Sex and mortality: Real risk and perceived vulnerability

References

• Allman , W. F. 1985 . We have nothing to fear . Science 85 , 6 October : 38 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Bauman , L. J. and Siegel , K. 1987 . Misperceptions among gay men of the risk for AIDS associated with their sexual behavior . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 17 : 329 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , A. and Sharpe , A. 1996 . AIDS fight is skewed by federal campaign exaggerating risks . The Wall Street Journal , May 1 : A1 A6
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , K. E. and Moineau , S. 1991 . A comparison of STD clinic patients and undergraduates: Implications for AIDS prevention . Health Values , 15 : 5 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , K. E. , Shrum , J. C. , Trefethen , C. and Slovik , L. F. 1990 . Students’ attitudes about AIDS, homosexuality, and condoms . AIDS Education and Prevention , 2 : 220 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruce , K. E. , Pilgrim , C. A. and Spivey , R. L. 1994 . Assessing the impact of Magic Johnson's HIV positive announcement on a university campus . Journal of Sex Education and Therapy , 20 : 264 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Catania , J. A. , Stone , V. , Binson , D. and Dolcioni , M. M. 1995 . Changes in condom use among heterosexuals in Wave 3 of the AMEN survey . The Journal of Sex Research , 32 : 193 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cates , W. and Stone , K. M. 1992 . Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive choice: A literature update‐part 1 . Family Planning Perspectives , 24 : 75 – 84 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control . 1995 . First 500,000 AIDS cases—United States, 1995 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 44 (46) : 849 – 853 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control, Division of STD/HIV Prevention . 1994 . Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 1993 , Atlanta : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service
   Google Scholar
• Cochran , S. D. and Mays , V. M. 1990 . To the editor: Sex, lies, and HIV . The New England Journal of Medicine , 322 : 774 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1995 . Differences in HIV strains may underlie disease patterns . Science , 270 : 30 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conover , W. J. and Iman , R. L. 1981 . Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics . The American Statistician , 35 : 124 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiClemente , R. J. , Forrest , K. A. and Mickler , S. 1990 . College students’ knowledge and attitudes about AIDS and changes in HIV‐preventive behaviors . AIDS Education and Prevention , 2 : 201 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Middlestadt , S. E. 1989 . “ Using the theory of reasoned action as a framework for understanding and changing AIDS‐related behaviors ” . In Primary prevention of AIDS: Psychological approaches , Edited by: Mays , V. M. , Albee , G. W. and Schneider , S. F. 93 – 110 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , J. D. and Miscovich , S. J. 1990 . Evolution of the college students’ AIDS‐related behavioral responses, attitudes, knowledge, and fear . AIDS Education and Prevention , 2 : 322 – 337 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fisher , W. A. , Fisher , J. D. and Rye , B. J. 1995 . Understanding and promoting AIDS‐pre‐ventive behavior: Insights from the theory of reasoned action . Health Psychology , 14 : 255 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fumento , M. 1990 . The myth of heterosexual AIDS , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gayle , H. D. , Keeling , R. P. , Garcia‐Tunon , M. , Kilbourne , B. W. , Narkunas , J. P. , Ingram , F. R. , Rogers , M. F. and Curran , J. W. 1990 . Prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus among university students . The New England Journal of Medicine , 323 : 1538 – 1541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. and Bushman , B. J. 1996 . Relation between perceived vulnerability to HIV and precautionary sexual behavior . Psychological Bulletin , 119 : 390 – 409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. and Warner , T. D. 1991 . Effects of reviewing risk‐related behavior on perceived vulnerability among women marines . Health Psychology , 10 : 173 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. , Warner , T. V. and Smith , G. E. 1993 . “ Perceived vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS preventive behavior: A critical review of the evidence ” . In The social psychology of HIV infection , Edited by: Pryor , J. B. and Reeder , G. D. 59 – 84 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Gerrard , M. and Warner , T. D. 1994 . Comparison of marine and college women's HIV/ AIDS‐relevant sexual behaviors . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 24 : 959 – 980 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladis , M. M. , Michela , J. L. , Walter , J. L. and Vaughan , R. D. 1992 . High school students’ perceptions of AIDS risk: Realistic appraisal or motivated denial . Health Psychology , 11 : 307 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen , W. B. , Hahn , G. L. and Wolkenstein , B. H. 1990 . Perceived personal immunity: Beliefs about susceptibility to AIDS . The Journal of Sex Research , 27 : 622 – 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatcher , R. A. , Trussell , J. , Stewart , F. , Stewart , G. K. , Kowal , D. , Guest , F. , Cates , W. and Policar , M. S. 1994 . Contraceptive technology , (16th rev. ed) , New York : Irvington .
   Google Scholar
• Hearst , N. and Hulley , S. 1988 . Preventing the heterosexual spread of AIDS: Are we giving our patients the best advice? . Journal of the American Medical Association , 259 : 2428 – 2432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz , N. K. and Becker , M. H. 1984 . The health belief model: A decade later . Health Education Quarterly , 11 : 1 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz , B. P. , Caine , V. A. and Jones , R. B. . Estimation of transmission probabilities for chlamydial infection . Chlamydial infections: Proceeds of the seventh international symposium on human chlamydial infections . Edited by: International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections . pp. 567 – 570 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keim , J. , Woodard , M. P. and Anderson , M. K. 1992 . Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in college women on routine gynecological exams . Journal of American College Health , 41 : 17 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kline , A. and Strickler , J. 1993 . Perceptions of risk for AIDS among women in drug treatment . Health Psychology , 12 : 313 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koonin , L. M. , Astrash , H. K. , Lawson , H. W. and Smith , J. C. 1991 . Maternal mortality surveillance, United States, 1979–1986 . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 40 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laumann , E. , Michael , R. , Michaels , S. and Gagnon , J. 1994 . The social organization of sexuality , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , H. 1989 . Genital chlamydial infection in female and male college students . Journal of American College Health , 37 : 288 – 291 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mickler , S. E. 1993 . Perceptions of vulnerability: Impact on AIDS‐preventive behavior among college adolescents . AIDS Education and Prevention , 5 : 43 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher , W. D. 1988 . Fecundity and infertility in the United States . American Journal of Public Health , 78 : 181 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics . 1994 . Annual summary of births, marriages, divorces, and deaths: United States, 1993 . Monthly Vital Statistics Report , 42 (13) : 18 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinkerton , S. D. and Abramson , P. R. 1993 . Evaluating the risks. A Bernoulli process model of HIV infection and risk reduction . Evaluation Review , 17 : 504 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkerton , S. D. and Abramson , P. R. 1992 . Is risky sex rational? . The Journal of Sex Research , 29 : 561 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss , I. L. and Leik , R. K. 1989 . Evaluating strategies to avoid AIDS: Number of partners vs. use of condoms . The Journal of Sex Research , 26 : 411 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , P. S. 1995 . Scope of the AIDS epidemic in the United States . Science , 270 : 1372 – 1375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stine , G. J. 1993 . Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Symons , D. 1993 . How risky is risky sex? . The Journal of Sex Research , 30 : 344 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1974 . Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases . Science , 185 : 1124 – 1131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Pligt , J. , Otten , W. , Richard , R. and van der Velde , F. 1993 . “ Perceived risk of AIDS: Unrealistic optimism and self‐protective action ” . In The social psychology of HIV infection , Edited by: Pryor , J. B. and Reeder , G. D. 39 – 58 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• van der Velde , F. N. , van der Plight , J. and Hooykaas , C. 1994 . Perceiving AIDS‐related risk: Accuracy as a function of differences in actual risk . Health Psychology , 13 : 25 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N. D. 1989 . “ Perceptions of personal susceptibility to harm ” . In Primary prevention of AIDS: Psychological approaches , Edited by: Mays , V. M. , Albee , G. W. and Schneider , S. F. 142 – 167 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , N. D. and Nicolich , M. 1993 . Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors . Health Psychology , 12 : 235 – 245 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar