6,178
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Gendered Mental Disorders: Masculine and Feminine Stereotypes About Mental Disorders and Their Relation to Stigma

Pages 546-565 | Received 16 Mar 2014, Accepted 23 Jun 2014, Published online: 20 Aug 2014

REFERENCES

  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
  • Angermeyer, M., Holzinger, A., & Matschinger, H. (2010). Emotional reactions to people with mental illness. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 19, 26–32.
  • Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1986). Gender stereotypes. In R. D. Ashmore & F. K. Del Boca ( Eds.), The social psychology of female-male relations: A critical analysis of central concepts ( pp. 69–119). New York, NY: Academic Press.
  • Becker, D., & Lamb, S. (1994). Sex bias in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 25, 55–61. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.25.1.55
  • Boggs, C. D., Morey, L. C., Skodol, A. E., Shea, M. T., Sanislow, C. A., Grilo, C. M., … Gunderson, J. G. (2005). Differential impairment as an indicator of sex bias in DSM-IV criteria for four personality disorders. Psychological Assessment, 17, 492–496. doi:10.1037/1949-2715.S.1.61
  • Boysen, G. A., Fisher, M., DeJesus, M., Vogel, D. L., & Madon, S. (2011). The mental health stereotype about gay men: The relation between gay men’s self-stereotype and stereotypes about heterosexual women and lesbians. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 329–260. doi:10.1521/jscp.2011.30.4.329
  • Boysen, G. A., & Gabreski, J. D. (2012). The effect of combined etiological information on attitudes about mental disorders associated with violent and nonviolent behaviors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 852–877. doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.8.852
  • Boysen, G. A., Vogel, D. L., Madon, S., & Wester, S. R. (2006). Mental health stereotypes about gay men. Sex Roles, 54, 69–82. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-8870-0
  • Breslau, N., Lucia, V. C., & Alvarado, G. F. (2006). Intelligence and other predisposing factors in exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorders: A follow-up study at age 17 years. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 1238–1245. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.11.1238
  • Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. E., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 26, 59–78. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00018.x
  • Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
  • Corrigan, P. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. American Psychologist, 59, 614–625. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
  • Corrigan, P., Markowitz, F. E., Watson, A., Rowan, D., & Kubiak, M. (2003). An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44, 162–179. doi:10.2307/1519806
  • Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Goddard, E., & Meltzer, H. (2005). Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: A follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. World Psychiatry, 4, 106–113.
  • Crisp, A. H., Gelder, M. G., Rix, S., Meltzer, H. I., & Rowlands, O. J. (2000). Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4–7. doi:10.1192/bjp.177.1.4
  • Crosby, J. P., & Sprock, J. (2004). Effect of patient sex, clinician sex, and sex role on the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder: Models of underpathologizing and overpathologizing biases. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 583–604. doi:10.1002/jclp.10235
  • Dietrich, S., Matschinger, H., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2006). The relationship between biogenetic causal explanations and social distance toward people with mental disorders: Results from a population survey in Germany. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 52, 166–174. doi:10.1177/0020764006061246
  • Eaton, N. R., Keyes, K. M., Krueger, R. F., Balsis, S., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., & … Hasin, D. S. (2012). An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121, 282–288. doi:10.1037/a0024780
  • Eriksen, K., & Kress, V. E. (2008). Gender and diagnosis: Struggles and suggestions for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86, 152–162. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00492.x
  • Feldman, D. B., & Crandall, C. S. (2007). Dimensions of mental illness stigma: What about mental illness causes social rejection? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 137–154. doi:10.1521/jscp.2007.26.2.137
  • Funtowicz, M. N., & Widiger, T. A. (1999). Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: An evaluation of the DSM-IV criteria. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 195–201. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.2.195
  • Galinsky, A. D., Hall, E. V., & Cuddy, A. C. (2013). Gendered races: Implications for interracial marriage, leadership selection, and athletic participation. Psychological Science, 24, 498–506. doi:10.1177/0956797612457783
  • Goff, P., Thomas, M. A., & Jackson, M. (2008). “Ain’t I a woman?”: Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms. Sex Roles, 59, 392–403. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9505-4
  • Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S., Ruan, W., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65, 948–958. doi:10.4088/JCP.v65n0711
  • Hartung, C. M., & Widiger, T. A. (1998). Gender differences in the diagnosis of mental disorders: Conclusions and controversies of the DSM–IV. Psychological Bulletin, 123, 260–278. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.3.260
  • Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 1097–1106. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097
  • Hinshaw, S. P., & Stier, A. (2008). Stigma as related to mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 367–393. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141245
  • Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. R., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 348–358. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
  • Johnson, K. L., Freeman, J. B., & Pauker, K. (2012). Race is gendered: How covarying phenotypes and stereotypes bias sex categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 116–131. doi:10.1037/a0025335
  • Johnson, K. L., McKay, L. S., & Pollick, F. E. (2011). He throws like a girl (but only when he’s sad): Emotion affects sex-decoding of biological motion displays. Cognition, 119, 265–280. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.01.016
  • Jorm, A. F., & Oh, E. (2009). Desire for social distance from people with mental disorders: A review. Australian A\and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43, 183–200.
  • Kaplan, M. (1983). A woman’s view of DSM-III. American Psychologist, 38, 786–792. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.38.7.786
  • Kellermann, A. L., & Mercy, J. A. (1992). Men, women, and murder: Gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization. Journal of Trauma, 33, 1–5.
  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
  • Koss, M. P., Gidycz, C. A., & Wisniewski, N. (1987). The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 162–170. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.162
  • Krueger, R. F., Chentsova-Dutton, Y. E., Markon, K. E., Goldberg, D., & Ormel, J. (2003). A cross-cultural study of the structure of comorbidity among common psychopathological syndromes in the general health care setting. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 437–447. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.437
  • Lam, D. C., Salkovskis, P. M., & Warwick, H. M. (2005). An experimental investigation of the impact of biological versus psychological explanations of the cause of “mental illness.” Journal of Mental Health, 14, 453–464. doi:10.1080/09638230500270842
  • Långström, N. (2010). The DSM diagnostic criteria for exhibitionism, voyeurism, and frotteurism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 317–324. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9577-4
  • Långström, N., & Zucker, K. J. (2005). Transvestic Fetishism in the general population: Prevalence and correlates. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 31, 87–95. doi:10.1080/00926230590477934
  • Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 537–544.
  • Lee, Y. T., Jussim, L., & McCauley, C. R. ( Eds.). (1995). Stereotype accuracy: Toward appreciating group differences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385.
  • Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Bresnahan, M., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (1999). Public conceptions of mental illness: Labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1328–1333. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1328
  • Madon, S. (1997). What do people believe about gay males? A study of stereotype content and strength. Sex Roles, 37, 663–685. doi:10.1007/BF02936334
  • Martel, M. M. (2013). Sexual selection and sex differences in the prevalence of childhood externalizing and adolescent internalizing disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 139, 1221–1259. doi:10.1037/a0032247
  • McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D., & Welham, J. (2008). Schizophrenia: A concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiological Review, 30, 67–76. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxn001
  • Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G., Stueve, A., & Pescosolido, B. A. (2000). Public conceptions of mental illness in 1950 and 1996: What is mental illness and is it to be feared? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 188–207. doi:10.2307/2676305
  • Plant, E., Hyde, J., Keltner, D., & Devine, P. G. (2000). The gender stereotyping of emotions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 81–92. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb01024.x
  • Plant, E., Kling, K. C., & Smith, G. L. (2004). The influence of gender and social role on the interpretation of facial expressions. Sex Roles, 51, 187–196. doi:10.1023/B:SERS.0000037762.10349.13
  • Prentice, D. A., & Carranza, E. (2002). What women and men should be, shouldn’t be, are allowed to be, and don’t have to be: The contents of prescriptive gender stereotypes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 269–281. doi:10.1111/1471-6402.t01-1-00066
  • Rosenkrantz, P., Vogel, S., Bee, H., Broverman, I., & Broverman, D. M. (1968). Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287–295. doi:10.1037/h0025909
  • Rüsch, N., Angermeyer, M. C., & Corrigan, P. W. (2005). Mental illness stigma: Concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. European Psychiatry, 20, 529–539. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004
  • Silton, N. R., Flannelly, K. J., Milstein, G., & Vaaler, M. L. (2011). Stigma in America: Has anything changed? Impact of perceptions of mental illness and dangerousness on the desire for social distance: 1996 and 2006. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 361–366. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31821cd112
  • Straus, M. A. (2011). Gender symmetry and mutuality in perpetration of clinical-level partner violence: Empirical evidence and implications for prevention and treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 279–288. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.04.010
  • Torgersen, S., Kringlen, E., & Cramer, V. (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 590–596. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.6.590
  • Wilkins, C. L., Chan, J. F., & Kaiser, C. R. (2011). Racial stereotypes and interracial attraction: Phenotypic prototypicality and perceived attractiveness of Asians. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 427–431. doi:10.1037/a0024733

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.