“I Was Worshiped and in Control”: Sugar Arrangements Involving Transactional Sex from the Perspective of Both Sugar Babies and Sugar Benefactors

References

• Benoit, C., Jansson, S. M., Smith, M., & Flagg, J. (2018). Prostitution stigma and its effect on the working conditions, personal lives, and health of sex workers. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1393652
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2017). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences (9th ed.). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Berthe, P. (2018). The stigmatization behind sex work. Samuel Centre for Social Connectedness. https://www.socialconnectedness.org/the-stigmatization-behind-sex-work/
   Google Scholar
• Birkás, B., Meskó, N., Zsidó, A. N., Ipolyi, D., & Láng, A. (2020). Providing sexual companionship for resources: Development, validation, and personality correlates of the acceptance of sugar relationships in young women and men scale (ASR-YWMS). Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1135. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouard, P., & Crewe, M. (2012). Sweetening the deal? Sugar daddies, sugar mummies, sugar babies and HIV in contemporary South Africa. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equality, 26(4), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2012.757862
   Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S. (1996). How well does the traditional sexual script explain sexual coercion? Review of a program of research. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 8(1–2), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v08n01_02
   Google Scholar
• Carbonero, M. A., & Gómez Garrido, M. (2018). Being like your girlfriend: Authenticity and the shifting borders of intimacy in sex work. Sociology, 52(2), 384–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038516688609
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, C.-K., Jia, X., Li, J. C.-M., & Lee, T.-Y. (2016). Engaging adolescent girls in transactional sex through compensated dating. Journal of Adolescence, 52(1), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, C. S. K., & Laidler, K. J. (2016). Becoming a male client of compensated dating. Deviant Behaviour, 37(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.983007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero, B. D. (2015). Sugar culture and seeking arrangement.com participants: What it means to negotiate power and agency in sugar dating [ Unpublished master’s thesis]. California State University.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, S. (2017). Sugar babies and sugar daddies: An exploration of sugar dating on Canadian campuses [ Unpublished master’s thesis]. Carleton University.
   Google Scholar
• Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell, A. K., Simpson, J. A., & Rothman, A. J. (2015). The Relationship Power Inventory: Development and validation. Personal Relationships, 22(3), 387–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald-Husek, A., Wrt, M. J. V., Ewing, W. F., Grosso, A. L., Holland, C. E., Katterl, R., Rosman, L., Agarwal, A., & Baral, S. D. (2017). Measuring stigma affecting sex workers (SW) and men who have sex with men (MSM): A systematic review. PLoS One, 12(11), e0188393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, J., & Simon, W. (1973). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Galliher, R. V., Rostosky, S. S., Welsh, D. P., & Kawaguchi, M. C. (1999). Power and psychological well-being in late adolescent romantic relationships. Sex Roles, 40(9–10), 689–710. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018804617443
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobind, J., & du Plessis, G. D. (2015). Sugar daddy: The student attraction. Gender and Behaviour, 13(2), 6720–6729.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnarsson, L., & Strid, S. (2021). Chemistry or service? Sugar daddies’(re)quest for mutuality within the confines of commercial exchange. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(3), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1952155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamburger, M. E., Hogben, M., McGowan, S., & Dawson, L. J. (1996). Assessing hypergender ideologies: Development and initial validation of a gender-neutral measure of adherence to extreme gender-role beliefs. Journal of Research in Personality, 30(2), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1996.0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoss, J., & Blokland, L. M. (2018). Sugar daddies and blessers: A contextual study of transactional sexual interactions among young girls and older men. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 28(5), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, A. A., & Miranda, A. (2020). Prostitution and the sugar baby phenomenon in France. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 509, 110–116. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201215.017
   Google Scholar
• Kirkeby, K. M. (2019). College women’s motivations for sugar dating [ Unpublished Master’s thesis]. Ball State University.
   Google Scholar
• Kirkeby, K. M., Lehmiller, J. J., & Marks, M. J. (2021). Sugar dating, perceptions of power, and condom use: Comparing the sexual health risk behaviours of sugar dating to non-sugar dating women. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(6), 731–741. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1962782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. Y., & Shek, D. T. L. (2013). Compensated dating in Hong Kong: Prevalence, psychosocial correlates, and relationships with other risky behaviours. Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 26(3), S42–S48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, T. Y., Shek, D. T. L., & Busiol, D. (2015). A longitudinal study of compensated dating and juvenile prostitution behaviors among adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology, 29(1), S31–S37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.10.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenze, T. A. (2020). Student sugar dating: Sugar babies’ perceptions of their decisions to begin, continue, or desist [ Unpublished master’s thesis]. Bowling Green State University.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S.-H., Sirkrishnan, A. K., Zelaya, C. E., Solomon, S., Celentano, D. D., & Sherman, S. G. (2011). Measuring perceived stigma in female sex workers in Chennai, India. AIDS Care, 23(5), 619–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.525606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mclellan, G. (2013). An examination of the causes and consequences of compensated dating (Enjo-Kosai) in contemporary Japanese society. Journal of Human Environmental Studies, 6, 25–37. https://doi.org/10.24648/uheoka.6.0_25
   Google Scholar
• Miller, A. (2011). Sugar dating: A new take on an old issue. Buffalo Journal of Gender, Law & Social Policy, 20(4), 33–68.
