Gynephilic Men’s and Androphilic Women’s Visual Attention Patterns: The Effects of Gender and Sexual Activity Cues

References

• Ågmo, A. (2011). On the intricate relationship between sexual motivation and arousal. Hormones and Behavior, 59(5), 681–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bancroft, J. (2003). Sexual arousal. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of cognitive science. (pp. 1165–1168). Nature Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Blair, K. L., Cappell, J., & Pukall, C. F. (2018). Not all orgasms were created equal: Differences in frequency and satisfaction of orgasm experiences by sexual activity in same-sex versus mixed-sex relationships. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(6), 719–733. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1303437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossio, J. A., Spape, J., Lykins, A. D., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Observational stance as a predictor of subjective and genital sexual arousal in men and women. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(3), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.729276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossio, J. A., Suschinsky, K. D., Puts, D. A., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Does menstrual cycle phase influence the gender specificity of heterosexual women’s genital and subjective sexual arousal? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(5), 941–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0233-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowling, J., & Fritz, N. (2021). Binegative myths in pornography: An examination of sexual behaviors and aggression by sexual identity categories. Journal of Bisexuality, 21(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2021.1887788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalheira, A., & Leal, I. (2013). Masturbation among women: Associated factors and sexual response in a Portuguese community sample. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 39(4), 347–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.628440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L. (2005). A brief review and discussion of sex differences in the specificity of sexual arousal. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 20(4), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681990500238802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L. (2010). A brief update on the specificity of sexual arousal. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 25(4), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2010.495979
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L. (2017). The specificity of women’s sexual response and its relationship with sexual orientations: A review and ten hypotheses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(5), 1161–1179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0897-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L., & Bailey, J. M. (2005). A sex difference in features that elicit genital response. Biological Psychology, 70(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L., Bouchard, K. N., & Timmers, A. D. (2015). Straight but not narrow; Within-gender variation in the gender-specificity of women’s sexual response. PLoS One, 10(12), e0142575. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L., Rieger, G., Latty, E., & Bailey, J. M. (2004). A sex difference in the specificity of sexual arousal. Psychological Science, 15(11), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00750.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1108–1121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L., & Timmers, A. D. (2012). Effects of gender and relationship context in audio narratives on genital and subjective sexual response in heterosexual women and men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9937-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specificity of solitary and dyadic sexual desire among gynephilic and androphilic women and men. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(4), 980–994. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2016). Gender-specificity of initial and controlled visual attention to sexual stimuli in androphilic women and gynephilic men. PLoS One, 11(4), e0152785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2018). The effect of static versus dynamic stimuli on visual processing of sexual cues in androphilic women and gynephilic men. Royal Society Open Science, 5(6), 172286. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.172286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2019). The effect of task demands on gender-specificity of visual attention biases in androphilic women and gynephilic men. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., Fretz, K. M., & Chivers, M. L. (2017). Visual attention patterns of women with androphilic and gynephilic sexual attractions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(1), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0825-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., Suschinsky, K. D., & Lalumière, M. L. (2012). Sexual fantasies and viewing times across the menstrual cycle: A diary study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9939-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong, D. C. (2009). The role of attention in sexual arousal: Implications for treatment of sexual dysfunction. The Journal of Sex Research, 46(2–3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902747230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewitte, M. (2016). Gender differences in implicit processing of sexual stimuli. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, L. M. (2016). Sexual fluidity in male and females. Current Sexual Health Reports, 8(4), 249–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-016-0092-z
   Google Scholar
• Hegna, K., & Larsen, C. J. (2007). Straightening out the queer? Same-sex experience and attraction among young people in Norway. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050600965984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberman, J. S., & Chivers, M. L. (2015). Examining gender specificity of sexual response with concurrent thermography and plethysmography. Psychophysiology, 52(10), 1382–1395. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12466
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, E., Carpenter, D., & Graham, C. A. (2003). Selecting films for sex research: Gender differences in erotic film preference. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32(3), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023413617648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, E., Everaerd, W., Spiering, M., & Janssen, J. (2000). Automatic processes and the appraisal of sexual stimuli: Toward an information processing model of sexual arousal. The Journal of Sex Research, 37(1), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490009552016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P. H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Lalumière, M. L., Sawatsky, M. L., Dawson, S. J., & Suschinsky, K. D. (2020). The empirical status of the preparation hypothesis: Explicating women’s genital responses to sexual stimuli in the laboratory. Archives of Sexual Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01599-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindley, L. M., Anzani, A., Prunas, A., & Galupo, M. P. (2020). Sexual fantasy across gender identity: A qualitative investigation of differences between cisgender and non-binary people’s imagery. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2020.1716966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykins, A. D., Meana, M., & Strauss, G. P. (2008). Sex differences in visual attention to erotic and non-erotic stimuli. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9208-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, J., Brewster, K. L., & Tillman, K. H. (2011). Patterns and correlates of same-sex sexual activity among U.S. teenagers and young adults. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43(3), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1363/4314211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan, C. (2021). ‘Lesbian porn. Anything girl on girl’: Young women’s understandings of their engagement with lesbian porn. Porn Studies, 8(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2020.1756389
   Google Scholar
• Milani, S., Moscovitz, A., & Dawson, S. J. (2020). Gender and sexual attraction effects in visual attention to sexual cues. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Morandini, J. S., Spence, B., Dar-Nimrod, I., & Lykins, A. D. (2020). Do bisexuals have a bisexual viewing pattern? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(2), 489–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01514-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morandini, J. S., Veldre, A., Holcombe, A. O., Hsu, K., Lykins, A., Bailey, J. M., & Dar-Nimrod, I. (2019). Visual attention to sexual stimuli in mostly heterosexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(5), 1371–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1419-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, F. J. M., Baddeley, R., & Canagarajah, N. (2012). Eye movements to natural images as a function of sex and personality. PLoS One, 7(11), e47870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, L. (2015). Male gays in the female gaze: Women who watch m/m pornography. Porn Studies, 2(2–3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2015.1052937
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, Z. D., Janssen, E., & Laan, E. (2010). Women’s sexual responses to heterosexual and lesbian erotica: The role of stimulus intensity, affective reaction, and sexual history. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(4), 880–897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9546-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pornhub. (2019, December 11). The 2019 year in review. https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2019-year-in-review
   Google Scholar
• Raines, J., Holmes, L., Watts-Overall, T. M., Slettevold, E., Gruia, D. C., Orbell, S., & Rieger, G. (2021). Patterns of genital sexual arousal in transgender men. Psychological Science, 32(4), 485–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620971654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, D., Donarski, A., Graves, V., Caldwell, C., Hevesi, B., & Hevesi, K. (2019). The experience of orgasmic pleasure during partnered and masturbatory sex in women with and without orgasmic difficulty. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45(6), 550–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1586021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, D. L., Strassberg, D. S., de Gouveia Brazao, C. A., & Slob, A. K. (2000). Ejaculatory latency and control in men with premature ejaculation: An analysis across sexual activities using multiple sources of information. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48(1), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022–3999(99)00078-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rullo, J. E., Kinnish, K., & Strassberg, D. S. (2006). Sex differences in the specificity of sexual behavior, fantasy, and romantic attraction. In Poster presented at the annual meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2007). Sex differences in viewing sexual stimuli: An eye-tracking study in men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 51(4), 524–533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp, H. A., & Wallen, K. (2008). Sex differences in response to visual sexual stimuli: A review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9217-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawatsky, M. L., Lavrinsek, S., Dawson, S. J., & Lalumière, M. L. (2020). The time course of genital response cue-specificity among androphilic women. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 29(3), 339–353. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2019-0064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seida, K., & Shor, E. (2021). Aggression and pleasure in opposite-sex and same-sex mainstream online pornography: A comparative content analysis of dyadic scenes. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(3), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1696275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spape, J., Timmers, A. D., Yoon, S., Ponseti, J., & Chivers, M. L. (2014). Gender-specific genital and subjective sexual arousal to prepotent sexual features in heterosexual women and men. Biological Psychology, 102, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suschinsky, K. D., Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2020). Assessing gender-specificity of clitoral responses. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 29(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2019-0061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suschinsky, K. D., Lalumière, M. L., & Chivers, M. L. (2009). Sex differences in patterns of genital sexual arousal: Measurement artifacts or true phenomena? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(4), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9339-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmers, A. D., Dawson, S. J., & Chivers, M. L. (2018). The effects of gender and relationship context cues on responsive sexual desire in exclusively and predominantly androphilic women and gynephilic men. The Journal of Sex Research, 55(9), 1167–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1456509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toates, F. (2009). An integrative theoretical framework for understanding sexual motivation, arousal, and behavior. The Journal of Sex Research, 46(2–3), 168–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902747768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsujimura, A., Miyagawa, Y., Takada, S., Matsuoka, Y., Takao, T., Hirai, T., Matsushita, M., Nonomura, N., & Okuyama, A. (2009). Sex differences in visual attention to sexually explicit videos: A preliminary study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 6(4), 1011–1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01031.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vásquez-Amézquita, M., Leongómez, J. D., Seto, M. C., Bonilla, M., Rodríguez-Padilla, A., & Salvador, A. (2019). Visual attention patterns differ in gynephilic and androphilic men and women depending on age and gender of targets. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1372353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrangalova, Z., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2010). Correlates of same-sex sexuality in heterosexually identified young adults. The Journal of Sex Research, 47(1), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902954307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar