Scott, A., Fletcher, J., & Glasier, A. (2003). Attitudes towards pelvic examination and chaperones: A questionnaire survey of patients and providers. Contraception, 67(4), 313–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-7824(02)00540-1
  • Fields, J. (2002). Erotic modesty:(Ad) dressing female sexuality and propriety in open and closed drawers, USA, 1800–1930. Gender & History, 14(3), 492–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0424.00279
  • Flugel, J. C. (1930). The psychology of clothes. Hogarth.
  • Foroutan, Y. (2021). Women’s dress codes in the Islamic Republic Of Iran: State’s gender ideology representation. Gender Issues, 38(2), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-020-09260-5
  • Fortenberry, J. D. (2019). Trust, sexual trust, and sexual health: An interrogative review. Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1523999
  • Freysteinson, W., Mellott, S., Celia, T., Du, J., Goff, M., Plescher, T., & Allam, Z. (2018). Body image perceptions of women veterans with military sexual trauma. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 39(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1445327
  • Friedrich, W. N., Sandfort, T. G., Oostveen, J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2000). Cultural differences in sexual behavior: 2-6 year old Dutch and American children. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 12(1–2), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v12n01_08
  • Frith, H., & Kitzinger, C. (2001). Reformulating sexual script theory: Developing a discursive psychology of sexual negotiation. Theory & Psychology, 11(2), 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354301112004
  • Frith, H. (2009). Sexual scripts, sexual refusals and rape. In M. Horvath & J. Brown(Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 99–122). Willan Publishing.
  • Gabb, J. (2013). Embodying risk: Managing father–child intimacy and the display of nudity in families. Sociology, 47(4), 639–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038512448558
  • Garcia, J. R., Reiber, C., Massey, S. G., & Merriwether, A. M. (2012). Sexual hookup culture: A review. Review of General Psychology, 16(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027911
  • Gewirtz-Meydan, A., Mitchell, K. J., & Rothman, E. F. (2018). What do kids think about sexting? Computers in Human Behavior, 86, 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.007
  • Giuffre, P. A., & Williams, C. L. (2000). Not just bodies: Strategies for desexualizing the physical examination of patients. Gender & Society, 14(3), 457–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124300014003006
  • Glick, P., Sakallı-Uğurlu, N., Akbaş, G., Orta, I. M., & Ceylan, S. (2016). Why do women endorse honor beliefs? Ambivalent sexism and religiosity as predictors. Sex Roles, 75(11–12), 543–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-015-0550-5
  • Grammer, K., Renninger, L., & Fischer, B. (2004). Disco clothing, female sexual motivation, and relationship status: Is she dressed to impress? Journal of Sex Research, 41(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552214
  • Greene, K., & Faulkner, S. L. (2005). Gender, belief in the sexual double standard, and sexual talk in heterosexual dating relationships. Sex Roles, 53(3–4), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-5682-6
  • Gregg, A. P., Hart, C. M., Sedikides, C., & Kumashiro, M. (2008). Everyday conceptions of modesty: A prototype analysis. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 978–992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316734
  • Grello, C. M., Welsh, D. P., & Harper, M. S. (2006). No strings attached: The nature of casual sex in college students. Journal of Sex Research, 43(3), 255–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490609552324
  • Guerra, V. M., Giner-Sorolla, R., & Vasiljevic, M. (2013). The importance of honor concerns across eight countries. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(3), 298–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430212463451
  • Guimond, M. E., & Salman, K. (2013). Modesty matters: Cultural sensitivity and cervical cancer prevention in Muslim women in the United States. Nursing for Women’s Health, 17(3), 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.05.001
  • Hahner, L. A., & Varda, S. J. (2012). Modesty and feminisms: Conversations on aesthetics and resistance. Feminist Formations, 24(3), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1353/ff.2012.0029
  • Hendrie, C. A., Mannion, H. D., & Godfrey, G. K. (2009). Evidence to suggest that nightclubs function as human sexual display grounds. Behaviour, 146(10), 1331–1348. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853909X427704
  • Herrick, S. S. C., & Duncan, L. R. (2020). Locker-Room experiences among LGBTQ+ adults. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 42(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0133
  • Hietanen, J. K., & Nummenmaa, L. (2011). The naked truth: The face and body sensitive N170 response is enhanced for nude bodies. PloS One, 6(11), e24408–e24408. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024408
  • Hollander, J. (2003). Honor dishonorable: Shameful shame. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 70(4), 1061–1074. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/558604
  • Hubbard, P. (2001). Sex zones: Intimacy, citizenship and public space. Sexualities, 4(1), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/136346001004001003
  • Huhmann, K. (2020). Barriers and facilitators to breast and cervical cancer screening in Somali immigrant women: An integrative review. Oncology Nursing Forum, 47(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1188/20.ONF.177-186
  • Hungerford, K. (2015). FEMEN’s grotesque transformations of female body shame. Women’s Studies in Communication, 38(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1523999
  • Hunt, C., Piccoli, V., Gonsalkorale, K., & Carnaghi, A. (2015). Feminine role norms among Australian and Italian women: A cross-cultural comparison. Sex Roles, 73(11–12), 533–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2018.1499509
  • Hunt, T. A. (2018). A movement divided: SlutWalks, protest repertoires and the privilege of nudity. Social Movement Studies, 17(5), 541–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/14742837.2018.1499509
  • Hwang, C., & Kim, T. H. (2020). Religiosity and modesty: How veiled Muslim women in the United States define modest activewear. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 13(2), 131–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2020.1753246
  • Inoue, M., Chapman, R., & Wynaden, D. (2006). Male nurses’ experiences of providing intimate care for women clients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55(5), 559–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03948.x
  • Jacobs, K. (2016). Disorderly conduct: Feminist nudity in Chinese protest movements. Sexualities, 19(7), 819–835. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460715624456
  • Johnson, C. (2002). Heteronormative citizenship and the politics of passing. Sexualities, 5(3), 317–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460702005003004
  • Johnston-Robledo, I., Sheffield, K., Voigt, J., & Wilcox-Constantine, J. (2007). Reproductive shame: Self-objectification and young women’s attitudes toward their reproductive functioning. Women & Health, 46(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J013v46n01_03
  • Johnston-Robledo, I., Wares, S., Fricker, J., & Pasek, L. (2007). Indecent exposure: Self-objectification and young women’s attitudes toward breastfeeding. Sex Roles, 56(7–8), 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9194-4
  • Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young transgender adults who are medically transitioning. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(2), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1293581
  • Kaestle, C. E., & Allen, K. R. (2011). The role of masturbation in healthy sexual development: Perceptions of young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40(5), 983–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9722-0
  • Kalich, A., Heinemann, L., & Ghahari, S. (2016). A scoping review of immigrant experience of health care access barriers in Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(3), 697–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0237-6
  • Kelly, K. M., Schoenberg, N., Wilson, T. D., Atkins, E., Dickinson, S., & Paskett, E. (2015). Cervical cancer worry and screening among Appalachian women. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 36(2), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-014-0379-7
  • Kennair, L. E. O., Grøntvedt, T. V., Mehmetoglu, M., Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2015). Sex and mating strategy impact the 13 basic reasons for having sex. Evolutionary Psychological Science, 1(4), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-015-0024-6
  • Kennair, L. E. O., Wyckoff, J. P., Asao, K., Buss, D. M., & Bendixen, M. (2018). Why do women regret casual sex more than men do? Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.044
  • Kenttamaa Squires, K. (2019). Rethinking the homonormative? Lesbian and Hispanic Pride events and the uneven geographies of commoditized identities. Social & Cultural Geography, 20(3), 367–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2017.1362584
  • Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021466
  • Kingsberg, S. A., Schaffir, J., Faught, B. M., Pinkerton, J. V., Parish, S. J., Iglesia, C. B., Gudeman, J., Krop, J., & Simon, J. A. (2019). Female sexual health: Barriers to optimal outcomes and a roadmap for improved patient-clinician communications. Journal of Women’s Health, 28(4), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7352
  • Klein, V., Imhoff, R., Reininger, K. M., & Briken, P. (2019). Perceptions of sexual script deviation in women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(2), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1280-x
  • Klettke, B., Hallford, D. J., Clancy, E., Mellor, D. J., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2019). Sexting and psychological distress: The role of unwanted and coerced sexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 22(4), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2018.0291
  • Klettke, B., Hallford, D. J., & Mellor, D. J. (2014). Sexting prevalence and correlates: A systematic literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(1), 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.10.007
  • Kosenko, K. A. (2011). Contextual influences on sexual risk-taking in the transgender community. Journal of Sex Research, 48(2–3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224491003721686
  • Krahé, B., & Tomaszewska-Jedrysiak, P. (2011). Sexual scripts and the acceptance of sexual aggression in Polish adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8(6), 697–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2011.611034
  • Krieger, M. A. (2017). Unpacking “sexting”: A systematic review of nonconsensual sexting in legal, educational, and psychological literatures. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 18(5), 593–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016659486
  • Lapolla, K. (2017). A co-creative approach to designing formalwear for female teenagers complying with dress codes. Fashion Practice, 9(3), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17569370.2017.1358419
  • Laver, J. (1969). Modesty in dress: An inquiry into the fundamentals of fashion. Houghton-Milton.
  • Leath, S., Pittman, J. C., Grower, P., & Ward, L. M. (2020). Steeped in shame: An exploration of family sexual socialization among Black college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(4), 450–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320948539
  • Lefkowitz, E. S., Wesche, R., & Leavitt, C. E. (2018). Never been kissed: Correlates of lifetime kissing status in U.S. university students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(4), 1283–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1166-y
  • Legrand, L. B., Del Zotto, M., Tyrand, R., & Pegna, A. J. (2013). Basic instinct undressed: Early spatiotemporal processing for primary sexual characteristics. PloS One, 8(7), e69726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069726
  • Lickel, B., Kushlev, K., Savalei, V., Matta, S., & Schmader, T. (2014). Shame and the motivation to change the self. Emotion, 14(6), 1049–1061. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038235
  • Linander, I., Alm, E., Hammarström, A., & Harryson, L. (2017). Negotiating the (bio)medical gaze – Experiences of trans-specific healthcare in Sweden. Social Science & Medicine, 174, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.030
  • Lowen, A. (1968). In defense of modesty. Journal of Sex Research, 4(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224496809550556
  • Maas, M. K., Bray, B. C., & Noll, J. G. (2018). A latent class analysis of online sexual experiences and offline sexual behaviors among female adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 28(3), 731–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12364
  • Madigan, S., Ly, A., Rash, C. L., Van Ouytsel, J., & Temple, J. R. (2018). Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(4), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5314
  • Magrath, R., Anderson, E., & Roberts, S. (2015). On the door-step of equality: Attitudes toward gay athletes among academy-level footballers. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(7), 804–821. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690213495747
  • Mahalik, J. R., Morray, E. B., Coonerty-Femiano, A., Ludlow, L. H., Slattery, S. M., & Smiler, A. (2005). Development of the Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory. Sex Roles, 52(7–8), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3709-7
  • Manago, A. M., Ward, L. M., Lemm, K. M., Reed, L., & Seabrook, R. (2015). Facebook involvement, objectified body consciousness, body shame, and sexual assertiveness in college women and men. Sex Roles, 72(1–2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0441-1
  • Manning, J. (2014). Exploring family discourses about purity pledges: Connecting relationships and popular culture. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 15(1), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/17459435.2014.955597
  • Marshall, E. A., Miller, H. A., & Bouffard, J. A. (2021). Bridging the theoretical gap: Using sexual script theory to explain the relationship between pornography use and sexual coercion. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9–10), https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518795170
  • Martínez-Donate, A., Vera, L. M., Zhang, X., Vedro, R., Angulo, R., & Atkinson, T. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of breast and cervical cancer screening among a Midwest community sample of low-acculturated Latinas. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24(4), 1717. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2013.0165
  • Martins, Y., Tiggemann, M., & Kirkbride, A. (2007). Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men’s body image. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(5), 634–647. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206297403
  • Masters, N. T., Casey, E., Wells, E. A., & Morrison, D. M. (2013). Sexual scripts among young heterosexually active men and women: Continuity and change. Journal of Sex Research, 50(5), 409–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.661102
  • Maurer, T. W., & Robinson, D. W. (2008). Effects of attire, alcohol, and gender on perceptions of date rape. Sex Roles, 58(5–6), 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9343-9
  • McBride, K. R., & Fortenberry, J. D. (2010). Heterosexual anal sexuality and anal sex behaviors: A review. Journal of Sex Research, 47(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490903402538
  • McCabe, J., Tanner, A. E., & Heiman, J. R. (2009). The impact of gender expectations on meanings of sex and sexuality: Results from a cognitive interview study. Sex Roles, 62(3–4), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-009-9723-4
  • McKee, A., Albury, K., Dunne, M., Grieshaber, S., Hartley, J., Lumby, C., & Mathews, B. (2010). Healthy sexual development: A multidisciplinary framework for research. International Journal of Sexual Health, 22(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317610903393043
  • McKenney, S. J., & Bigler, R. S. (2016). Internalized sexualization and its relation to sexualized appearance, body surveillance, and body shame among early adolescent girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(2), 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431614556889
  • McLean, M., Al Yahyaei, F., Al Mansoori, M., Al Ameri, M., Al Ahbabi, S., & Bernsen, R. (2012). Muslim women’s physician preference: Beyond obstetrics and gynecology. Health Care for Women International, 33(9), 849–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2011.645963
  • McLinden, D. (2017). And then the internet happened: Thoughts on the future of concept mapping. Evaluation and Program Planning, 60, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.10.009
  • McPherson, D. (2020). Consent is not enough: A case against liberal sexual ethics. In B. F. Fischer (Ed.), College ethics: A reader on moral issues that affect you (2nd ed., pp. 1–7). Oxford University Press. Retrieved from PhilArchive: https://philarchive.org/archive/MCPCIN
  • Mereish, E. H., & Poteat, V. P. (2015). A relational model of sexual minority mental and physical health: The negative effects of shame on relationships, loneliness, and health. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 425–437. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000088
  • Metts, S., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1996). Sexual communication in interpersonal contexts: A script-based approach. Annals of the International Communication Association, 19(1), 49–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1996.11678928
  • Miceli, M., & Castelfranchi, C. (2018). Reconsidering the differences between shame and guilt. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 14(3), 710–733. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v14i3.1564
  • Michelman, S. O. (2003). Reveal or conceal? American religious discourse with fashion. Etnofoor, 16(2), 76–87. https://jstor.org/stable/25758058
  • Midtgaard, J., Hansen, M. J., & Grandjean, B. (2009). Modesty and recognition – A qualitative study of the lived experience of recovery from anal cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 17(9), 1213–1222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-008-0576-0
  • Milhausen, R. R., Reece, M., & Perera, B. (2006). A theory‐based approach to understanding sexual behavior at Mardi Gras. Journal of Sex Research, 43(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490609552304
  • Mills, R. S. (2005). Taking stock of the developmental literature on shame. Developmental Review, 25(1), 26–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2004.08.001
  • Mirdal, G. M. (2006). Changing idioms of shame: Expressions of disgrace and dishonour in the narratives of Turkish women living in Denmark. Culture & Psychology, 12(4), 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X06067142
  • Mohamad, E., Ahmad, A. L., Rahim, S. A., & Pawanteh, L. (2013). Understanding religion and social expectations in contemporary Muslim society when promoting breastfeeding. Asian Social Science, 9(10), 264. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n10p264
  • Mori, C., Temple, J. R., Browne, D., & Madigan, S. (2019). Association of sexting with sexual behaviors and mental health among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(8), 770–779. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1658
  • Morris, C., & Munt, S. R. (2019). Classed formations of shame in white, British single mothers. Feminism & Psychology, 29(2), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518787847
  • Morrison, D. M., Masters, N. T., Wells, E. A., Casey, E., Beadnell, B., & Hoppe, M. J. (2015). “He enjoys giving her pleasure”: Diversity and complexity in young men’s sexual scripts. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(3), 655–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0354-7
  • Mouras, H., Stoléru, S., Bittoun, J., Glutron, D., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Paradis, A. L., & Burnod, Y. (2003). Brain processing of visual sexual stimuli in healthy men: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage, 20(2), 855–869. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00408-7
  • Mouras, H., Stoléru, S., Moulier, V., Pélégrini-Issac, M., Rouxel, R., Grandjean, B., Glutron, D., & Bittoun, J. (2008). Activation of mirror-neuron system by erotic video clips predicts degree of induced erection: An fMRI study. Neuroimage, 42(3), 1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.051
  • Munn, Z., Peters, M. D. J., Stern, C., Tufanaru, C., McArthur, A., & Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x
  • Nadal, K. L., Wong, Y., Issa, M.-A., Meterko, V., Leon, J., & Wideman, M. (2011). Sexual orientation microaggressions: Processes and coping mechanisms for lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 5(1), 21–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2011.554606
  • Ndlovu, H. (2017). Womxn’s bodies reclaiming the picket line: The ‘nude’ protest during #FeesMustFall. Agenda, 31(3–4), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2017.1391613
  • Needham, J. (2021). Sending nudes: Intent and risk associated with ‘sexting’ as understood by gay adolescent boys. Sexuality & Culture, 25(2), 396–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-020-09775-9
  • Negy, C., & Winton, S. (2008). A comparison of pro-and anti-nudity college students on acceptance of self and of culturally diverse others. Journal of Sex Research, 45(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490802204464
  • Neville-Shepard, M. (2019). Disciplining the female student body: Consequential transference in arguments for school dress codes. Women’s Studies in Communication, 42(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2019.1573771
  • Niesta Kayser, D., Agthe, M., & Maner, J. K. (2016). Strategic sexual signals: Women’s display versus avoidance of the color red depends on the attractiveness of an anticipated interaction partner. PloS One, 11(3), e0148501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148501
  • Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Hari, R., & Hietanen, J. K. (2014). Bodily maps of emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 646–651. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321664111
  • Nummenmaa, L., Hari, R., Hietanen, J. K., & Glerean, E. (2018). Maps of subjective feelings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 9198–9203. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807390115
  • Nummenmaa, L., Hietanen, J. K., Santtila, P., & Hyönä, J. (2012). Gender and visibility of sexual cues influence eye movements while viewing faces and bodies. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(6), 1439–1451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9911-0
  • Olson-Kennedy, J., Warus, J., Okonta, V., Belzer, M., & Clark, L. F. (2018). Chest reconstruction and chest dysphoria in transmasculine minors and young adults: Comparisons of nonsurgical and postsurgical cohorts. JAMA Pediatrics, 172(5), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5440
  • Padela, A. I., Gunter, K., Killawi, A., & Heisler, M. (2012). Religious values and healthcare accommodations: Voices from the American Muslim community. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27(6), 708–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-011-1965-5
  • Padela, A. I., Nageeb, S., Vu, M., & Quinn, M. T. (2019). The development and validation of a modesty measure for diverse Muslim populations. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(2), 408–425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0734-8
  • Pagliaro, S., Pacilli, M. G., Giannella, V. A., Giovannelli, I., Spaccatini, F., & Baldry, A. C. (2021). Legitimizing intimate partner violence: Moral evaluations, attribution of responsibility, and (reduced) helping intentions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), 2929–2941. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518760611
  • Parla, A. (2001). The ”honor” of the state: Virginity examinations in Turkey. Feminist Studies, 27(1), 65–88. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178449
  • Petronio, S., & Child, J. T. (2020). Conceptualization and operationalization: Utility of communication privacy management theory. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.009
  • Picco, E., Santoro, R., & Garrino, L. (2010). Dealing with the patient’s body in nursing: Nurses’ ambiguous experience in clinical practice. Nursing Inquiry, 17(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1800.2009.00481.x
  • Platek, S. M., Singh, D., & Harpending, H. (2010). Optimal waist-to-hip ratios in women activate neural reward centers in men. PloS One, 5(2), e9042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009042
  • Rahimi, R., & Liston, D. D. (2009). What does she expect when she dresses like that? Teacher interpretation of emerging adolescent female sexuality. Educational Studies, 45(6), 512–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131940903311362
  • Rasmussen, S. J. (2007). Revitalizing shame: Some reflections on changing idioms of shame: Expressions of disgrace and dishonour in the narratives of Turkish women living in Denmark. Culture & Psychology, 13(2), 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X07073664
  • Reagan, L. J. (1997). Engendering the dread disease: Women, men, and cancer. American Journal of Public Health, 87(11), 1779–1787. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.11.1779
  • Reddy-Best, K. L. (2018). LGBTQ women, appearance negotiations, and workplace dress codes. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(5), 615–639. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1328225
  • Reebals, J. F., Brown, R., & Buckner, E. B. (2006). Nurse practice issues regarding sperm banking in adolescent male cancer patients. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 23(4), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043454206289868
  • Reed, L. A., Boyer, M. P., Meskunas, H., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2020). How do adolescents experience sexting in dating relationships? Motivations to sext and responses to sexting requests from dating partners. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104–696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104696
  • Ringrose, J., Regehr, K., & Whitehead, S. (2021). ‘Wanna trade?’: Cisheteronormative homosocial masculinity and the normalization of abuse in youth digital sexual image exchange. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1947206
  • Robbins, C. L., Fortenberry, J. D., Roth, A. M., & Ott, M. A. (2012). Premenarchal girls’ genital examination experiences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(2), 179–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.009
  • Rothenberg, C. E. (2003). Modesty and sexual restraint. In C. R. Ember & M. Ember (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sex and gender (pp. 187–191). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-29907-6_19
  • Ruvalcaba, Y., Stephens, D. P., Eaton, A. A., & Boyd, B. (2020). Hispanic women’s perceptions of teenage sexting: Qualitative analyses using a sexual scripting framework. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(9), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1767805
  • Safron, A., & Hoffmann, H. (2017). What does sexual responsiveness to one’s nonpreferred sex mean? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1199–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0954-0
  • Salter, M. (2016). Privates in the online public: Sex(ting) and reputation on social media. New Media & Society, 18(11), 2723–2739. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815604133
  • Sánchez-López, M. P., Flores, I. C., Dresch, V., & Aparicio-Garciá, M. (2009). Conformity to feminine gender norms in the Spanish population. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 37(9), 1171–1185. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.9.1171
  • Sanchez, D. T., Fetterolf, J. C., & Rudman, L. A. (2012). Eroticizing inequality in the United States: The consequences and determinants of traditional gender role adherence in intimate relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 49(2–3), 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.653699
  • Saraiya, T., & Lopez-Castro, T. (2016). Ashamed and afraid: A scoping review of the role of shame in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(11), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5110094
  • Sarkar, N. (2008). Barriers to condom use. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care, 13(2), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625180802011302
  • Satcher, D. (2001). The Surgeon General’s call to action to promote sexual health and responsible sexual behavior. American Journal of Health Education, 32(6), 356–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2001.10603498
  • Scheff, T. J. (2000). Shame and the social bond: A sociological theory. Sociological Theory, 18(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00089
  • Schooler, D., Ward, L. M., Merriwether, A., & Caruthers, A. S. (2005). Cycles of shame: Menstrual shame, body shame, and sexual decision-making. Journal of Sex Research, 42(4), 324–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490509552288
  • Sehlikoglu, S. (2016). Exercising in comfort: Islamicate culture of Mahremiyet in everyday Istanbul. Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, 12(2), 143–165. https://doi.org/10.1215/15525864-3507606
  • Setty, E. (2021, May 7). ‘Frexting’: Exploring homosociality among girls who share intimate images. Journal of Youth Studies, 1–16. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2021.1923675
  • Shalit, W. (2000). A return to modesty: Discovering the lost virtue. Simon and Schuster.
  • Sheikh, S., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (2010). The “shoulds” and “should nots” of moral emotions: A self-regulatory perspective on shame and guilt. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209356788
  • Shields, L. (2018). The beauty suit: How my year of religious modesty made me a better feminist. Beacon Press.
  • Shirpak, K. R., Chinichian, M., Maticka-Tyndale, E., Ardebili, H. E., Pourreza, A., & Ramenzankhani, A. (2008). A qualitative assessment of the sex education needs of married Iranian women. Sexuality & Culture, 12(3), 133–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-008-9023-0
  • Shtarkshall, R. A., Santelli, J. S., & Hirsch, J. S. (2007). Sex education and sexual socialization: Roles for educators and parents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(2), 116–119. https://doi.org/10.1363/3911607
  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1984). Sexual scripts. Society, 22(1), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02701260
  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542219
  • Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (2003). Sexual scripts: Origins, influences and changes. Qualitative Sociology, 26(4), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000005053.99846.e5
  • Siraj, A. (2011). Meanings of modesty and the hijab amongst Muslim women in Glasgow, Scotland. Gender, Place & Culture, 18(6), 716–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2011.617907
  • Smith, H. (1980). A modest test of cross-cultural differences in sexual modesty, embarrassment and self-disclosure. Qualitative Sociology, 3(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00987137
  • Starrs, A. M., Ezeh, A. C., Barker, G., Basu, A., Bertrand, J. T., Blum, R., Coll-Seck, A. M., Grover, A., Laski, L., & Roa, M. (2018). Accelerate progress—sexual and reproductive health and rights for all: Report of the Guttmacher–Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 391(10140), 2642–2692. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30293-9
  • Steinfeld, J. (2017). Uncovering the nipple cover-up: The battle to give the female nipple equal rights as one woman heads to the Supreme Court. Plus, a cut-out-and-keep male nipple for social media use. Index on Censorship, 46(3), 114–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306422017730973
  • Stephens, W. N. (1972). A cross-cultural study of modesty. Behavior Science Notes, 7(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939717200700101
  • Sundus, A., & Younas, A. (2020). Caring behaviors of male nurses: A descriptive qualitative study of patients’ perspectives. Nursing Forum, 55(4), 575–581. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12464
  • Syed, J., Burke, R. J., & Syed, J. (2010). An historical perspective on Islamic modesty and its implications for female employment. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29(2), 150–166. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151011024475
  • Symons, K., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Heirman, W. (2018). Sexting scripts in adolescent relationships: Is sexting becoming the norm? New Media & Society, 20(10), 3836–3857. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818761869
  • Tamale, S. (2017). Nudity, protest and the law in Uganda. Feminist Africa, 22, 52–86. https://feministafrica.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/fa22_inaugural_lecture.pdf
  • Taragin-Zeller, L. (2014). Modesty for heaven’s sake: Authority and creativity among female Ultra-orthodox teenagers in Israel. Nashim: A Journal of Jewish Women’s Studies & Gender Issues, 26(Spring), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.2979/nashim.26.75
  • Teng, F. F., Mitchell, S. M., Sekikubo, M., Biryabarema, C., Byamugisha, J. K., Steinberg, M., Money, D. M., & Ogilvie, G. S. (2014). Understanding the role of embarrassment in gynaecological screening: A qualitative study from the ASPIRE cervical cancer screening project in Uganda. BMJ Open, 4(4), 004–783. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004783
  • Thomas, W. I. (1899). The psychology of modesty and clothing. American Journal of Sociology, 5(2), 246–262. https://doi.org/10.1086/210885
  • Thomson, G., Ebisch‐Burton, K., & Flacking, R. (2015). Shame if you do–shame if you don’t: Women’s experiences of infant feeding. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 11(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12148
  • Toates, F. (2009). An integrative theoretical framework for understanding sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior. Journal of Sex Research, 46(2–3), 168–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902747768
  • Townsend, J. M., Jonason, P. K., & Wasserman, T. H. (2020). Associations between motives for casual sex, depression, self-esteem, and sexual victimization. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1189–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01482-3
  • Tracy, J. L., & Beall, A. T. (2011). Happy guys finish last: The impact of emotion expressions on sexual attraction. Emotion, 11(6), 1379–1387. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022902
  • Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O’Brien, K., Colquhoun, H., Kastner, M., Levac, D., Ng, C., Sharpe, J. P., Wilson, K., Kenny, M., Warren, R., Wilson, C., Stelfox, H. T., & Straus, S. E. (2016). A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0116-4
  • Ussher, J. M. (2008). Reclaiming embodiment within critical psychology: A material-discursive analysis of the menopausal body. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(5), 1781–1798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00151.x
  • van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond sexual orientation: Integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(5), 1177–1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8
  • van Lankveld, J., Jacobs, N., Thewissen, V., Dewitte, M., & Verboon, P. (2018). The associations of intimacy and sexuality in daily life: Temporal dynamics and gender effects within romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 35(4), 557–576. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517743076
  • Vaquera, E., & Kao, G. (2005). Private and public displays of affection among interracial and intra‐racial adolescent couples. Social Science Quarterly, 86(2), 484–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00314.x
  • Vardi, Y., Wylie, K. R., Moser, C., Assalian, P., Dean, J., & Asscheman, H. (2008). Is physical examination required before prescribing hormones to patients with gender dysphoria? Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00681.x
  • Vu, M., Azmat, A., Radejko, T., & Padela, A. I. (2016). Predictors of delayed healthcare seeking among American Muslim women. Journal of Women’s Health, 25(6), 586–593. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5517
  • Walburg, V., Friederich, F., & Callahan, S. (2014). Embarrassment and modesty feelings during pregnancy, childbirth and follow-up care: A qualitative approach. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 32(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.860518
  • Wang, J., Deng, H., Liu, B., Hu, A., Liang, J., Fan, L., Zheng, X., Wang, T., & Lei, J. (2020). Systematic evaluation of research progress on natural language processing in medicine over the past 20 years: Bibliometric study on PubMed. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(1), e16816. https://doi.org/10.2196/16816
  • Weinberg, M. S. (1965). Sexual modesty, social meanings, and the nudist camp. Social Problems, 12(3), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.2307/798936
  • Weiss, K. G. (2010). Too ashamed to report: Deconstructing the shame of sexual victimization. Feminist Criminology, 5(3), 286–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085110376343
  • Wiederman, M. W. (2016). The gendered nature of sexual scripts. The Family Journal, 13(4), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278729
  • Williams, R. H., & Vashi, G. (2007). Hijab and American Muslim women: Creating the space for autonomous selves*. Nursing Inquiry, 68(3), 269–287. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009042
  • Willis, M., Jozkowski, K. N., Bridges, A. J., Davis, R. E., & Veilleux, J. C. (2021). Developing valid and feasible measures of sexual consent for experience sampling methodology. Journal of Sex Research, 58(8), 996–1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1907526
  • Wray, A., Ussher, J. M., & Perz, J. (2014). Constructions and experiences of sexual health among young, heterosexual, unmarried Muslim women immigrants in Australia. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(1), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2013.833651
  • Zeng, J. (2014). The politics of emotion in grassroots feminist protests: A case study of Xiaoming Ai’s nude breasts photography protest online. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 15(1), 41–52. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43134262

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.