Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Stress, and Social Support as Mediators of the Forgiveness-Health Relationship

REFERENCES

• Arbuckle, J. L. , 2008. Amos 17.0 [Computer software] . Chicago, IL: Small Water; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Bandalos, D. L. , and Finney, S. J. , 2001. "Item parcelling issues in structural equation modeling". In: Marcoulides, G. A. , and Schumacker, R. F. , eds. Advanced structural equation modeling: New developments and techniques . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001. pp. 269–296.
   Google Scholar
• Baskin, T. W. , and Enright, R. D. , 2004. Intervention studies on forgiveness: A meta-analysis , Journal of Counseling & Development 82 (2004), pp. 79–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. , and Worthington, E. L. , 2001. Forgiveness, relationship quality, stress while imagining relationship events and physical and mental health , Journal of Counseling Psychology 48 (2001), pp. 447–455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W. , Worthington, E. L. , Parrott, L. , O'Connor, L. E. , and Wade, N. G. , 2001. Dispositional forgiveness: Development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgiveness (TNTF) , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27 (2001), pp. 1277–1290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A , 2000. Modelling strategies: In search of the Holy Grail , Structural Equation Modeling 7 (2000), pp. 74–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. P. , 2003. Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: Construct validity and links with depression , Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29 (2003), pp. 759–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. P. , and Phillips, A. , 2005. Letting bygones be bygones: Further evidence for the validity of the Tendency to Forgive scale , Personality and Individual Differences 38 (2005), pp. 627–638, .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, B. M. , 2001. Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, J. W. , Keefe, F. J. , Goli, V. , Fras, A. M. , Lynch, T. R. , and Thorp, S. R. , 2005. Forgiveness and chronic low back pain: A preliminary study examining the relationship of forgiveness to pain, anger, and psychological distress , The Journal of Pain 6 (2005), pp. 84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. , 1988. Psychosocial models of the role of social support in the etiology of physical disease , Health Psychology 7 (1988), pp. 269–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S. , and Wills, T. A. , 1985. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis , Psychological Bulletin 98 (1985), pp. 10–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://spssevents.webex.com/spssevents/onstage/tool/record, Coughlin, M. A. (2004, October 20). Getting the most out of your institutional research using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Amos software. Seminar presented at the Structural Equation Modeling Applications and Institutional Research Conference, College Station, TX..
   Google Scholar
• Elo, A-L. , Leppänen, A. , and Jankola, L. A. , 2003. Validity of a single-item measure of stress symptoms , Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 29 (2003), pp. 444–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincham, F. D. , and Beach, S. R. H. , 2002. "Forgiveness: Toward a public health approach to intervention". In: Harvey, J. H. , and Wenzel, A. , eds. A clinician's guide to maintaining and enhancing close relationships . Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2002. pp. 277–300.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier, P. A. , Tix, A. P. , and Barron, K. E. , 2004. Testing moderator and mediator effects in counselling psychology research , Journal of Counseling Psychology 51 (2004), pp. 115–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hann, M. , and Reeves, D. , 2008. The SF-36 scales are not accurately summarised by independent physical and mental component scores , Quality of Life Research 17 (2008), pp. 413–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, A. H. S. , and Thoresen, C. E. , 2005. "Forgiveness, unforgiveness, health, and disease". In: Worthington, E. L. , ed. Handbook of forgiveness . New York, NY: Routledge; 2005. pp. 321–335.
   Google Scholar
• Hope, D. , 1987. The healing paradox of forgiveness , Psychotherapy 24 (1987), pp. 240–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House, J. S. , Landis, K. R. , and Umberson, D. , 1988. Social relationships and health , Science 24 (1988), pp. 540–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karremans, J. C. , Van Lange, P. A. M. , Ouwerkerk, J. W. , and Kluwer, E. S. , 2003. When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: The role of interpersonal commitment , Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 84 (2003), pp. 1011–1026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. , 2005. Principles and practices of structural equation modeling . New York, NY: Guildford Press; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Lawler, K. A. , Younger, J. W. , Piferi, R. L. , Billington, E. , Jobe, R. , Edmondson, K. , and Jones, W. H. , 2003. A change of heart: Cardiovascular correlates of forgiveness in response to interpersonal conflict , Journal of Behavioral Medicine 26 (2003), pp. 373–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler, K. A. , Younger, J. W. , Piferi, R. L. , Jobe, R. L. , Edmundson, K, A. , and Jones, W. H. , 2005. The unique effects of forgiveness on health: An exploration of pathways , Journal of Behavioral Medicine 28 (2005), pp. 157–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler-Row, K. A. , and Piferi, R. L. , 2006. The forgiving personality: Describing a life well-lived? , Personality and Individual Differences 41 (2006), pp. 1009–1020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E. , 2000. Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being , Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19 (2000), pp. 43–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oman, D. , and Thoreson, C. E. , 2002. Does religion cause health? Differing interpretations and diverse meanings , Journal of Health Psychology 7 (2002), pp. 365–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salovey, P. , Rothman, A. J. , Detweiler, J. R. , and Steward, W. T. , 2000. Emotional states and physical health , American Psychologist 55 (2000), pp. 110–121, .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarason, I. G. , Levine, H. M. , Basham, R. B. , and Sarason, B. R. , 1983. Assessing social support: The Social Support Questionnaire , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983), pp. 127–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarason, I. G. , Sarason, B. R. , Shearin, E. H. , and Pierce, G. R. , 1987. A brief measure of social suuport: Practical and theoretical implications , Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 4 (1987), pp. 497–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G. , and Fidell, L. , 2001. Using multivariate statistics . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Thoreson, C. E. , Harris, A. H. S. , and Luskin, F. , 2000. "Forgiveness and health: An unanswered question". In: McCullough, M. E. , Pargament, K. L. , and Thoreson, C. E. , eds. Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice . New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2000. pp. 254–280.
   Google Scholar
• Uchino, B. N. , 2004. Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Vandervoort, D. , 1999. Quality of social support in mental and physical health , Current Psychology 18 (1999), pp. 205–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, J. E. , Snow, K. K. , Kosinski, M. , and Gandek, B. , 2000. SF-36 Health Survey manual and interpretation guide . Lincoln, RI: Quality Metric Incorporated; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, D. , 1988. Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of Positive and Negative Affect: Their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988), pp. 1020–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D. , Clark, L. A. , and Tellegen, A. , 1988. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales , Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988), pp. 1063–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witvliet, C. V. O. , Ludwig, T. E. , and Vander Laan, K. L. , 2001. Granting forgiveness or harboring grudges: Implications for emotion, physiology, and health , Psychological Science 12 (2001), pp. 117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L. , 2005. "More questions about forgiveness: Research agenda for 2005–2015". In: Worthington, E. L. , ed. Handbook of forgiveness . New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge; 2005. pp. 557–574.
   Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L. , Berry, J. W. , and Parrott, L. , 2001. "Unforgiveness, forgiveness, religion, and health". In: Allen, C. , and Sherman, , eds. Faith and health: Psychological perspectives . New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2001. pp. 107–138.
   Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L. , and Scherer, M. , 2004. Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses , Psychology & Health 19 (2004), pp. 385–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worthington, E. L. , Witvliet, C. V. O. , Pietrini, P. , and Miller, A. J. , 2007. Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness , Journal of Behavioral Medicine 30 (2007), pp. 291–302, .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar