REFERENCES
- Abe , H. N. 1998 . Power negotiation between Japanese females and males . Intercultural Communication Studies , 8 : 53 – 69 .
- Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1987 . Politeness: some universals in language usage , Cambridge University Press .
- Cai , D. A. and Fink , E. L. 2002 . Conflict style differences between individualists and collectivists . Communication Monographs , 69 : 67 – 87 .
- Canary , D. J. and Spitzberg , B. H. 1989 . A model of the perceived competence of conflict strategies . Human Communication Research , 15 : 630 – 649 .
- Field , A. 1996 . Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Gudykunst , W. B. , Yoon , Y. C. and Nishida , T. 1987 . The influence of individualism- collectivism on perceptions of communication in in-group and Out-group relationships . Communication Monographs , 54 : 295 – 306 .
- Holtgraves , T. and Yang , J. 1992 . Interpersonal underpinnings of request strategies: General principles and differences due to culture and gender . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 246 – 256 .
- Kato , T. 2003 . “ Styles of handling interpersonal conflict, personality, and mental health in undergraduate students ” . In Japanese Journal of Social Psychology Vol. 18 , 78 – 88 . (in Japanese)
- Kashiwazaki , H. 2000 . Discourse structures and prosody as advance signs to infer speech intention . Technical Report of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineering , TL 2000-19 : 41 – 48 . (in Japanese)
- Kawakita , J. 1967 . Hassouho , Tokyo : Chukoshinsho .
- Kawanari , M. 1991 . A discourse analysis on politeness of requesting expressions . Japan Women's University Journal (Faculty of Humanities) , 40 : 37 – 50 . (in Japanese)
- Keck , K. L. and Samp , J. A. 2007 . The dynamic nature of goals and message production as revealed in a sequential analysis of conflict interactions . Human Communication Research , 33 : 27 – 47 .
- Kim , M. S. and Wilson , S. R. 1994 . A cross-cultural comparison of implicit theories of requesting . Communication Monographs , 61 : 210 – 235 .
- Leung , T. and Kim , M. 2007 . Eight conflict handling styles: Validation of model and instrument . Journal of Asian Pacific Communication , 17 : 173 – 198 .
- Markus , H. and Kitayama , S. 1991 . Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation . Psychological Review , 98 : 224 – 253 .
- Midooka , K. 1990 . Characteristics of Japanese-style communication . Media, Culture, and Society , 12 : 477 – 489 .
- Moriizumi , S. and Takai , J. 2006 . Factors affecting self-assertive strategies in an inter- personal communication setting From the viewpoint of interpersonal relations and delf-other orientation . Human Communication Studies , 34 : 95 – 117 .
- Moriizumi , S. and Takai , J. 2007 . Contextual differences in interpersonal conflict management styles in Japan . Intercultural Communication Studies , 16 : 113 – 128 .
- Oetzel , J. G. , Ting-Toomey , S. , Masumoto , T. , Yokochi , Y. , Pan , X. and Takai , J. 2001 . Face and facework in conflict: A cross-cultural comparison of China, Germany, Japan, and the United States . Communication Monographs , 68 : 235 – 258 .
- Oetzel , J. G. and Ting-Toomey , S. 2003 . Face concerns in interpersonal conflict: A cross-cultural empirical test of the Face Negotiation Theory . Communication Research , 30 : 599 – 624 .
- Okamoto , S. 1992 . Expressions of request in the Japanese language: Requesters' considerations for requestees' costs . The Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 31 : 211 – 221 .
- Putnam , L. L. 2006 . “ Definitions and approaches to conflict and communication ” . In The Sage handbook of conflict communication , Edited by: Oetzel , J. and Ting-Toomey , S. 1 – 32 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Rahim , M.A. and Magner , N. 1995 . Confirmatory factor analysis of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict: First-order factor model and its invariance across groups . Journal of Applied Psychology , 80 : 122 – 132 .
- Sillars , A. L. , Coletti , S. F. , Parry , D. and Rogers , M. A. 1982 . Coding verbal conflicts: Non-verbal and perceptual correlates of the “avoidance-distributive-integrative” distinction . Human Communication Research , 9 : 83 – 95 .
- Sternberg , R. and Dobson , D. 1987 . Resolving interpersonal conflicts: An analysis of stylistic consistency . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 794 – 812 .
- Ting-Toomey , S. 1994 . “ Managing intercultural conflicts effectively ” . In Intercultural communication: A reader , 7th , Edited by: Samovar , L. and Porter , R. 360 – 372 . Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
- Ting-Toomey , S. and Oetzel , J. G. 2001 . Managing intercultural conflict effectively , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Ting-Toomey , S. and Takai , J. 2006 . “ Explaining intercultural conflict: Promising approaches and directions ” . In The Sage handbook of conflict communication: Integrating theory, research, and practice , Edited by: Oetzel , J. G. and Ting-Toomey , S. 691 – 723 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
- Triandis , H. C. 1988 . “ Collectivism vs. individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural psychology ” . In Cross-cultural studies of personality, attitudes and cognition , Edited by: Verma , G. and Bargley , C. 60 – 95 . London : Macmillan .
- Yoneyama , T. 1976 . Nihonjin no nakama ishiki , Tokyo, , Japan : Kohdansha .
- Van de Vliert , E. 1997 . Complex interpersonal conflict behaviour: Theoretical frontiers , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .