Communicating Sex Work Online: A Content Analysis of Client and Provider Discourse in r/SexWorkers

References

• Ainlay, S. C., Coleman, L. M., & Becker, G. (1986). Stigma reconsidered. In S. C. Ainlay, G. Becker, & L. M. Coleman (Eds.), The dilemma of difference: A multidisciplinary view of stigma (pp. 1–13). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7568-5_1
   Google Scholar
• Ankomah, A., Omoregie, G., Akinyemi, Z., Anyanti, J., Ladipo, O., & Adebayo, S. (2011). HIV-related risk perception among female sex workers in Nigeria. HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.2147/HIV.S23081
   Google Scholar
• Argento, E., Taylor, M., Jollimore, J., Taylor, C., Jennex, J., Krusi, A., & Shannon, K. (2018). The loss of Boystown and transition to online sex work: Strategies and barriers to increase safety among men sex workers and clients of men. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(6), 1994–2005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316655785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auli, N. C., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Berenguera, A., & Pujol-Ribera, E. (2015). Risk perception of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Nigerian commercial sex workers in Barcelona: A qualitative study. British Medical Journal Open, 5(6), e006928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., & Wessels, S. (1994). Self-Efficacy. http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/BanEncy.html
   Google Scholar
• Bates, M. J. (2010). Information behavior. Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3, 2381–2391. https://doi.org/10.1081/E-EISA-120053335
   Google Scholar
• Bélanger, F., & Crossler, R. E. (2011). Privacy in the digital age: A review of information privacy research in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 1017–1041. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, C., Smith, M., Jansson, M., Healey, P., & Magnuson, D. (2019). “The prostitution problem”: Claims, evidence, and policy outcomes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 1905–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1276-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, T., Shah, A., Ross, L. E., Logie, C. H., & Seto, E. (2021). The use of information and communication technologies by sex workers to manage occupational health and safety: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(6), e26085. https://doi.org/10.2196/26085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, A. E., Pryor, J. B., Reeder, G. D., & Stutterheim, S. E. (2013). Stigma: Advances in theory and research. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brett, E. I., Stevens, E. M., Wagener, T. L., Leavens, E. L., Morgan, T. L., Cotton, W. D., & Hébert, E. T. (2019). A content analysis of JUUL discussions on social media: Using reddit to understand patterns and perceptions of JUUL use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 194, 358–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks‐Gordon, B. (2010). Bellwether citizens: The regulation of male clients of sex workers. Journal of Law and Society, 37(1), 145–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00499.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunting, A. M., Frank, D., Arshonsky, J., Bragg, M. A., Friedman, S. R., & Krawczyk, N. (2021). Socially-supportive norms and mutual aid of people who use opioids: An analysis of reddit during the initial COVID-19 pandemic. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 222, 108672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, R., Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Pitcher, J., & Cunningham, S. (2019). Risking safety and rights: Online sex work, crimes and ‘blended safety repertoires’. The British Journal of Sociology, 70(4), 1539–1560. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caudill, B. D., & Kong, F. H. (2001). Social approval and facilitation in predicting modeling effects in alcohol consumption. Journal of Substance Abuse, 13(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3289(01)00099-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chib, A., Nguyen, H., & Lin, D. (2021). Provocation as agentic practice: Gender performativity in online strategies of transgender sex workers. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 26(2), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiou, P. Y., Hung, C. C., & Chen, C. Y. (2022). Sexual partner referral for HIV testing through social networking platforms: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 8(4), e32156. https://doi.org/10.2196/32156
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cruz, K. (2018). Beyond liberalism: Marxist feminism, migrant sex work, and labour unfreedom. Feminist Legal Studies, 26(1), 65–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-018-9370-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalla, R. L., Xia, Y., & Kennedy, H. (2003). “You just give them what they want and pray they don’t kill you”: street-level sex workers’ reports of victimization, personal resources, and coping strategies. Violence Against Women, 9(11), 1367–1394. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801203255679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downe‐Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dresang, E. T. (2005). Access: The information-seeking behavior of youth in the digital environment. Library Trends, 54(2), 178–196. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, R. (1981). Is there a right to pornography? Legal Studies, 1(2), 177. https://doi.org/10.1093/ojls/1.2.177
   Google Scholar
• Dworkin, A., & MacKinnon, C. A. (1988). Pornography and civil rights: A new day for women’s equality. Organizing Against Pornography.
   Google Scholar
• Faisal, H. M., & Zannat, R. (2014). UN conferences on climate change: Coverage in Bangladeshi newspapers. NU Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences & Business Studies, 1(1), 79–94.
   Google Scholar
• Fidel, R. (2012). Human information interaction: An ecological approach to information behavior. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Flanagin, A. J., Tiyaamornwong, V., O’Connor, J., & Seibold, D. R. (2002). Computer-mediated group work: The interaction of sex and anonymity. Communication Research, 29(1), 66–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650202029001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, B. J., & Grabe, M. E. (2018). Visual war: A content analysis of Clinton and Trump subreddits during the 2016 campaign. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(2), 449–470. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018766501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, N., & Kingston, S. (2014). Experiencing stigma as sex work researchers in professional and personal lives. Sexualities, 17(3), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460713516333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R., & Hamilton, P. (2009). Working girls: Abuse or choice in street-level sex work? A study of homeless women in Nottingham. British Journal of Social Work, 39(6), 1118–1137. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, C. A. (2019). Sex workers unite! Women’s Studies Quarterly, 47(3/4), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1353/wsq.2019.0049
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, S. (2016). New technologies, new territories: Using the internet to connect with sex workers and sex industry organizers. In New sociologies of sex work (pp. 91–105). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315598116
   Google Scholar
• Jiao, S., & Bungay, V. (2019). Intersections of stigma, mental health, and sex work: How Canadian men engaged in sex work navigate and resist stigma to protect their mental health. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 641–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1459446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2015). Sex work in a digital era. Sociology Compass, 9(7), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karandikar, S., & Próspero, M. (2010). From client to pimp: Male violence against female sex workers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509334393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay Hoang, K. (2010). Economies of emotion, familiarity, fantasy, and desire: Emotional labor in Ho Chi Minh City’s sex industry. Sexualities, 13(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460709359224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, M. P., & Barker, M. (2016). Why is changing health-related behaviour so difficult? Public Health, 136, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.03.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koken, J. A. (2012). Independent female escort’s strategies for coping with sex work related stigma. Sexuality & Culture, 16(3), 209–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-011-9120-3
   Google Scholar
• Krüsi, A., Kerr, T., Taylor, C., Rhodes, T., & Shannon, K. (2016). ‘They won’t change it back in their heads that we’re trash’: The intersection of sex work‐related stigma and evolving policing strategies. Sociology of Health & Illness, 38(7), 1137–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., Li, X., & Stanton, B. (2010). Alcohol use among female sex workers and male clients: An integrative review of global literature. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 45(2), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agp095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, J., Sridhar, S., Pandey, R., Hasan, M. A., & Mohler, G. (2019, July). Investigate transitions into drug addiction through text mining of reddit data. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining (pp. 2367–2375). https://doi.org/10.1145/3292500.3330737
   Google Scholar
• Makbul, N. E. (2020). Bangladesh’s biggest brothel: A rhetorical analysis of body and sex work. Journal of Bangladesh Studies, 22(2), 64–73.
   Google Scholar
• Makbul, N. E. (2023). A jihad for love: Narrative of homosexuality, Islam, and resistance. In P. Pain (Ed.), Global LGBTQ activism (pp. 329–341). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Makbul, N. E., & Goni, M. A. (2022). Bangladesh’s invisible cyberqueers: Self-image, identity management, and erotic expressions on Grindr. In P. Pain (Ed.), LGBTQ digital cultures (pp. 210–223). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003196457-16
   Google Scholar
• Minichiello, V., Scott, J., & Callander, D. (2013). New pleasures and old dangers: Reinventing male sex work. The Journal of Sex Research, 50(3–4), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.760189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moorman, J. D., & Harrison, K. (2016). Gender, race, and risk: Intersectional risk management in the sale of sex online. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(7), 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1065950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, M. (2021). The limits of labelling: Incidental sex work among gay, bisexual, and queer young men on social media. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 18, 855–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00603-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttavuthisit, K. (2007). Branding Thailand: Correcting the negative image of sex tourism. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 3(1), 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.pb.6000045
   Google Scholar
• Ocha, W. (2020). Gold rush abroad: The trajectory of Singapore-based Thai transsexual (male to female) sex workers in global sex tourism. ASEAS-Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 13(1), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-0032
   Google Scholar
• Ramiro, L. S., Martinez, A. B., Tan, J. R. D., Mariano, K., Miranda, G. M. J., & Bautista, G. (2019). Online child sexual exploitation and abuse: A community diagnosis using the social norms theory. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, J., & Shapiro, D. L. (2004). Violence in indoor and outdoor prostitution venues. Violence Against Women, 10(2), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801203260529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R., Jones, A., & Sanders, T. (2013). Students and sex work in the UK: Providers and purchasers. Sex Education, 13(3), 349–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2012.744304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• r/SexWorkers. (n.d.). Reddit. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://www.reddit.com/r/SexWorkers/.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, G. S. (2007). Thinking sex: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality. In R. Parker & P. Aggleton (Eds.), Culture, Society and Sexuality (pp. 143–178). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203966105-21
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Burga, E. (2021). Implications of migration patterns and sex work on access to health services and key health outcomes: A qualitative study on male migrant sex workers in London. International Journal of Sexual Health, 33(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2021.1902893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, P. (2016). # follow: Exploring the role of social media in the online construction of male sex worker lives in Dublin, Ireland. Gender, Place & Culture, 23(12), 1713–1724. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2016.1249350
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, T., Scoular, J., Campbell, R., Pitcher, J., & Cunningham, S. (2018). Internet sex work: Beyond the gaze. Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sarafian, I. (2012). Process assessment of a peer education programme for HIV prevention among sex workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A social support framework. Social Science & Medicine, 75(4), 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stemler, S. E. (2015). Content analysis. In Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 1–14). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0053
   Google Scholar
• Sterling, A., & van der Meulen, E. (2018). “We are not criminals”: Sex work clients in Canada and the constitution of risk knowledge. Canadian Journal of Law and Society/La Revue Canadienne Droit Et Société, 33(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1017/cls.2018.13
   Google Scholar
• Strohmayer, A., Laing, M., & Comber, R. (2017, May). Technologies and social justice outcomes in sex work charities: Fighting stigma, saving lives. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3352–3364). https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025615
   Google Scholar
• Subu, M. A., Wati, D. F., Netrida, N., Priscilla, V., Dias, J. M., Abraham, M. S., Slewa-Younan, S., & Al-Yateem, N. (2021). Types of stigma experienced by patients with mental illness and mental health nurses in Indonesia: A qualitative content analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00502-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Huurne, E. F. J., Griffin, R. J., & Gutteling, J. M. (2009). Risk information seeking among U.S. and Dutch residents: An application of the model of risk information seeking and processing. Science Communication, 31(2), 215–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547009332653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toubiana, M., & Ruebottom, T. (2022). Stigma hierarchies: The internal dynamics of stigmatization in the sex work occupation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 67(2), 515–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/00018392221075344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin, N., Faisal, H. M., & Zannat, R. (2019). Solar energy for ICT advancement: An empirical study on coastal areas in Bangladesh. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 6(1–2), 35–57. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-12340101
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R. (2018). Resistance to sex work stigma. Sexualities, 21(5–6), 717–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460716684509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z. J., Aloe, A. M., & Feeley, T. H. (2014). Risk information seeking and processing model: A meta-analysis. Journal of Communication, 64(1), 20–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar