Does the Paraphilia Scale Work for Everyone? Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance Across Gender and Sexual Orientation Groups

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
   Google Scholar
• Bandalos, D. L. (2014). Relative performance of categorical diagonally weighted least squares and robust maximum likelihood estimation. Structural Equation Modeling, 21(1), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.859510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bártová, K., Androvičová, R., Krejčová, L., Weiss, P., & Klapilová, K. (2021). The prevalence of paraphilic interests in the Czech population: Preference, arousal, the use of pornography, fantasy, and behavior. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1707468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxendale, E., Roche, K., & Stephens, S. (2019). An examination of autoerotic asphyxiation in a community sample. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 28(3), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2018-0047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauducel, A., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2006). On the performance of maximum likelihood versus means and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 186–203. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1302_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, K. N., Dawson, S. J., & Lalumière, M. L. (2017). The effects of sex drive and paraphilic interests on paraphilic behaviours in a nonclinical sample of men and women. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 26(2), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.262-a8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, K. N., Stewart, J. G., Boyer, S. C., Holden, R. R., & Pukall, C. F. (2019). Sexuality and personality correlates of willingness to participate in sex research. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 28(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2018-0028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A., Barker, E. D., & Rahman, Q. (2022). Development and psychometric validation of the Sexual Fantasies and Behaviors Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 34(3), 217–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checa, I., DiMarco, D., & Bohórquez, M. R. (2022). Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale by sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(6), 2891–2897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02240-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F., Bollen, K. A., Paxton, P., Curran, P., & Kirby, J. (2001). Improper solutions in structural equation models: Causes, consequences, and strategies. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(4), 468–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124101029004003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Child. (2006). The essentials of factor analysis (3rd ed.). Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Chivers, M. L., Roy, C., Grimbos, T., Cantor, J. M., & Seto, M. C. (2014). Specificity of sexual arousal for sexual activities in men and women with conventional and masochistic sexual interests. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(5), 931–940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0174-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., Bannerman, B. A., & Lalumière, M. L. (2016). Paraphilic interests: An examination of sex differences in a nonclinical sample. Sexual Abuse, 28(1), 20–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214525645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson, S. J., Huberman, J. S., Bouchard, K. N., McInnis, M. K., Pukall, C. F., & Chivers, M. L. (2019). Effects of individual difference variables, gender, and exclusivity of sexual attraction on volunteer bias in sexuality research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(8), 2403–2417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1451-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Y., & Dumas, D. (2020). Are personality measures valid for different populations? A systematic review of measurement invariance across cultures, gender, and age. Personality and Individual Differences, 160, 109956–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109956
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freund, K. (1990). Courtship disorder. In W. L. Marshall, D. R. Laws, & H. E. Barbaree (Eds.), Handbook of sexual assault (pp. 195–207). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0915-2_12
   Google Scholar
• Freund, K., Seto, M. C., & Kuban, M. (1997). Frotteurism and the theory of courtship disorder. In D. R. Laws & W. T. O’Donohue (Eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp. 111–130). Guilford Press. https://www.worldcat.org/title/sexual-deviance-theory-assessment-and-treatment/oclc/37180958
   Google Scholar
• Harris, G. T., Lalumiere, M. L., Seto, M. C., Rice, M. E., & Chaplin, T. C. (2012). Explaining the erectile responses of rapists to rape stories: The contributions of sexual activity, non-consent, and violence with injury. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9940-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). Most people are not WEIRD. Nature, 466(7302), 29–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/466029a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, K. J., & Bailey, J. M. (2017). Autopedophilia: Erotic-target identity inversions in men sexually attracted to children. Psychological Science, 28(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616677082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberman, J. S., McInnis, M. K., Bouchard, K. N., Dawson, S. J., Pukall, C. F., & Chivers, M. L. (2019). Exploring comfort levels and the role of compensation in sexual psychophysiology study participation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48, 2389–2402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1458-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardin, C., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2017). Measuring sexual motives: A test of the psychometric properties of the Sexual Motivations Scale. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(9), 1209–1219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1238031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyal, C. C., & Carpentier, J. (2017). The prevalence of paraphilic interests and behaviors in the general population: A provincial survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press. https://www.guilford.com/books/Principles-and-Practice-of-Structural-Equation-Modeling/Rex-Kline/9781462523344
   Google Scholar
• Knight, R. A., & Longpré, N. (2021). The structure and measurement of sadism: Implications for validation. In L. A. Craig (Ed.), Sexual deviance: Understanding and managing deviant sexual interests and paraphilic disorders (pp. 207–221). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119771401.ch13
   Google Scholar
• Kolenikov, S., & Bollen, K. A. (2012). Testing negative error variances: Is a Heywood case a symptom of misspecification? Sociological Methods & Research, 41(1), 124–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124112442138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalumière, M. L., Fairweather, A., Harris, G. T., Suschinsky, K. D., & Seto, M. C. (2017). Genital responses to rape vignettes among young men: The influence of mood and directed attention. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 685–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0809-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levaque, E., Dawson, S. J., Wan, C., & Lalumière, M. L. (2022). Sex drive as a possible mediator of the gender difference in the prevalence of paraphilic interests in a nonclinical sample. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(2), 867–877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02074-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936–949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longpré, N., Sims-Knight, J. E., Neumann, C., Guay, J. P., & Knight, R. A. (2020). Is paraphilic coercion a different construct from sadism or the lower end of an agonistic continuum? Journal of Criminal Justice, 71, Article 101766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10(1), 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://org/psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-02770-000
   Google Scholar
• Milhausen, R. R., Graham, C. A., Sanders, S. A., Yarber, W. L., & Maitland, S. B. (2010). Validation of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women and Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(5), 1091–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9554-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokros, A., Wessels, J., Hofmann, M., & Nitschke, J. (2019). Coercive sexual sadism: A systematic qualitative review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(12), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1118-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). How to use a Monte Carlo study to decide on sample size and determine power. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(4), 599–620. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0904_8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche, K., Moss, S., Baxendale, E., & Stephens, S. (2020). Are psychological distress, substance misuse, and sexual sensation seeking associated with autoerotic asphyxiation-related distress? The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 29(2), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2020-0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016). Evaluating bifactor models: Calculating and interpreting statistical indices. Psychological Methods, 21(2), 137. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaluk, J. K. (2019). Expanding statistical frontiers in sexual science: Taxometric, invariance, and equivalence testing. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(4–5), 475–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1568377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schippers, E. E., Smid, W. J., Huckelba, A. L., Hoogsteder, L. M., Beekman, A. T., & Smit, J. H. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis of unusual sexual interests. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 18(9), 1615–1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C. (2017). The puzzle of male chronophilias. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0799-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., Curry, S., Dawson, S. J., Bradford, J. M., & Chivers, M. L. (2021). Concordance of paraphilic interests and behaviors. The Journal of Sex Research, 58(4), 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2020.1830018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seto, M. C., Lalumière, M. L., Harris, G. T., & Chivers, M. L. (2012). The sexual responses of sexual sadists. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(3), 739–753. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, S., Seto, M. C., Cantor, J. M., & Lalumière, M. L. (2019). The Revised Screening Scale for Pedophilic Interests (SSPI-2) may be a measure of pedohebephilia. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(10), 1655–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.07.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vander Molen, L., Ronis, S. T., & Benoit, A. A. (2022). Paraphilic interests versus behaviors: Factors that distinguish individuals who act on paraphilic interests from individuals who refrain. Sexual Abuse, 35(4), 403–427. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F10790632221108949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakefield, J. C. (2011). DSM-5 proposed diagnostic criteria for sexual paraphilias: Tensions between diagnostic validity and forensic utility. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 34(3), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2011.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision). https://icd.who.int
   Google Scholar