   Google Scholar
• Mixon, F. G. (2019). Sugar daddy u: Human capital investment and the university-based supply of ‘romantic arrangements’. Applied Economics, 51(9), 956–971. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1524129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motyl, J. (2013). Trading sex for college tuition: How sugar daddy “dating” sites may be sugar coating prostitution. Penn State Law Review, 117(3), 927–958.
   Google Scholar
• Murnen, S. K., & Byrne, D. (1991). Hyperfemininity: Measurement and initial validation of the construct. The Journal of Sex Research, 28(3), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499109551620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayar, K. I. (2017). Sweetening the deal: Dating for compensation in the digital age. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(3), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1273101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, D. H., & Cromwell, R. E. (1975). Methodological issues in family power. In R. E. Cromwell & D. H. Olsen (Eds.), Power in families (pp. 131–150). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Recio, R. P. (2021). ‘I have bills to pay!’ Sugar dating in British higher education institutions. Gender and Education, 34(5), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2021.1971161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recio, R. P. (2022). Blurred lines: Technologies of heterosexual coercion in “sugar dating”. Feminism & Psychology, 32(1), 44–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535211030749
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, L. R. (2015). Sugar babies, sugar daddies, and the perceptions of sugar dating (Publication No. 3712867) [ Doctoral dissertation, Chicago School of Professional Psychology]. ProQuest Dissertation Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Robin, A. (2023, February 21). How much to pay sugar baby – sugar baby allowance guide. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://sugar-place.com/daddy-guides/sugar-baby-allowance/
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, T. (2008). Male sexual scripts: Intimacy, sexuality and pleasure in the purchase of commercial sex. Sociology, 42(3), 400–417. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038508088833
   Google Scholar
• Scull, M. T. (2020). “It’s its own thing”: A typology of interpersonal sugar relationship scripts. Sociological Perspectives, 63(1), 135–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121419875115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeking.com. (2023, May 2). Seeking: Upgrade your relationships. https://www.seeking.com/
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, K., Sundelson, A. E., Meunier, E., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2022). Perceived stigma and stigma management strategies among online male sex workers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(5), 2711–2730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02266-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15(2), 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stice, B. L. (2021). The lived experiences of college sugar babies: A consensual qualitative research study [ Unpublished master’s thesis]. Texas State University.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, V.-T., Tran-Chi, V.-L., Nguyen-Thi, K.-S., & Nguyen, X. T. K. (2021). The relationship between financial anxiety and sugar dating among students at pedagogical universities in Vietnam. International Transaction Journal of Engineering, Management, & Applied Science & Technologies, 12(10), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.14456/ITJEMAST.2021.202
   Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, S. (2021). Sugaring: Understanding the world of sugar daddies and sugar babies. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(6), 775–784. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1867700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utpala-Kumar, R., & Deane, F. P. (2012). Heavy episodic drinking among university students: Drinking status and perceived normative comparisons. Substance Use and Misuse, 47(3), 278–285. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2011.636134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Damme, J., Hublet, A., De Clercq, B., McAlaney, J., Van Hal, G., Rosiers, J., Maes, L., & Clays, E. (2016). Context matters: Student-perceived binge drinking norms at faculty-level relate to binge drinking behavior in higher education. Addictive Behaviors, 59, 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Grootel, S., Van Laar, C., Meeussen, L., Schmader, T., & Sczesny, S. (2018). Uncovering pluralistic ignorance to change men’s communal self-descriptions, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederman, M. W. (2005). The gendered nature of sexual scripts. The Family Journal, 13(4), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278729
   Google Scholar
• Wyrod, R., Fritz, K., Woelk, G., Jain, S., Kellogg, T., Chirowodza, A., Makumbe, K., & McFarland, W. (2011). Beyond sugar daddies: Intergenerational sex and AIDS in Urban Zimbabwe. Aids and Behavior, 15(6), 1275–1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9800-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar